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Topic: The Exceptions

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	2.3 Built-in Exceptions
		The string value of all built-in exceptions is their name, but this is not a requirement for user-defined exceptions or exceptions defined by library modules.
		This can be used to test an exception handler or to report an error condition ``just like'' the situation in which the interpreter raises the same exception; but beware that there is nothing to prevent user code from raising an inappropriate error.
		All built-in, non-system-exiting exceptions are derived from this class.
	www.python.org /doc/current/lib/module-exceptions.html (1800 words)

	Java theory and practice: The exceptions debate
		Exception chaining can be used to throw a more appropriate exception without throwing away the details (such as the stack trace) of the underlying failure, allowing abstract layers to insulate the layers above them from the details of the layers below them while preserving information that might be useful for debugging.
		Exceptions were supposed to make code smaller by centralizing error handling, but a method with three lines of code and six catch blocks (each of which either just logs the exception or wraps and rethrows it) seems kind of bloated and can obfuscate otherwise simple code.
		Having used exceptions in C++, where all exceptions are unchecked, I have found that one of the biggest risks of unchecked exceptions is that they are not self-documenting in the way checked exceptions are.
	www-128.ibm.com /developerworks/java/library/j-jtp05254.html (2503 words)

	Java theory and practice: The exceptions debate
		Exception chaining can be used to throw a more appropriate exception without throwing away the details (such as the stack trace) of the underlying failure, allowing abstract layers to insulate the layers above them from the details of the layers below them while preserving information that might be useful for debugging.
		Exceptions were supposed to make code smaller by centralizing error handling, but a method with three lines of code and six catch blocks (each of which either just logs the exception or wraps and rethrows it) seems kind of bloated and can obfuscate otherwise simple code.
		Having used exceptions in C++, where all exceptions are unchecked, I have found that one of the biggest risks of unchecked exceptions is that they are not self-documenting in the way checked exceptions are.
	www.ibm.com /developerworks/library/j-jtp05254.html?ca=drs-j2404 (2511 words)

	PreciseJava.com - Optimization techniques in Exceptions
		Checked exceptions should either be declared in the throws clause or caught in the catch block.
		Unchecked exceptions need not be declared in the throws clause but can to be caught in the catch clause.
		When using method calls always handle the exceptions in the method where they occur, do not allow them to propagate to the calling method unless it is specifically required.
	www.precisejava.com /javaperf/j2se/Exceptions.htm (464 words)

	dev2dev: Effective Java Exceptions
		Java exceptions are the means by which methods communicate alternative outcomes for an operation and therefore deserve special attention in your application architecture.
		This reflects the realization that the great majority of the exception conditions that these frameworks report are unrecoverable, stemming from incorrect coding of a method call, or a failure of some underlying component such as a database server.
		Unchecked exceptions minimize clutter by freeing upstream methods from the requirement to include code for conditions that are irrelevant to their purpose.
	dev2dev.bea.com /lpt/a/541 (3940 words)

	Exceptions in Java - Java World
		Exceptions are the customary way in Java to indicate to a calling method that an abnormal condition has occurred.
		Throwing an exception is like throwing a beeping, flashing red ball to indicate there is a problem that can't be handled where it occurred.
		Exceptions are caught by handlers positioned along the thread's method invocation stack.
	www.javaworld.com /javaworld/jw-07-1998/jw-07-exceptions.html (653 words)

	Exceptions Prove The Rule
		As a flippant response, he simply quotes "The exceptions prove the rule." This seems to be a common current response, but I imagine this was driven by a deeper, earlier meaning.
		"The exception proves the rule" is an expression constantly upon the lips of the ignorant, who parrot it from one another with never a thought of its absurdity.
		Exception as in source-code and the rule as in design, or was that the binaries.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?ExceptionsProveTheRule (705 words)

	[No title]
		Exceptions are objects that encapsulate an irregular circumstance, such as when an application is out of memory.
		Exceptions can include anything from running out of memory, a file that cannot be opened, or an attempted illegal cast.
		This new exception is thrown and then caught by an exception handler in DangerousFunc1, where a custom exception is created, and the exception caught is again passed in to create the inner exception.
	msdn.microsoft.com /msdnmag/issues/02/11/NETExceptions (2753 words)

