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Topic: Exchange interaction

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Journal of Leisure Research: Social exchange processes in leisure and non-leisure settings: A review and exploratory investigation Social exchange theory is consistent with the "Stimulus-Organism-Response" alr proach advocated by Iso-Ahola (1989) and also seems to have some common theoretical constructs with the symbolic interactionist perspective adopted by Samdahl (1988, 1992) and Rossman (1989). The results suggest that social exchange theory provides a promising means to develop further understanding of the social aspects of leisure behaviour and, in turn, assist the continuing formulation of leisure theory through integration with other theoretical approaches. This paper examines the potential contributions of social exchange theory to the study of leisure behaviour, and presents the results of an exploratory investigation which utilized social exchange theory to examine resource exchange occurring in both leisure and non-leisure settings. www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3702/is_199704/ai_n8782176

publications Malinovskaya S.A., Musin R.N., Schastnev P.V., "Analytical approximation of conformational dependence of exchange interaction parameters in axially-coordinated complexes of Cu(II) with nitroxyl radicals", Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, 36, 27 (1995) (in Russian, English version of the journal is available). Musin R.N., Schastnev P.V., Malinovskaya S.A., "Delocalization mechanism of ferromagnetic exchange interaction in the complexes of Copper(II) with nitroxyl radicals", Trends in Applied Theoretical Chemistry, Kluwer Acad. Musin R.N., Schastnev P.V., Malinovskaya S.A., "Delocalization mechanism of ferromagnetic exchange interaction in the complexes of Copper(II) with nitroxyl radicals", Inorg. www.qtp.ufl.edu /~svetam/public.html

Fundamental Forces One of the four fundamental forces, the weak interaction involves the exchange of the intermediate vector bosons, the W and the Z. Since the mass of these particles is on the order of 80 GeV, the uncertainty principle dictates a range of about 10 Fundamentally, both magnetic and electric forces are manifestations of an exchange force involving the exchange of photons. This suggests the weak interaction mechanism for the decay of the pion, which is observed to happen by the muon pathway. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/forces/funfor.html   (1170 words)

oldtex.txt The exchange bias phenomenon is due to the interaction between the FM and AF moments at the FM/AF interface via a Heisenberg-like interaction of $\overrightarrow{S}_{FM} \cdot \overrightarrow{S}_{AF}$, where $\overrightarrow{S}_{FM}$ and $\overrightarrow{S}_{AF}$ are the spins of the FM and AF moments respectively. It has been generally recognized that the understanding of exchange bias hinges on the AF spin structure and its interaction with the FM layer. The underlying mechanism of the oscillatory exchange bias in (100)Cr/Py is the AF spin structure of the incommensurate SDW in thin Cr layer, schematically shown in Fig. www.lava.net /~downes/616/oldtex.txt   (2457 words)

Fundamental Forces One of the four fundamental forces, the weak interaction involves the exchange of the intermediate vector bosons, the W and the Z. Since the mass of these particles is on the order of 80 GeV, the uncertainty principle dictates a range of about 10 This suggests the weak interaction mechanism for the decay of the pion, which is observed to happen by the muon pathway. The weak interaction in the electron form at left above is responsible for the decay of the neutron and for beta decay in general. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/forces/funfor.html   (1170 words)

Brief summary of the main research results It was shown that these effects are possible in antiferromagnetic crystals with the so-called exchange-noncollinear magnetic ordering formed by the exchange (Coulomb) interaction. Practical importance of this analysis consists in the fact that magnetoelectric and piezoelectric properties of these materials manifest themselves much more vividly because, as a rule, exchange interactions are stronger than relativistic ones (spin-orbit, for example) by two or three orders of magnitude. Special cases when the magnon-phonon interactions give the main contribution into the phonon damping in antiferromagnets were considered and temperature and frequency dependencies of the sound damping were analyzed. odessa.phy.sdsmt.edu /~sobolev/Home_pagefiles/brief-sum.htm   (1170 words)

12. STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF RFe2HX NANOHYDRIDES OBTAINED BY HYDROGEN-INDUCED AMORPHIZATION During the amorphization process, both a weakening of the intersublattice exchange interaction (decreasing of compensation temperature) and a strengthening of the Fe-Fe exchange interaction (increasing of Curie temperature) occur (Table 12.2). The magnetic state of amorphous hydrides is non-uniform and presumably represents canted structure in both R- and Fe-sublattices owing to a local uniaxial anistropy and/or a non-uniform exchange interaction. As the contributions of the areas with two different interactions R-Fe are nearly the same, it is possible to expect the characteristic size of the structural components to be of the order of a few nanometers (1-10 nm). www.wtec.org /loyola/nano/Russia/02_12.htm   (1170 words)

