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Topic: Excitatory postsynaptic potential

	Neuroscience Online (i,6,1)
		An action potential in the inhibitory neuron leads to the release of a chemical transmitter substance that inhibits the flexor motor neuron, thereby preventing an improper movement from occurring.
		This potential is known as an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP); excitatory because it tends to depolarize the cell, thereby tending to increase the probability of firing an action potential in the motor neuron and postsynaptic because it is a potential recorded on the postsynaptic side of the synapse.
		An action potential in the presynaptic terminal leads to the opening of voltage dependent Ca channels, and the Ca influx causes transmitter substance to be released.
	neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu /s1/i6-1.html (644 words)

	Neuroscience Online (i,13,1)
		An action potential elicited in the interneuron produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in the flexor motor neuron.
		Excitatory synaptic connections are typically found on the major receiving area of the neuron, the dendrite, and most often on spines that project from the dendrite (Figure 13.2).
		Therefore, for neurons lacking regenerative processes in their dendrites, EPSPs that are far from the point of action potential generation (the cell soma and axon hillock) attenuate to a greater degree than IPSPs which are generated closer to the neuron's soma.
	neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu /s1/i13-1.html (814 words)

	Neurobiology - Glossary A-E, Blackwell Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Action potentials are triggered in excitable cells in response to depolarization that exceeds the threshold potential.
		Action potentials spread from the atria to the ventricles through the cells of the AV node, which have a slow conduction speed.
		A postsynaptic change in membrane potential that promotes firing of an action potential in the postsynaptic cell, by bringing the membrane potential toward the threshold potential.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /matthews/glossae.html (1931 words)

	Ch.5: Synaptic Activity
		This is demonstrated by measuring the equilibrium potential for the excitatory synapse by observing the effects of transmitter release while artificially varying the resting membrane potential.
		Such experiments indicate that the equilibrium potential of the EPSP is approximately -10 mV, the "compromise" potential predicted by the Nernst equation for a membrane that is permeable to both potassium and sodium.
		Excitatory and inhibitory synapses have opposing effects on the activity of the postsynaptic neuron, the resulting neural activity often depending upon the balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/cafrye/apsy601/Ch.04feb10,psychopharmacology.html (8354 words)

	Excitatory
		prikkelende postsynaptische potentiaal (EPSP, excitatory postsynaptic potential), prikkelende impuls (excitatory signal), PPSP,een PPSP wordt veroorzaakt door een inwendige stroom van positieve natrium-ionen die plaatsvindt als een remmende prikkeling een natriumkanaal in het membraam van de zenuwcel opent (EPSP, excitatory postsynaptic potential), PPSP (EPSP, excitatory postsynaptic potential), centrale prikkelingstoestand (central excitatory state).
		trasmettitore eccitatorio (excitatory transmitter), stato eccitatorio centrale (central excitatory state), sinapsi eccitatoria (excitatory synapse), segnale eccitatore (excitatory signal), potenziale sinaptico eccitatorio (excitatory synaptic potential), potenziale postsinaptico di eccitazione (EPSP, excitatory postsynaptic potential), neurone eccitatore (excitatory neuron), interneurone eccitatore (excitatory interneuron), input eccitatore (excitatory input).
		transmisor excitador (excitatory transmitter), sinapsis excitadora (excitatory synapse), señal excitativa (excitatory signal), señal de excitación (excitatory signal), PPSE (EPSP, excitatory postsynaptic potential), potencial sináptico excitador (excitatory synaptic potential), potencial postsináptico de excitación (EPSP, excitatory postsynaptic potential), neurona excitadora (excitatory neuron), interneurona excitadora (excitatory interneuron), input excitador (excitatory input).
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/ex/excitatory.html (729 words)

	Brain Explorer - Neurological Control - Neurotransmitters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The release of noradrenaline tends to increase the level of excitatory activity within the brain, and noradrenergic pathways are thought to be particularly involved in the control of functions such as attention and arousal.
		Neurotransmitters exert their effect by binding to specific receptors on the neuronal postsynaptic membrane.
		These receptors are neither precisely excitatory nor inhibitory and modulate the actions of the classic excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters such as glutamate and glycine.
	www.brainexplorer.org /neurological_control/Neurological_Neurotransmitters.shtml (991 words)

