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Topic: Existence of gravitational waves

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	Gravitational radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In physics, gravitational radiation is energy that is transmitted through waves in the gravitational field of space-time, according to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity: The Einstein field equations imply that any accelerated mass radiates energy this way, in the same way, as the Maxwell equations that any accelerated charge radiates electromagnetic energy.
		Gravitational radiation is the overall result of gravity waves in bulk and refers to the concept for the phenomenon known as gravity.
		Their paper, entitled "Study of the coincidences between the gravitational wave detectors EXPLORER and NAUTILUS in 2001", is based on a statistical analysis of the results from their detectors which shows that the number of coincident detections is greatest when both of their detectors are pointing into the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/g/gr/gravitational_radiation.html (1220 words)

	Gravitational wave Information - TextSheet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In physics, a gravitational wave is a wave in the gravitational field.
		The proposed quantum of gravitational radiation is the graviton.
		Physicists Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor explained their observations of a binary neutron star system as the result of the system's emitting gravitational waves in accordance with general relativity, an achievement for which they were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics.
	www.xplosive.sferahost.com /encyclopedia/g/gr/gravitational_wave.html (694 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Gravitational wave - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Similarly, gravitational waves will be emitted by physical objects with a pulsating shape, specifically objects with a nonzero quadrupole moment[?].
		However, weak gravitational waves can be described to a good approximation by linearised general relativity[?], which is linear.
		Their paper, entitled "Study of the coincidences between the gravitational wave detectors EXPLORER and NAUTILUS in 2001" is based on a statistical analysis of the results from their detectors which shows that the number of coincident detections is greatest when both of their detectors are pointing into the center of our galaxy.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/gr/Gravitational_wave (689 words)

	Gravitational radiation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Gravitational waves should not be confused with gravity waves in hydrodynamics.
		A sufficiently strong sea of primordial gravitational radiation, with an energy density exceeding that of the big bang electromagnetic radiation by a few orders of magnitude, would shorten the life of the universe, violating existing data that show it is at least 13 billion years old.
		Gravitational radiation has not been directly observed, although there are a number of existing and proposed experiments such as LIGO that intend to do so.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Existence_of_gravitational_waves (1128 words)

	Virgo Group - Gravitational Wave basics
		Gravitational waves are generated by quite different processes as electromagnetic waves and cosmic rays, and they will add insight to the physics of the celestial phenomena where they are produced.
		Gravitational waves strong enough to be detected are expected to be generated in astrophysical events not yet fully understood, as supernova explosions, as the catastrophic collisions of inspiralling binary systems, as the interaction of fl holes with companion stars, as the Big-Bang itself.
		The variation of the optical path's lenght, caused by the variation of distance of the mirrors due to the arrival of the gravitational wave, produces a shift of the relative phase of the the beams, and thus a variation in the intensity of the beam after the recombination.
	www.arcetri.astro.it /~stanga/introd.htm (1077 words)

	Gravity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Newton's law of universal gravitation can be written as a vector equation to account for the direction of the gravitational force as well as its magnitude.
		Gravitational acceleration, and acceleration in general, is measured in metres per second squared or in non-SI units such as galileos, gees, or feet per second squared.
		The sea-level gravitational acceleration is 9.780 m/s² at the equator and 9.832 m/s² at the poles, so an object will exert about 0.5% more force due to gravity at sea level at the poles than at sea level at the equator [1].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gravity (4210 words)

	Tests of general relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The two previous effects, the gravitational redshift and the deflection of light, are derived from the study of null geodesics, the paths of photons.
		Main article: Gravitational radiation Similarly to the way in which atoms and molecules emit electromagnetic radiation, a gravitating mass that is in quadrupole type or higher order vibration, or is asymmetric and in rotation, can emit gravitational waves.
		Gravitational waves originating from orbiting neutron stars outside our Solar System have been indirectly detected as described in the 1993 Nobel Prize lecture of Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity (2120 words)

	Gravitational Wave Observatories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As the wave moves up the hose, it distorts the cross section into a vertical ellipse; then a half wave later into a horizontal ellipse; then a vertical ellipse again; and so on, until the gravitational wave has passed.
		For example, the gravitational waves emitted by a 500 tonne steel bar rotating so fast that it is almost flying apart would distort a gravitational wave detector by only one part in 10^40, a change far too small to detect.
		Gravitational waves emitted by large cosmic objects, such as binary stars, are of course much stronger.
	www.vectorsite.net /tagrav.html (3834 words)

	context :: einstein@home: gravitational wave research project
		Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space and time produced by events in our galaxy and throughout universe, such as fl hole collisions, shockwaves from the cores of exploding supernovas, and rotating pulsars.
		Although gravitational waves have not yet been detected directly, their influence on a binary pulsar (two neutron stars orbiting each other) has been measured accurately, and was found to be in good agreement with original predictions.
		'gravitational waves are at the frontier of astrophysics.
	www.straddle3.net /context/03/en/2004_07_30.html (444 words)

	sciforums.com - Gravitational waves
		There is indirect evidence for the existence of gravitational waves, from the spin-down rates of binary pulsars.
		Then has to be a gravitational wave background, which is likely to be found at wave lengths corresponding to the scales of the space bodies.
		The various gravity wave detection apparatus such as LIGO and LISA which are expected to give useful data soon will hopefully detect gravity waves from a very long way away and a very long time ago, giving another insight into the early universe.
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?t=22746 (1362 words)