Antiferromagnetic films This occurs for a bilayer consisting of a ferromagnetic and an antiferromagnetic layer and is mediated by the exchange interaction at the interface ferromagnet/antiferromagnet. This is of fundamental importance for exchange-bias since the interaction is located at the surface/interface. With exchange-bias one refers to the shift of a hysteresis curve along the field axis, see figure below. www.physik.fu-berlin.de /~schumann/FeMn.htm   (1170 words)

Conclusion The interaction responsible for the ferromagnetism in GaMnAs is assumed to be an indirect exchange interaction between the Mn spins mediated by holes, while in the direct exchange the Mn-Mn and the Mn-hole interactions are antiferromagnetic [3, 4]. Both BeMnZnSe and GaMnAs materials contain magnetic ions leading to a pronounced exchange interaction between the Mn 3d states and the conduction and valence bands of the host. This was a first step towards the realization of semiconductor devices based on spin control rather than charge control. www.edu.ioffe.ru /register?doc=nano2002/koeder   (1170 words)

2533-2538 When the spins of small ferrimagnetic precipitates of nickel oxide with a spinel-type defect structure are coupled with the spins of the antiferromagnetic NiO matrix by exchange interaction across the interface, an exchange anisotropy is produced in each ferrimagnetic precipitate. Exchange Anisotropy of Ferrimagnetic Precipitates of Nickel Oxide in NiO Matrix of interface between ferrimagnetic nickel oxide and antiferromagnetic NiO was estimated. jpsj.ipap.jp /link?JPSJ/50/2533   (1170 words)

ETH - D-MATL - Details The thermodynamical stability and magnetic-field response of the ferrimagnetic spiral (FS) structure in DyMn6Ge6 is investigated in terms of a simple model based on a competition between various magnetic interactions, including the R- sublattice anisotropy, antiferromagnetic Mn-Mn exchange interactions, and the R-Mn exchange interaction. It can be shown that the exchange interaction between the Mn moments belonging to different magnetic units acts as an effective Mn anisotropy, which plays a crucial role in the stabilization of the cone structure observed in DyMn6Ge6 at low temperature. The response of the FS structure to low applied magnetic fields consists of a rotation of the Mn and R moments towards the c- axis. mat.ethz.ch /research/publications/details?id=27704   (1170 words)

Terry Goldsworthy This results in a greater amount of evidence being left at the scene for investigators to draw information from (this interaction includes physical evidence re Locards Exchange Principle, verbal and non verbal activity). Criminal profiling has been found to be of little use in its application to drug and property type offences where there is little interaction between offender and victim (Wilson et al 1997). The reason for criminal profiling being of more use in these types of crimes is that they usually involve greater offender/victim interaction. www.law-forensic.com /profiling_relevant.htm   (12776 words)

particle physics - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about particle physics Yukawa's theory was largely superseded from 1973 by the theory of quantum chromodynamics, which postulates that the strong nuclear force is transmitted by the exchange of gauge bosons called gluons between the quarks and antiquarks making up protons and neutrons. The electromagnetic force (1) acts between all particles with electric charge, and is related to the exchange between these particles of gauge bosons called photons, packets of electromagnetic radiation. Subatomic particles include the elementary particles (quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons), which are indivisible, so far as is known, and so may be considered the fundamental units of matter; and the hadrons (baryons, such as the proton and neutron, and mesons), which are composite particles, made up of two or three quarks. encyclopedia.farlex.com /particle+physics   (882 words)

Exchange Particles The W and Z particles are the massive exchange particles which are involved in the nuclear weak interaction, the weak force between electrons and neutrinos. The W and Z particles are called intermediate vector bosons and are the exchange particles for the weak interaction. Gluons are the exchange particles for the color force between quarks, analogous to the exchange of photons in the electromagnetic force between two charged particles. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/particles/expar.html   (1159 words)

