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	Virtual retinal display with expanded exit pupil - Patent 5701132
		The exit pupil expanding apparatus 18 in various embodiments expands the exit pupil to define an enlarged exit pupil 21 by generating multiple closely spaced (or overlapping) exit pupils and/or by enlarging the exit pupil(s).
		The expanded exit pupil(s) occur slightly beyond the eyepiece 20 at a location where a viewer positions the pupil of their eye E. 2 shows light paths for three pixels of an image to be formed on the eye E retina 23.
		Exit pupil 21' corresponds to exit pupil 21 and occurs at approximately the same 3-dimensional position relative to the eyepiece 20.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5701132.html (8157 words)

	Exit Pupil of Binoculars \| birding .com
		The exit pupil is the magnified image in the eyepiece as it leaves the binocular to enter your eye and its diameter, measured in millimeters, is determined by dividing the aperture by the magnification.
		The eye pupil is controlled by the iris, which acts like a variable aperture for the retina and will allow the pupil to change in size from about 2mm up to 8mm, usually depending on the brightness of the available light.
		When the exit pupil of the binocular is larger than the eye pupil, some of the light coming from the binocular will fall on the iris and is undetected by the observer.
	www.birding.com /exitpupil.asp (583 words)

	Exit pupil is another important concept to understand
		Exit pupil is another important concept to understand, though it is not a property of an eyepiece by itself; instead, it is a characteristic of one specific eyepiece when used with a particular telescope.
		The exit pupil of an eyepiece on a particular telescope equals the diameter of the telescope’s objective divided by the magnification.
		However, should it be that the pupil of your eye can not dilate to a size that is at least equal to the exit pupil, some of the outer edge of the small circle of light will not be able to enter your eye and the image you see will be dimmed.
	www.singularsci.com /Accessories2.htm (507 words)

	SIMPLE - Online Information article about SIMPLE
		pupil of the eye which, in this case, is consequently the exit pupil of the instrument.
		aperture of the pencils of rays on the object-side; consequently it is the entrance pupil of the instrument.
		PP1 is the" entrance pupil, P'P1' the exit pupil, and GG the diaphragm.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SHA_SIV/SIMPLE.html (4273 words)

	NIFS CoDR - Optical Design
		To achieve this, the distance between the collimator mirror and the grating (the exit pupil of the collimator) must be twice the collimator focal length and the distance between the image slicer and the field mirror array must equal the collimator focal length.
		The telescope pupil is modeled as a 7900 mm diameter circular aperture with a central obstruction 1023 mm in diameter and a four vane spider with 5 mm thick vanes.
		The telescope diffraction rings are seen clearly, along with the smearing of the pupil images in the dispersion (horizontal) direction and the diffraction effect due to the finite lengths of the pupil mirrors and the grating on the final slit image at the detector.
	msowww.anu.edu.au /nifs/codr/codr_optics.htm (6079 words)

	Bird Watcher's Digest: Optics: Glossary of Terms
		The exit pupil is the magnified image in the eyepiece as it leaves the binoculars to enter your eye and its diameter, measured in millimeters, is determined by dividing the aperture by the magnification.
		When the exit pupil of the binoculars is larger than the eye pupils, some of the light coming from the binoculars will fall on the irises and be undetected by the observer.
		When the exit pupil is smaller than the eye pupil, then the amount of light falling on the retina will be less than that collected with your normal vision at that particular time, and so the object observed will appear dim.
	www.birdwatchersdigest.com /site/optics/about_binocs.aspx (3067 words)

	Snipers Paradise Sniper Mall
		Exit pupil and twilight performance are indicators of how well you will see an image at night combined with the glass and coatings.
		Exit Pupil - The size of the column of light that leaves the eyepiece of a scope (usually measured in millimeters).
		The larger the exit pupil, the brighter the image, with 6-7mm considered to be prime for the average user.
	www.snipersparadise.com /newproducts/swfassintro.htm (1331 words)

	Stops and Apertures
		The exit pupil is the image of the aperture stop formed by the light rays after they have passed through the optical system, i.e.
		The entrance pupil is the opening an observer would identify as the limitation on the solid angle of rays diverging from an on-axis object point, i.e.
		The exit pupil therefore is the image of the objective formed by the eyepiece.
	electron9.phys.utk.edu /optics421/modules/m3/Stops.htm (1771 words)