	The Fishbowl: Return to the Planet of the Exceptions
		Exceptions that are caught, but have no associated error handling more complex than logging the exception’s contents and returning from the method.
		Exceptions that are the victims of too-broad catch statements that should not apply to every error condition.
		If an exception occurs that you were not expecting or that your code was not set up to handle, the exception will cause the operation to fail immediately.
	fishbowl.pastiche.org /2003/10/21/return_to_the_planet_of_the_exceptions (1035 words)

	Ned Batchelder: Exceptions in the rainforest
		That's why exceptions are cleaner in that you can wrap one highest level exception around all your code to catch anything, report it to the user, and exit.
		That is, you have to explicitly code to allow error codes to propagate (opting in), while with exceptions, you can have gobs of code that is not cluttered with the exception handling code, and only write handling code in places where you can actually do something about it.
		Exception handling is usually cleaner overall, because only code that cares to handle and can handle the exception needs to get 'cluttered' to actually handle it.
	www.nedbatchelder.com /text/exceptions-in-the-rainforest.html (2124 words)

	Brad Abrams : Exceptions and Error Codes
		With exception oriented code, robust code can often be written such that a number of methods and operations can be performed with the error handling logic grouped at the end of the try block (or even higher in the call-stack).
		Exception handling or interrupts are the only option for hard errors such as null references and divisions by zero (certain operations have no return-value means of reporting failure).
		The big advantage of exceptions is that a very deeply nested routine can throw an unexpected exception with the full expectation that a top level handler will receive it and report it, without having to care at all about the seventeen calling modules between here and there.
	blogs.msdn.com /brada/archive/2003/09/30/50403.aspx (4073 words)

	FDA/CBER - CBER Exceptions and Alternative Procedures Approved Under 21 CFR 640.120
		Requests for such exceptions or alternative procedures should ordinarily be made in writing, however, in limited circumstances, such requests may be made orally and permission may be given orally by the Director.
		It should be noted that requests for exceptions or alternate procedures includes specific circumstances and may require submission of supporting data unique to the circumstance.
		The exceptions or alternative procedures that were approved in May 2007 are identified with an asterisk (*).
	www.fda.gov /cber/blood/exceptions.htm (4176 words)

	Python: built-in module exceptions
		Before Python 1.5, the standard exceptions were all simple string objects.
		exceptions were removed (along with the -X command line flag).
		`Exception' class, although this is currently not enforced.
	pydoc.org /2.4.1/exceptions.html (226 words)

	Understanding Java Exceptions
		Without exceptions (or some similar mechanism [1]), if something goes wrong in h, you have to pass a return code back to g and then back to f and finally back to main.
		Java is so fastidious about how you use exceptions, in fact, that you can't even compile a program successfully without proving that you know how to handle most of the exceptions that may raise their ugly heads when your program runs.
		Just as checked exceptions are useful for signaling when your methods cannot fulfill their contract, there are other errors outside of your control that can occur that prevent the Java virtual machine from fulfilling its specification, such as when memory is exhausted.
	www.freshsources.com /Apr01.html (3323 words)

	PHP: Exceptions - Manual
		If a class extends the built-in Exception class and re-defines the constructor, it is highly recomended that it also call parent::__construct() to ensure all available data has been properly assigned.
		The fact that PHP5 has destructors, exception handling, and predictable garbage collection (if there's a single reference in scope and the scope is left then the destructor is called immediately) allows for the use of the RAII idiom.
		With this additional feature, you have the lexical environment at the point where the exception occured, combined with the relocation of the handler to a place where the lower-level function's failure can be addressed from the standpoint of the calling code.
	www.php.net /manual/en/language.exceptions.php (1541 words)