Four Fundamental Interaction In each case the interaction is due to the exchange of some particle whose mass determined the range of the interaction, R = h/mc. Note, the W± is not included as an exchange particle for the weak interaction because it is not exchanged in the simplest proton-proton interaction. The theory of strong interactions among quarks and gluons is called Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). www.lbl.gov /LBL-Programs/nsd/education/ABC/wallchart/chapters/04/0.html   (764 words)

PASPS III Conference: Poster Session In the insulating, ferromagnetic phase the characteristic length of exchange interaction is of the order of the Bohr radius, so that the effect of averaging of alloy fluctuations is weak. The observed range of exchange interaction we relate to the length of hole localization caused by momentum relaxation. We argue that the correlation range is limited by fluctuations of the anisotropy field, proportional to the local carrier density, and a fluctuating pseudo-dipole field, proportional to the local gradient of the hole density. www.sainc.com /pasps3/agendaposterView.asp?paperID=159   (764 words)

Exchange particle - Wikipedia Exchange particles are particles with integer spin (bosons) that mediate a fundamental force. They are, for electromagnetism, photon, for weak nuclear interaction, Boson Z and W boson, for strong interaction, gluon, and for gravity, the hypothesized graviton. nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exchange_particle   (80 words)

S-Cool! - AS & A2 Level Physics Revision - Quicklearn All four fundamental interactions can be explained as due to the exchange of virtual particles (exchange particles or gauge bosons). Strangeness is conserved in all but the weak interaction (this is because the weak interaction involves one type of quark changing into another as we have seen). It is the weakest interaction but governs the large scale structure of the universe because of its infinite range. www.s-cool.co.uk /topic_quicklearn.asp?loc=ql&topic_id=1&quicklearn_id=3&subject_id=2&ebt=41&ebn=&ebs=&ebl=&elc=13   (607 words)

Unification of Forces But since the exchange particle for the electromagnetic part is the massless photon and the exchange particles for the weak interaction are the massive W and Z particles, the symmetry was spontaneously broken when the available energy dropped below about 80 GeV and the weak and electromagnetic forces take on a distinctly different look. The photon, the particle involved in the electromagnetic interaction, along with the W and Z provide the necessary pieces to unify the weak and electromagnetic interactions. This is an apt analogy for the electroweak unification, since the symmetry between the Coulomb force and the weak interaction is certainly not evident at low temperatures. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/forces/unify.html   (897 words)

Unification of Forces But since the exchange particle for the electromagnetic part is the massless photon and the exchange particles for the weak interaction are the massive W and Z particles, the symmetry was spontaneously broken when the available energy dropped below about 80 GeV and the weak and electromagnetic forces take on a distinctly different look. The photon, the particle involved in the electromagnetic interaction, along with the W and Z provide the necessary pieces to unify the weak and electromagnetic interactions. The discovery of the W and Z particles, the intermediate vector bosons, in 1983 brought experimental verification of particles whose prediction had already contributed to the Nobel prize awarded to Weinberg, Salam, and Glashow in 1979. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/forces/unify.html   (897 words)

Chapter 1 While the oscillatory dependence of the interlayer exchange interaction upon the thickness of the spacer layer is well supported, the dependence upon the thickness of the ferromagnetic or rare earth magnetic layer is a more contentious issue. Magnetic order in the rare earths is the result of competition between an anisotropic crystal field, magnetoelastic interactions and indirect exchange coupling between localized 4f electron moments which is mediated by conducting electrons (RKKY interaction). Magnetisation measurements, by Kwo et al [29], yielded results consistent with a model where the Gd within Gd slabs is ferromagnetically aligned, like bulk Gd, with 1 to 2 atomic plane interfaces which are pinned and not ferromagnetically aligned. www.jungle.plus.com /superlattice/Thesis2.htm   (897 words)

Introduction The contribution of the exchange force to the tip-surface interaction is calculated and used to predict whether the spin contrast over Ni ions would be observable in NC-AFM experiments. The direct exchange interaction between nearest neighbour Ni ions favours pairing of spins to lower the energy. As yet, no difference in contrast over opposite spin Ni ions has been observed, so it would be useful to study the interactions involved theoretically to establish whether it should be possible. www.fyslab.hut.fi /~asf/physics/thesis1/node139.html   (897 words)

