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Topic: Executive Order 9066

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	Executive Orders excerpted from the book Inside the Shadow Government
		Franklin Roosevelt used executive orders in 1933 to close all American banks and force citizens to turn in their gold coins and, in 1942, to intern American citizens of Japanese descent for the duration of World War II.
		While the Constitution is silent on the president's authority to issue such orders, Supreme Court rulings have declared the president has implied powers to issue those orders to the executive branch necessary to discharge his constitutional responsibility to execute the law faithfully.
		A trend in executive orders after World War II is to be as vague as possible in citing the legal basis for the order.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /FBI/Executive_Orders_ITSG.html (3098 words)

	Our Documents - Transcript of Executive Order 9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese (1942)
		Transcript of Executive Order 9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese (1942)
		The designation of military areas in any region or locality shall supersede designations of prohibited and restricted areas by the Attorney General under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, and shall supersede the responsibility and authority of the Attorney General under the said Proclamations in respect of such prohibited and restricted areas.
		I hereby further authorize and direct all Executive Departments, independent establishments and other Federal Agencies, to assist the Secretary of War or the said Military Commanders in carrying out this Executive Order, including the furnishing of medical aid, hospitalization, food, clothing, transportation, use of land, shelter, and other supplies, equipment, utilities, facilities, and services.
	www.ourdocuments.gov /doc.php?flash=false&doc=74&page=transcript (240 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Executive Order 9066
		United States Executive Order 9066 was a presidential executive order issued during World War II by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, using his authority as Commander-in-Chief to exercise war powers to send ethnic groups to internment camps.
		The order led to the Japanese American internment in which some 120,000 ethnic Japanese people were held in internment camps for the duration of the war.
		The CWRIC was appointed to conduct an official governmental study of Executive Order 9066, related wartime orders and their impact on Japanese Americans in the West and Alaska Natives in the Pribilof Islands.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Executive_Order_9066 (515 words)

	Executive Order 9066 > World War II & Roundup \| Exploring JAI (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 (view full text), authorizing the Army to "designate military areas" from which "any persons may be excluded." The words "Japanese,"or "Japanese Americans" never appeared in the Order.
		Public Law 503 was enacted on March 9, 1942, to enforce the Order, imposing criminal penalties for its violation.
		The mass removal of persons of Japanese ancestry ordered by the President, supported by the Justice Department, implemented by the Army and sanctioned by the Supreme Court, was based on the pretext of "military necessity," a justification which later proved groundless and without evidence.
	www.jainternment.org /ww2/eo9066.html (536 words)

	Executive Order 9066 > World War II & Roundup \| Exploring JAI
		On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 (view full text), authorizing the Army to "designate military areas" from which "any persons may be excluded." The words "Japanese,"or "Japanese Americans" never appeared in the Order.
		Public Law 503 was enacted on March 9, 1942, to enforce the Order, imposing criminal penalties for its violation.
		The mass removal of persons of Japanese ancestry ordered by the President, supported by the Justice Department, implemented by the Army and sanctioned by the Supreme Court, was based on the pretext of "military necessity," a justification which later proved groundless and without evidence.
	www.asianamericanmedia.org /jainternment/ww2/eo9066.html (536 words)

	Politics - Executive Order 9066
		The signing of the Execute Order 9066 is an historical event that should be on the minds of every U.S. citizen but especially those that are not considered to be the majority.
		The Executive Order 9066 should be a reminder to all of us that government and laws should not be governed by fear.
		Today, homeland security laws such as the Patriot Act mirror Executive Order 9066 becauce legal rights grantted to all citizens (whether first generation or otherwise) by the Bill of Rights are being denied in the name of national security.
	www.emergingminds.org /june03/politics.html (451 words)

	President Clinton's Executive Order 13039
		EXECUTIVE ORDER 11004 allows the Housing and Finance Authority to relocate communities, build new housing with public funds, designate areas to be abandoned, and establish new locations for populations.
		EXECUTIVE ORDER 11051 specifies the responsibility of the Office of Emergency Planning and gives authorization to put all Executive Orders into effect in times of increased international tensions and economic or financial crisis.
		EXECUTIVE ORDER 11310 grants authority to the Department of Justice to enforce the plans set out in Executive Orders, to institute industrial support, to establish judicial and legislative liaison, to control all aliens, to operate penal and correctional institutions, and to advise and assist the President.
	www.angelfire.com /hi/TWA800/clintoneo.html (3443 words)

	Executive Order 9066--FDR's Enduring Legacy
		On this date in 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, the innocuously titled “Executive Order Authorizing The Secretary of War To Prescribe Military Areas.” Yet, there was nothing harmless about this initiative.
		Executive Order 9066, a knee-jerk response to the Japanese attack, was implemented to allegedly protect the country “against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities.” However, the order indiscriminately applied to “all persons” of Japanese ancestry, regardless of age, sex, or citizenship.
		With the addition of FDR’s Executive Order 9102 – the order that created the War Relocation Authority (WRA) to administer the “relocation” while providing $5.5 million to begin the task--Japanese internment was underway.
	www.strike-the-root.com /4/powers/powers1.html (1159 words)