	Gravitational Waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Among all the forces of nature, the gravitational force is the one that has been known to man for the longest time.
		Einstein's theory predicts the existence of gravitational waves, that is, perturbations of the gravitational field, which, as it is for electromagnetic field, spread out through space at the speed fo light.
		The weakness of gravitational force, makes it extremely hard to detect gravitational waves: actually, after 30 years of active research, we only have an indirect proof of their existence obtained from studying a binary pulsar system, but it has not yet been possible to detect directly the gravitational waves.
	www.virgo.infn.it /GravWaves1.html (154 words)

	ESA - Science - Home - Gravitational waves — ‘dents’ in space-time
		However, gravitational waves, which are created by the acceleration of masses, are waves of the space-time ‘fabric’ itself.
		In 1993, indirect proof was found for the existence of gravitational waves by observing the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16.
		A gravitational wave passing through the Solar System creates a time-varying strain in space that periodically changes the distances between all bodies in the Solar System (this strain changes distances perpendicularly to the direction in which the wave moves).
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEMLY2T1VED_index_0.html (641 words)

	Re: Does a spinning top emit gravity waves?
		Gravitational waves are predicted to propagate at the speed of light and represent a time-dependent distortion of the local space and time coordinates.
		Just as electromagnetic waves are produced by the acceleration of charge, gravitational waves are predicted to be produced by the acceleration of mass.
		Gravitational waves, however, differ from electromagnetic waves in a number of ways.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/may99/927296012.Ph.r.html (423 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Gravitational Waves
		It was 188 years later, in 1993, that Hulse and Taylor were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for their indirect proof of the existence of gravitational waves using exactly this kind of observation of the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16.
		While electromagnetic waves, created by the acceleration of electrical charges, propagate in the framework of space and time, gravitational waves, created by the acceleration of masses, are waves of the spacetime fabric itself.
		A gravitational wave passing through the Solar System creates a time-varying strain in space that periodically changes the distances between all bodies in the Solar System in a direction that is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
	hubble.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31417 (771 words)

	Gravitation: an active, pushing unidirectional force
		Wave theory — and especially its approach to gravitation — is thus a revolution in human consciousness, similar to the breakthroughs of Copernicus and Galileo some 450 years ago.
		Gravitational waves only impact formations with the appropriate dimensions and properties, and they do not react to waves/energetic paths that are extrinsic to their particular network.
		Wave theory provides the theoretical backing for wave structure as well as the behavior and properties of energetic matter, but this is only the beginning of a long process.
	www.grandunifiedtheory.org.il /grav/gravP.htm (3772 words)

	gravitational wave - a Whatis.com definition - see also: gravity wave
		A gravity wave (or gravitational wave) is a ripple in the curvature of the space-time continuum (the enmeshed combination of our three perceived physical dimensions, plus time) created by the movement of matter.
		Long thought to exist, although never yet detected, gravity waves were first hypothesized in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which predicted that an accelerating mass would radiate gravitational waves as it lost energy.
		If a gravitational wave were to pass through, the distance between the weights (which is measured by a laser beam moving back and forth between the mirrors and then recombined at a photodetector) would be altered.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci773187,00.html (556 words)

	The gravitational force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Towards the end of the same century, Newton established the universal gravitation law connecting the force responsible of the fall of bodies to the gravitational force between planets.
		Einstein’s theory predicts the existence of gravitational waves which are perturbations of the gravitational field spreading out in space at the speed of light, like ripples on the surface of a pond.
		Because the gravitational pull of matter bends the path of light rays, massive astronomical objects like stars, galaxies and galaxy clusters, may act like lenses, which can magnify and severely distort the images of objects located behind them, producing weird pictures as in a hall of mirrors.
	www.ego-gw.it /virgodescription/pag_1.html (476 words)