	AUE: Exceptions to the rule 'I before E except after C'
		The AUE FAQ has an article on the i-before-e rule that attempts to show that the rule is a good and useful one, and that the objections to it may be swept aside.
		Exceptions with 'ei' pronounced as in: weigh, height, seize, surfeit, heifer, weird
		People then took exception to some of the words in my list, citing extensions to the rule that excluded them.
	alt-usage-english.org /I_before_E.html (819 words)

	cbrumme's WebLog : The Exception Model
		This includes the exception record and the register state of the machine which was captured at the time of the exception.
		Hmm, I guess I should have already mentioned that the stack trace of an Exception is intentionally restricted to the segment of stack from the throw to the catch.
		Of course, one of the biggest differences between SEH and the C++ exception model is that C++ allows you to throw and catch objects of types defined in your application.
	blogs.msdn.com /cbrumme/archive/2003/10/01/51524.aspx (9760 words)

	Server clinic: Writing good exceptions
		The first step in using exceptions in a particular development project, therefore, and much the most-neglected one, is to determine your program's requirements for exceptions.
		When catching exceptions, then, be certain you get all of them, be precise in how you do so, and use the information available in your chosen language to synthesize useful output.
		There's a great deal more to know about exceptions, very little of it adequately detailed in printed books: guarding exceptions so they can't be used to breach security; exception metrics; performance consequences of exception design; ways to debug, benchmark, and validate exceptions; exceptions and resource management; and much more.
	www-106.ibm.com /developerworks/linux/library/l-sc13.html (2014 words)

	Exceptions to the graph model
		The nice thing about these exceptions is that they rarely make good drugs.
		Good drugs are small, have well-defined shapes, and only come in one of at most a couple chiral forms.
		The exceptions are usually protein-based drugs, like insulin, where non-graph models are more appropriate.
	www.dalkescientific.com /writings/diary/archive/2003/10/07/exceptions.html (547 words)

	Exceptions to the programming rules, Part 1 - Java World
		Knowing how to handle exceptions in C and C++ gives you an appreciation for why exception handling works the way it does in Java and lets you compare/contrast different exception-handling techniques.
		Each divergence from a proper execution flow to an abnormal one is known as an exception.
		Additional examples of commonly occurring exceptions include attempts to write to a printer that is off, read from an unopened file, divide an integer by integer value zero, and call a method using an object reference variable containing a null reference.
	www.javaworld.com /javaworld/jw-03-2002/jw-0301-java101.html (773 words)

	13 - Joel on Software
		Always catch any possible exception that might be thrown by a library I'm using on the same line as it is thrown and deal with it immediately.
		The reasoning is that I consider exceptions to be no better than "goto's", considered harmful since the 1960s, in that they create an abrupt jump from one point of code to another.
		I think the reason programmers in C/C++/Java style languages have been attracted to exceptions is simply because the syntax does not have a concise way to call a function that returns multiple values, so it's hard to write a function that either produces a return value or returns an error.
	www.joelonsoftware.com /items/2003/10/13.html (1066 words)

	Lesson: Exceptions (The Java™ Tutorials > Essential Classes)
		An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of instructions.
		This section explains the correct and incorrect use of the unchecked exceptions indicated by subclasses of
		The use of exceptions to manage errors has some advantages over traditional error-management techniques.
	java.sun.com /tutorial/java/exceptions/index.html (105 words)

	The Exceptions - AOL Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Amy Goodman's The Exception to the Rulers, written with her brother David Goodman, chronicles the tireless efforts of an unembedded journalist and her...
		The class Exception and its subclasses are a form of Throwable that indicates...
		This constructor is useful for exceptions that are little more than...
	music.aol.com /artist/the-exceptions/12894/main (133 words)

	Unchecked Exceptions — The Controversy (The Java™ Tutorials > Essential Classes > Exceptions)
		Those who call a method must know about the exceptions that a method can throw so that they can decide what to do about them.
		Such problems include arithmetic exceptions, such as dividing by zero; pointer exceptions, such as trying to access an object through a null reference; and indexing exceptions, such as attempting to access an array element through an index that is too large or too small.
		Runtime exceptions can occur anywhere in a program, and in a typical one they can be very numerous.
	java.sun.com /docs/books/tutorial/essential/exceptions/runtime.html (366 words)

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