	Book #1990
		EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066 was organized by Maisie and Richard Conrat.
		That Executive Order 9066 tore over one hundred thousand Japanese Americans from their homes, their businesses, and their farmlands, and threw them into concentration camps, cannot be erased from our history.
		We know, however, that the job of presenting this point of view is of the utmost importance, and in order to make all of the evacuation photographs as accessible as possible, we plan to turn our research files over to the community which suffered from executive Order 9066.
	www.asianamericanbooks.com /books/1990.htm (825 words)

	Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces, 1948
		It was accompanied by Executive Order 9980, which created a Fair Employment Board to eliminate racial discrimination in federal employment.
		The Committee is authorized on behalf of the President to examine into the rules, procedures and practices of the armed services in order to determine in what respect such rules, procedures and practices may be altered or improved with a view to carrying out the policy of this order.
		All executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government are authorized and directed to cooperate with the Committee in its work, and to furnish the Committee such information or the services of such persons as the Committee may require in the performance of its duties.
	www.classbrain.com /artteenst/publish/article_121.shtml (615 words)

	THE EXECUTIVE ORDER
		EXECUTIVE ORDER 11051 specifies the responsibility of the Office of Emergency Planning and gives authorization to put all Executive Orders into effect in times of increased international tensions and economic or financial crisis.
		EXECUTIVE ORDER 11921 allows the Federal Emergency Preparedness Agency to develop plans to establish control over the mechanisms of production and distribution, of energy sources, wages, salaries, credit and the flow of money in U.S. financial institution in any undefined national emergency.
		EXECUTIVE ORDER 12148 created the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) that is to interface with the Department of Defense for civil defense planning and funding.
	www.sonic.net /sentinel/gvcon5.html (2114 words)

	Japanese-American Internment in WWII Photographs Exhibit, Univ. Utah
		As a result of this pressure, on February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which resulted in the forcible internment of 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry.
		More than two-thirds of those interned under the Executive Order were citizens of the United States, and none had ever shown any disloyalty.
		Executive Order 9066 was rescinded by President Roosevelt in 1944, and the last of the camps was closed in March, 1946.
	www.lib.utah.edu /spc/photo/9066/9066.htm (261 words)

	The Rafu Shimpo - L.A. Japanese Daily News
		It was on that date in 1942 that Executive Order 9066 was issued resulting in the uprooting of many, many loyal Americans," said Ford.
		The rescinding of E.O. 9066 is seen as one of the first victories of the redress movement.
		"Executive Order 9066 ceased to be effective at the end of World War II.
	www.rafu.com /ford.html (766 words)

	Trans-Pacific Radio » February 19, 1942: President Franklin D. Roosevelt issues Executive Order 9066, commencing ...
		On this day in 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which granted US military authorities with the power to declare exclusion zones and to relocate persons of Japanese ancestry.
		Roosevelt’s Executive Order was terminated exactly 34 years later, on February 19, 1976, by President Gerald Ford, as part of Proclamation 4417.
		It was on that date in 1942, in the midst of the response to the hostilities that began on December 7, 1941, that Executive Order 9066 was issued, subsequently enforced by the criminal penalties of a statute enacted March 21, 1942, resulting in the uprooting of loyal Americans.
	www.transpacificradio.com /2007/02/19/franklin-d-roosevelt-executive-order-9066-japanese-american-internment (1336 words)

	Executive Order 9066: The President Authorizes Japanese Relocation
		In an atmosphere of World War II hysteria, President Roosevelt, encouraged by officials at all levels of the federal government, authorized the internment of tens of thousands of American citizens of Japanese ancestry and resident aliens from Japan.
		Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066, dated February 19, 1942, gave the military broad powers to ban any citizen from a fifty- to sixty-mile-wide coastal area stretching from Washington state to California and extending inland into southern Arizona.
		Although it is not well known, the same executive order (and other war-time orders and restrictions) were also applied to smaller numbers of residents of the United States who were of Italian or German descent.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5154 (428 words)

	Committee Reports
		Executive Order 9066 ultimately led to the detention of 120,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese residents of the United States.
		Executive Order 9066 ultimately led to the detention of 120,000 Japanese Americans and residents, most of whom did not see freedom until the closing days of World War II.
		Executive Order 9066 also resulted in restrictions upon the civil liberties of Italian and German Americans residing in the United States during World War II, including Government-imposed curfews, prohibitions on items considered to be contraband by military authorities, and seizures of personal property.
	www.congress.gov /cgi-bin/cpquery/R?cp108:FLD010:@1(hr410) (1854 words)

	Executive Order 9066 and the Residents of Santa Cruz County: Executive Order 9066
		Executive Order 9066 and the Residents of Santa Cruz County: Executive Order 9066
		The designation of military areas in any region or locality shall supersede designations of prohibited and restricted areas by the Attorney General under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941,(1) and shall supersede the responsibility and authority of the Attorney General under the said Proclamations in respect of such prohibited and restricted areas.
		FRANKLIN D. Executive Order 9066 and the Residents of S.C. County:
	www.santacruzpl.org /history/ww2/9066/ex9066.shtml (165 words)