	F.A.Q
		The exit pupil is the diameter of the Beam of Light that passes through the Binoculars into your eyes.
		The exit pupil is an important indicator of the binocularÒs low light performance.
		Exit pupil is expressed in millimeters and is calculated by dividing the diameter of the objective tens by the magnification.
	www.binocularsmart.com /faq.shtml (429 words)

	Information
		Exit Pupil: The image formed by the binocular optics near the eyepiece, normally a circular disk.
		The diameter of the exit pupil can be calculated by dividing the diameter of the objective lens by the power of the binocular.
		This causes squared off exit pupils, easily seen when you hold the binocular up to a bright field (sometimes only two sides are squared off).
	fantao.home.att.net /information.htm (724 words)

	Pupil - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki
		In humans and many animals (but few fish), the size of the pupil is controlled by involuntary contraction and dilation of the iris, in order to regulate the intensity of light entering the eye.
		The reasons for the variation in shapes are complex; the shape is closely related to the optical characteristics of the lens, the shape and sensitivity of the retina, and the visual requirements of the species.
		In strong light, the pupil constricts and is small, but still allows light to be cast over a large part of the retina.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Pupil (554 words)

	reports-epsuggestions
		For a 200 mm scope using a magnification of 100 or a f/7 scope using a 14 mm eyepiece the exit pupil is 2 mm.
		Binoculars exit pupils work the same way and this is a non-sense of using for example a 7x35 binocular having a 5mm exit pupil (35/7) when your eye dilates to 7 mm.
		Among the effects afecting the exit pupil there is the one caused by the central obstruction of the secondary mirror of telescopes.
	www.astrosurf.com /luxorion/reports-epsuggestions3.htm (1699 words)

	Sport Optics Terminology
		Exit Pupil: The exit pupil refers to the size of the shaft of light transmitted to the eye.
		Exit pupil is expressed in millimeters and is normally derived by dividing the power into the objective lens diameter.
		Exit Pupil: The diameter of the shaft of light exiting the scope toward the eye.
	www.binocularsdirect.com /terminology.html (2548 words)

	Digiscoping Optics Essentials
		If the exit pupil is very small compared to the aperture of the shutter, then exposure brightness and depth of field is determined by the telescope, not the camera.
		However, if the exit pupil is large compared to the range of shutter diameters, the camera controls do indeed influence exposure and depth of field.
		The exit pupil is equal to the scope aperture (A) divided by magnification.
	www.digibird.com /primerdir/primer0.htm (1425 words)

	Analytik Jena > Docter > Info > Basics
		The exit pupil is a bright spot that can be seen in eyepiece lenses, when the telescope is held up in front of a bright background with the arm extended.
		The exit pupil is calculated by dividing the objective diameter by the magnification of the binocular.
		Large diameters of exit pupils are important for achieving good observation performance in dusk or dawn conditions and in the dark.
	www.docter-germany.com /frontend/index.php?itid=225&st_id=225&new_changed_lang=1 (1050 words)

	Telescopes.com - Help (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A: The exit pupil refers to the size of the shaft of light transmitted to the eye.
		The exit pupil is an important indicator of the binocular's low light performance.
		Exit pupil is expressed in millimeters and is normally derived by dividing the power into the objective lens diameter.
	www.telescopes.com /help.html (712 words)

	binoculars
		Thus the exit pupil of a pair of 7 × 50 binoculars is 50 divided by 7 = 7.1 mm.
		The bigger the exit pupil, the less critical the alignment of the binocular and the eye.
		As the size of the exit pupil increases, the image appears brighter, up to the point at which the exit pupil is the same diameter as the pupil of the eye and the entire area of the pupil is illuminated.
	www.sizes.com /tools/binoculars.htm (626 words)

	Vision Engineering \| Patented 'Expanded-Pupil' Optical Technology
		Conventional eyepieces have a narrow exit pupil, so users are required to precisely align their eye with the centre of each eyepiece.
		Typically, a slight movement of the eye results in loss of part of the field of vision as the pupil moves beyond the narrow conventional exit pupil.
		The expanded exit pupil of ISIS means that users can simply move their eyes to view the full image area, as the pupil stays within the latitude of the 10x wider exit pupil generated by ISIS.
	www.visioneng.com /technology_expanded_pupil.php (490 words)