	ESA - ESA Publications - Focus On 'Gravitational Waves and Massive Black Holes'
		A gravitational wave passing through the Solar System creates a time-varying strain in space that periodically changes the distances between all bodies in the Solar System in a direction that is perpendicular to that of wave propagation.
		Gravitational waves are fundamentally different from the familiar electromagnetic waves: the latter are created by the acceleration of electric charges and propagate in the framework of space and time, whereas gravitational waves are created by the acceleration of masses and are waves of the spacetime fabric itself.
		During the gravitational capture of a star by a fl hole, gravitational waves will be continuously emitted, allowing an accurate map to be made of the spacetime surrounding the fl hole.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/ESA_Publications/SEMKBZZ990E_2.html (1332 words)

	_
		Albert Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves in 1916 as a consequence of his general theory of relativity.
		The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is being developed with sensitivity that should be capable of the detection of gravitational waves resulting from such astrophysical sources as merging compact binary systems, spinning neutron stars, supernovae explosions and even cosmological sources.
		I will discuss the science of gravitational waves, the technology and detector performance, the first upper limits, and finally the prospects for the future.
	www.physics.ucdavis.edu /Abstracts/BarishAbstract.htm (170 words)

	Harry Collins’s Gravitational Wave Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		If the shape of gravitational waves is ever revealed in detail a new field of astronomy will come into existence; gravitational radiation is the only direct way to see into fl holes and many other features of the universe.
		LIGO represents a step-function increase in funds for gravitational radiation research and promises a step-function increase in sensitivity; the new machine is meant to be good enough to guarantee not only the detection of gravitational radiation but the founding of a new field of gravitational astronomy.
		But since gravitational waves are distortions of the very fabric of space time, which lose only an infinitesimal proportion of their energy to matter, they penetrate all imaginable shields.
	www.cf.ac.uk /socsi/gravwave/text4.html (15749 words)

	2 Gravitational Waves
		Gravitational waves are produced when matter is accelerated in an asymmetrical way; but due to the nature of the gravitational interaction, detectable levels of radiation are produced only when very large masses are accelerated in very strong gravitational fields.
		Gravitational wave signals are expected over a wide range of frequencies; from
		It is interesting to note that the gravitational wave signal from a coalescing compact binary star system has a relatively simple form and the distance to the source can be obtained from a combination of its signal strength and its evolution in time.
	relativity.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrr-2000-3/node2.html (326 words)

	Caltech Press Release, 2/26/2003, Barry Barish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		PASADENA, Calif. - In 1916, Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves as a consequence of the general theory of relativity.
		These waves propagate through the universe at the speed of light, and it's thought they are caused by cataclysmic events in deep space.
		The challenge is that the predicted motions of the mirrors due to even the strongest gravitational waves are incredibly small--about ten billionths of the diameter of an atom.
	pr.caltech.edu /media/Press_Releases/PR12344.html (360 words)

	The Italian-French interferometer Virgo will be inaugurated on July 23rd \| SpaceRef - Your Space Reference
		The existence of gravitational waves is one of the most fascinating puzzles of modern physics.
		In proportion, the accuracy required to observe the existence of gravitational waves is analogous to the precision needed to measure the distance between the Earth and the Sun with an error lower than the diameter of an atom, but on a scale of billions of times smaller!
		Italy occupies a prominent position in the field of gravitational wave research and Infn has, among all the detectors in the world, those that permit the exploration of the largest frequency band of gravitational waves.
	www.spaceref.com /news/viewpr.html?pid=11973 (929 words)

	The Citizen Scientist - Society for Amateur Scientists
		Test masses with mirrors are hung from the corner and at each end of the L. Laser beams aimed the length of the vacuum tube measure the effect of the gravitational waves on the test masses (3).
		The causes of gravitational waves are thought to be events that cause ripples in the fabric of space-time.
		Because detectable gravitational wave events are believed to be rare, years of simultaneous observations by the LIGO detectors may be required before a gravitational wave event is detected.
	www.sas.org /tcs/weeklyIssues/2004-12-03/feature2 (795 words)

	Einstein@Home: Gravitational Wave Science: Gravitational Waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Gravitational waves originate from accelerating masses and travel through the universe at a finite speed.
		A gravitational wave follows the pattern of a ripple effect.
		It may help to think of gravitational waves as similar to the ripples you see if you throw a stone into a pond.
	www.einsteinathome.org /gwaves/science/4-waves.html (392 words)

	LIGO Overview
		IGO should begin the new millennium by directly detecting gravitational waves for the first time, perhaps recording the final death spiral of two orbiting neutron stars just before they collide and merge into one.
		The space-time ripples cause the distance measured by a light beam to change as the gravitational wave passes by, and the amount of light falling on the photodetector to vary.
		LIGO does this by detecting the gravitational waves -- ripples in the force of gravity -- created by violent events such as the collisions of stars and the vibrations of fl holes.
	www.ligo-wa.caltech.edu /ligo_overview/ligo_overview.html (1663 words)

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