	Brian.Carnell.Com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Rarely a man of principle, Roosevelt waited until after his re-election in 1944 to formally order the dismantling of the campus (Roosevelt was afraid that he might lose California if he ordered the campus abolished sooner).
		Estimates of the total income lost by Japanese citizens for the four year period of confinement is on the order of $6 to $7 billion.
		Also that settlement did not apply to Japanese nationals living in Latin America who were shipped, on the orders of the United States, to the United States and held in the internment camps.
	brian.carnell.com /665 (580 words)

	EXECUTIVE ORDER 9102
		There is established in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive Office of the President the War Relocation Authority, at the head of which shall be a Director appointed by and responsible to the President.
		In order to avoid duplication of evacuation activities under this order and Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19, 1942, the Director shall not undertake any evacuation activities within military areas designated under said Executive Order No. 9066, without the prior approval of the Secretary of War or the appropriate military commander.
		This order does not limit the authority granted in Executive Order No. 8972 of December 12, 1941; Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19 1942; Executive.
	www.chaosacrossamerica.com /EO/EO9102.htm (491 words)

	wwii
		Executive Order 9066, signed by President Roosevelt on February 19, 1942 not only allowed the military to evict and intern Japanese- Americans but applied as well to German- and Italian-Americans.
		That they have been ignored, forgotten and belittled in this manner of Executive Order 9066 is a greater injustice and one without precedent in this era of political correctness.
		Italian Americans and those of German heritage also were subject to relocation and internment during the war, under the same executive order that applied to the Japanese.
	www.italian-american.com /wwii.htm (1807 words)

	60th Anniversary of Japanese Internment by FDR - Executive Order 9066
		I hereby further authorize and direct all Executive Departments, independent establishments and other Federal Agencies, to assist the Secretary of War or the said Military Commanders in carrying out this Executive Qrder, including the furnishing of medical aid, hospitalization, food, clothing, transportation, use of land, shelter, and other supplies, equipment, utilities, facilities, and services.
		On Feb. 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which would force some 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry away from their mostly West Coast homes, jobs, farms and businesses and into 10 internment camps for the duration of World War II.
		Supposedly, the interment was ordered to stop the Japanese agents without tipping Japanese counterintelligence to the fact that we were reading their codes.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/630390/posts (4593 words)

	Executive Order No. 9102
		There is established in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive Office of the President the War Relocation Authority, at the head of which shall be a Director appointed by and responsible to the President.
		(d) Prescribe regulations necessary or desirable to promote effective execution of such program, and, as a means of coordinating evacuation and relocation activities, consult with the Secretary of War with respect to regulations issued and measures taken by him.
		In order to avoid duplication of evacuation activities under this order and Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19, 1942, the Director shall not undertake any evacuation activities within military areas designated under said Executive Order No. 9066, without the prior approval of the Secretary of War or the appropriate military commander.
	chem.nwc.cc.wy.us /HMDP/No9102.htm (451 words)

	Executive Order 9066, 1942<BR>The Internment of Persons of Japanese Ancestry
		While the men received negative judgments from the court, in the 1944 case ExParte Mitsuye Endo, the Supreme Court ruled that, "Mitsuye Endo is entitled to an unconditional release by the War Relocation Authority." Some people refer to the relocation centers as concentration camps; others view internment as an unfortunate episode, but a military necessity.
		Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces, 1948
		Executive Order 10924 - Establishment of the Peace Corps, 1961
	www.classbrain.com /artteenst/publish/article_69.shtml (494 words)

	Executive Order 9066, with Rescindment by President Ford
		It was on that date in 1942, in the midst of the response to the hostilities that began on December 7, 1941, that Executive Order No. 9066 was issued, subsequently enforced by the criminal penalties of a statute enacted March 21, 1942, resulting in the uprooting of loyal Americans.
		On the battlefield and at home, Japanese-Americans--names like Hamada, Mitsumori, Marimoto, Noguchi, Yamasaki, Kido, Munemori and Miyamura--have been and continue to be written in our history for the sacrifices and the contributions they have made to the well-being and security of this, our common Nation.
		The Executive order that was issued on February 19, 1942, was for the sole purpose of prosecuting the war with the Axis Powers, and ceased to be effective with the end of those hostilities.
	home.comcast.net /~eo9066/EO9066.html (714 words)

	Executive Order No. 9066
		On February 19, 1942, a "day of infamy" as far as the Constitution is concerned, Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which was the instrument by which just over 120,000 persons, two-thirds of them American citizens, were confined in concentration camps on American soil, in some cases for nearly four years.
		The Court has always held that the "war power" and the right of national defense could stretch the limits of federal authority, and Roosevelt and the lawyers in the War Department who drafted Executive Order 9066 appealed to that power.
		I call upon the American people to affirm with me this American Promise--that we have learned from the tragedy of that long-ago experience forever to treasure liberty and justice for each individual American, and resolve that this kind of action shall never again be repeated.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/g_l/haiku/9066.htm (1611 words)

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