	Tele Vue Optics Article Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Consider this extreme example of an exit pupil formed by an 8-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain with a central obstruction equal to 43 percent of the aperture's diameter.
		While the central shadow remains 43 percent of the exit pupil's diameter, it is now 6.2 millimeters in diameter and would nearly fill the 7-mm pupil diameter of the dark-adapted eye.
		A reflector's low-power limit is reached when the fl spot in the exit pupil (caused by the secondary obstruction) becomes obtrusive.
	www.televue.com /engine/page.asp?ID=141 (648 words)

	Celestron Tech Services Support Helpdesk
		The diameter, in millimeters, of the beam of light that leaves the eyepiece of a pair of binoculars is the "exit pupil".
		For astronomical applications, the exit pupil of the binocular should correspond with the amount of dilation of your eye's pupil after it has adapted to the dark.
		To calculate the exit pupil, divide the size of the objective lens by the magnification of the binocular.
	www.celestron.com /c2/esupport/?_a=knowledgebase&_j=questiondetails&_i=109 (192 words)

	How to Understand Binoculars and how to Buy Binoculars? Binocular Guide
		The exit pupil in a binocular is the actual width of the beam of light that leaves the eyepieces and is measured in millimeters.
		Exit pupil should not be taken too literally, since it treats all binoculars, regardless of lens coatings and optical quality as if they are the same.
		A large exit pupil is easier to keep centered on the eye and this is an advantage when it is difficult to hold a binocular steady, as on the deck of a moving boat.
	www.opticsplanet.net /how-to-buy-binoculars.html (3130 words)

	The DOF equations
		The entrance pupil is the lens aperture that is seen when you look into a lens from the front, the exit pupil is physically the same opening but observed from the rear.
		Ingredients are the entrance pupil E, the exit pupil X, the front principal plane H, the rear principal plane H', and the film.
		The diameter of the entrance pupil is D and the diameter of the exit pupil measures PD.
	www.vanwalree.com /optics/dofderivation.html (1541 words)

	You Can't Make Stellar Images Brighter - an Astronomy Net Article
		A telescope with an eyepiece also has an exit pupil which is the ‘optical’ size of the opening at the observer end of the eyepiece.
		The exit pupil size is calculated by dividing the aperture of the telescope (entrance pupil) by the magnification it's being used at.
		The size of the obstruction in the exit pupil is calculated the same way as the size of the exit pupil itself.
	www.astronomy.net /articles/29 (1564 words)

	Optics - The Advantages of a Large Exit Pupil
		The exit pupil is the circular patch of image-forming light the instrument presents to your eye.
		The catch is that the pupil of a normal human eye opens to a maximum diameter of 5mm to 7mm, depending on the individual, even in extremely dark surroundings.
		With riflescopes, one of the blessings of a large exit pupil is greater freedom to position the eye with respect to the optical axis.
	www.shootingtimes.com /optics/opticpupil_061907 (632 words)

	Alpen Outdoor Corporation - Contact
		The exit pupil is the circle of light you see when holding a binocular or spotting scope about 6 inches away from your eyes and looking at the surface of the eye pieces.
		The "exit pupil" on a binocular can be used to correspond to our own eye pupil.
		Compact binoculars generally do not have large exit pupils which means in low light conditions you will not see a bright or sharp image.
	www.alpenoutdoor.com /contact/faq.shtml (1458 words)

	Machine Vision Guide - Lens Fundamentals
		Everything behind the exit pupil is said to be in image space.
		For many lenses, the entrance and exit pupils are located near each other and within the physical lens.
		The exit pupil may be in front of or behind the entrance pupil.
	www.mellesgriot.com /products/machinevision/lef_4.htm (623 words)

	Olympus - Professional Binoculars
		Exit pupil size refers to the diameter of the image that emerges from the eyepiece.
		Exit pupil size can be determined by dividing the diameter of the objective lens by the magnification.
		An exit pupil size of 2 or 3 millimetres is sufficient for viewing subjects in bright light, but if low-light performance is an issue, look for a binocular with an exit pupil size of 5-7 millimetres.
	www.olympus-europa.com /consumer/1944_3794.htm (983 words)

	Low Power Vistas
		The exit pupil can be seen by holding the binocular toward a bright featureless area like a wall.
		The exit pupil is the eyepiece's image of the front lens or objective, Since all the light travels through the objective, the light too must pass through its image.
		When the exit pupil matches the observer's pupil the view is the brightest it can be.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/bmoler/lowpower.htm (798 words)

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