	¿¬ ±¸ ½Ç (Laboratory)
		Recent studies have strengthened the evidence that, after postsynaptic induction, LTP is expressed by an increase in transmitter release from presynaptic terminals.
		If the mechanisms underlying the induction and expression of LTP reside on the opposite side of the synapse, there must be a signal that travels in a retrograde direction from the postsyanptic cell to the presynaptic terminal.
		It is composed of presynaptic terminal, postsynaptic apparatus, and the synaptic cleft connecting the two structure.
	wwwk.dongguk.ac.kr /~moonis/research.htm (2632 words)

	Excitatory postsynaptic potential - Definition, explanation
		In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporary increase in postsynaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively-charged ions into the postsynaptic cell.
		At excitatory synapses, the ion channel typically allows sodium into the cell, generating an excitatory postsynaptic current.
		The name end-plate potential is used since Katz' studies were performend on the neuromuscular junction, which is commonly called the motor end-plate.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/e/ex/excitatory_postsynaptic_potential.php (371 words)

	Excitatory postsynaptic potential - Free net encyclopedia
		In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporary increase in postsynaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell.
		A postsynaptic potential is defined as excitatory if it makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
		The name end-plate potential is used since Katz' studies were performed on the neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber component of which is commonly called the motor end-plate.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/EPSP (441 words)

	[No title]
		F 8-27 At an excitatory synapse, the electrical response in the postsynaptic cell is called an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) An inhibitory synapse hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic cell or stabilizes it at its resting potential F 8-28 At an inhibitory synapse, response is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
		Usually at an excitatory synapse, channels in the postsynaptic cell that are permeable to sodium, potassium, and other small positive ions are opened; At inhibitory synapses, channels to chloride and/or potassium are opened.
		The postsynaptic cell's membrane potential is the result of temporal and spatial summation of the EPSPs and IPSPs at the many active excitatory and inhibitory synapses on the cell.
	comp.uark.edu /~cfbailey/hupch8.html (1193 words)

	brain physiology
		Postsynaptic potentials may either increase or decrease the firing of the axon in the postsynaptic neuron.
		When an action potential reaches the terminal buttons, small synaptic vesicles located just inside the postsynaptic membrane attach themselves to the membrane and then break open; their contents are expelled into the synaptic cleft.
		The way in which an action potential causes synaptic vesicles to release their transmitter substance is as follows: Some of the synaptic vesicles are docked against the presynaptic membrane where they are ready to release their contents into the synaptic cleft.
	www.enspirepress.com /writings_on_consciousness/brain_physiology/brain_physiology.html (8981 words)

	1.2 Elements of Neuronal Dynamics
		The effect of a spike on the postsynaptic neuron can be recorded with an intracellular electrode which measures the potential difference u(t) between the interior of the cell and its surroundings.
		An input at an excitatory synapse reduces the negative polarization of the membrane and is therefore called depolarizing.
		1.3A we have sketched the EPSP caused by the arrival of a spike from neuron j at an excitatory synapse of neuron i.
	diwww.epfl.ch /~gerstner/SPNM/node4.html (592 words)

	Synapses
		Excitatory transmissions occur when the neurotransmitter at a synapse depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.
		Inhibitory transmissions occur when the neurotransmitter at a synapse hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, which causes the transmembrane potential to be farther from the threshold.
		It binds to GABA receptors, decreasing the sensitivity to postsynaptic neurons.
	atdpweb.soe.berkeley.edu /2130/kchao/synapse.html (1365 words)

	Synapses
		The neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
		The neurotransmitter at excitatory synapses depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane (of a neuron in this diagram).
		The neurotransmitter at inhibitory synapses hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/S/Synapses.html (1242 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Action Potential
		The resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV (mV=millivolt) - this means that the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outside.
		Also, when the threshold level is reached, an action potential of a fixed sized will always fire...for any given neuron, the size of the action potential is always the same.
		Action potentials are caused by an exchange of ions across the neuron membrane.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/ap.html (767 words)

	7.4 The Significance of a Single Spike
		Kirkwood and Sears, 1978) that the PSTH is proportional to the derivative of the postsynaptic potential, i.e.,
		The shape of the PSTH depends on the noise level and is either similar to the postsynaptic potential or to its derivative.
		Hence, in the low-noise limit, the PSTH is proportional to the derivative of the postsynaptic potential.
	diwww.epfl.ch /~gerstner/SPNM/node56.html (2504 words)