Classes of Magnetic Materials The strongest superexchange interactions result in an antiparallel alignment of spins between the A and B sublattice. These interactions are produced by electronic exchange forces and result in a parallel or antiparallel alignment of atomic moments. The two crystal sites are very different and result in complex forms of exchange interactions of the iron ions between and within the two types of sites. www.geo.umn.edu /orgs/irm/hg2m/hg2m_b/hg2m_b.html   (897 words)

Michael G. Fuda The most important part of the electromagnetic interaction between two charged particle is due to the exchange of a photon, while the longest range part of the strong interaction between two nucleons is due to the exchange of a pion. More explicitly, it is generally believed that interactions are due to the exchange of particles. In particular a relativistic one boson exchange model of the two-nucleon system has been constructed which allows for the exchange of pi, eta, rho, omega, delta, and sigma mesons. www.physics.buffalo.edu /professors/fuda.html   (960 words)

materials science 01 The lowest excitation energies appear for the dispersion curve perpendicular to the chain direction and the main features of the dispersion correspond to the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between the chains. They are most often weak compared to exchange interactions which arise from an overlap of the wavefunctions of magnetic electrons. Dipolar interactions in magnetic materials are created by the magnetic field around one or more oriented elementary magnetic moments. www.ill.fr /AR-96/pages/31magne.htm   (960 words)

Fundamental Forces - The Strong and the Weak Interactions of neutrinos with anything are almost impossible to detect.This strange particle was merely a notion to explain anomalies in beta decay. As far as the structure of matter is concerned, another short range interaction is responsible for the decay of nuclei that have top-heavy neutron/proton ratios.This is termed the Weak interaction. Gluons,which hold quarks together to form nucleons- the quarks exchange gluons.They are massless and travel at light speed - the theory of gluons requires that quarks have another property called ' colour' as well as flavour, the exchange of gluons resulting in a change of quark 'colour'. www.egglescliffe.org.uk /physics/particles/nuclearforces/nuclear.html   (1400 words)

Convergence properties and large-order behavior of the polarization expansion for the interaction energy of hydrogen atoms - abstract High-order corrections in the polarization expansion for the interaction energy of two ground-state hydrogen atoms are computed for a wide range of interatomic distances R. A simple formula describing the large-order behavior of the polarization series at large R is derived and used to show that the exchange energy can be accurately calculated from the knowledge of three consecutive large-order polarization energies. are calculated and used in a convergence acceleration procedure, which shows that the polarization expansion is a sum of two series - one converging quickly to the Coulomb energy and the other also converging, although extremely slowly for large R, to the negative of the exchange energy. tiger.chem.uw.edu.pl /staff/tania/Publ/abstracts/Cwiok92a.html   (1400 words)

Nat'l Academies Press, Research Opportunities for Materials with Ultrafine Microstructures (1989), 6 Selected Application Areas The presence of the submicron intergranular phase shuts off the short- range intergrain ferromagnetic exchange interactions by effectively isolating the grains from magnetic interactions with each other. When the intergranular phase is absent, ferromagnetic exchange couples the magnetizations of the two grains at their surfaces, leading to significant enhancement of the remanent magnetization of all the grains. Clearly on all other electro-, magneto-, and elasto-optical systems, regular periodicities in the nanoscale internal structures will give rise to interesting new pass or stop bands in their interaction with electromagnetic or acoustic waves, analogous to the Brillouin zone structures in crystalline systems. books.nap.edu /books/030904183X/html/89.html   (1400 words)

Snorri Ingvarsson's personal page at IBM Research This provides strong evidence that the main channel of spin-wave relaxation in our films is through a strong exchange interaction between the more localized electrons undergoing precession at ferromagnetic resonance and itinerant (conduction) electrons. Particles in an assembly are separated enough that there is no exchange interaction, and the only magnetic interaction is the magnetostatic (or dipolar) interaction. I have recently been engaged with studying the interactions of self-assembled magnetic nanoparticles and the effect of these interactions on the magnetic properties of these assemblies. www.research.ibm.com /people/c/c1sthi   (1400 words)

Introduction The contribution of the exchange force to the tip-surface interaction is calculated and used to predict whether the spin contrast over Ni ions would be observable in NC-AFM experiments. The direct exchange interaction between nearest neighbour Ni ions favours pairing of spins to lower the energy. As yet, no difference in contrast over opposite spin Ni ions has been observed, so it would be useful to study the interactions involved theoretically to establish whether it should be possible. www.fyslab.hut.fi /~asf/physics/thesis1/node139.html   (1400 words)

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