	Atoms
		Action potentials transmitted along the length of the neuron must travel to other neurons too.
		the resting potential of the postsynaptic membrane is perturbed, generating graded potential;
		Whether the synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the kind of the neurotransmitter receptors and not the neurotransmitter itself.
	fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu /Education/2010/Lectures/40_Synapse.htm (528 words)

	Transmission Across Synapses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The postsynaptic potential is either excitatory or inhibitory.
		An excitatory postsynaptic potential spreads to the axon of a nerve cell and tends to produce another action potential.
		An inhibitory postsynaptic potential tends to prevent the axon from producing another action potential.
	library.thinkquest.org /28807/data/nervous53.htm (132 words)

	Medical Journal, Health Articles » Dyslexia
		Carefully selected groups of dyslexics, dyspraxics, children with specific language difficulties, moderate learning disabilities, attention deficits and emotional/behavioural disorders were assessed on measures of literacy, phonological and verbal skills, non-verbal ability, problem behaviour scales and cognitive interference.
		The present study used event-related brain potentials to investigate semantic, phonological and syntactic processes in adult German dyslexic and normal readers in a word reading task.
		The mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related potential has been recommended as an alternative, relatively objective, measure of the brain’s ability to discriminate sounds that is suitable for children with limited attention or motivation.
	rxjournals.com /?cat=11 (1070 words)

	DEPOLARIZATION OF THE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON
		A few diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to the acetylcholine receptors that are embedded in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.
		As a result, the postsynaptic membrane depolarizes, slightly from a resting potential of -70mV.
		(D) The depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron quickly reaches a peak because acetylcholine is hydrolyzed (= broken down) by the acetylcholinesterase (= AChE) in the synaptic junction, the acetycholine receptors close, and Na+-K+ pumps move Na+ and K+ back across the membrane.
	www.getbodysmart.com /ap/nervoussystem/neurophysiology/synapses/cholinergicsynapses/depolarization/tutorial.html (242 words)

	Synaptic Transmission
		the neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to postsynaptic receptors.
		this extremely strong postsynaptic potential is meant to trigger the AP in the axon
		an inhibitory postsynaptic potential is caused by the binding of an inhibitory neurotransmitter at an inhibitory chemical synapse.
	www.xecu.net /kiirenza/anatomy/nerve4.htm (755 words)

	Lecture notes of Chapter 1
		This is also called Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) Depolarization: from -70 mv to -55 mv (inside) and 0 mv (outside) This is also called Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 1.2.
		The chemicals diffuse across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane, where it attaches to a receptor (4).
		The neurotransmitter attaches to a receptor on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron 2).
	www.humboldt.edu /~sh4/p321notech3.htm (1339 words)

	Excitable Cells
		All cells (not just excitable cells) have a resting potential: an electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior.
		If the potential is reduced to the threshold voltage (about -50 mv in mammalian neurons), an action potential is generated in the cell.
		The strength of the action potential is an intrinsic property of the cell.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/E/ExcitableCells.html (1244 words)

	ICP monitors
		If the postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold and generates a response, APs are transmitted along its axon to the terminal branches which diverge to influence the excitability of many other cells.
		At excitatory synapses, the amount of transmitter released from the synaptic knob is directly related to the amplitude of the AP in the axon terminal.
		Propagation of the action potential down the axon, and propagation back into the soma and main dendrites as the higher threshold, electrically excitable portions of the soma are brought above threshold by electrotonic spread from the initial segment.
	www.ucsf.edu /nreview/03.1-Physiology&Diagnostics/Synapses.html (1193 words)

	Neurotransmitters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Finally, the molecule itself must produce a response in the postsynaptic cell that mimics the response produced by the release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron.
		Excitatory neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and glutamate, activate postsynaptic receptors that belong to the superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels.
		They also have been referred to as miniature end-plate potentials, since they were first observed at the endplate found in the electric organ of Torpedo californica, the electric ray.
	www.neurosci.pharm.utoledo.edu /MBC4420/transmitters.htm (1390 words)

	Neural transmission explained
		This is called the resting membrane potential and is found because there are more negative ions inside the neuron than outside due to large ions in the cell that can't get out and a membrane "pump" that pushes most of the positive sodium ions out.
		action potential is formed and travels down an axon headed toward the junction between this neuron and another called a synapse.
		When an action potential reaches the presynaptic ending it causes some of these vesicles to bond to the presynaptic membrane and to spew its transmitter chemical into the synaptic cleft.
	www.yorku.ca /eye/neuron2.htm (460 words)

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