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Topic: Exocentric

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	What is an exocentric construction?
		An exocentric construction is a construction that does not contain any head element that is capable of being a syntactically adequate substitution for the whole construction.
		Neither the component preposition nor the noun phrase may substitute for the whole prepositional phrase.
		This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library, Version 5.0 published on CD-ROM by SIL International, 2003.
	www.sil.org /linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnExocentricConstruction.htm (90 words)

	Language Miniatures 92: Endocentric and exocentric (Site not responding. Last check: )
		They were the ones like couch potato where the meaning seems to be not in a combination of the two (the type of vegetable that has to do with a piece of furniture??) but relies on an understanding of something other than the compound itself.
		Compounds like this, whose center lies outside the combination of words, are called exocentric, and all the ones whose meaning is a simple combination of the components are endocentric.
		It is the exocentric compounds that show the metaphorical richness of the language, so let's dig into them a little further.
	home.bluemarble.net /~langmin/miniatures/exocen.htm (820 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Exocentric
		In linguistics, it refers to phrases and compound words which are not the same part of speech as their constituents.
		For example, in the sentence "I am in the doghouse", the phrase "in the doghouse" is an exocentric phrase, since it functions as an adjective (similar to the "tired" in "I am tired"), not as a preposition or noun, which is what its constituents "in" and "house" are.
		The word "shortcoming" is also exocentric, since it is a noun, but its two constituents are an adjective and a verb.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Exocentric (144 words)

	Exocentric - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In linguistics, it refers to phrases and compound words which are not the same part of speech as their constituents.
		For example, in the sentence "I am in the doghouse", the phrase "in the doghouse" is an exocentric phrase, since it functions as an adjective (similar to the "tired" in "I am tired"), not as a preposition or noun, which is what its constituents "in" and "house" are.
		The word "shortcoming" is also exocentric, since it is a noun, but its two constituents are an adjective and a verb.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exocentric (143 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It seems that this is a line-of-sight task (user's estimation of where to place the racquet so that it contacts the ball is based on the user's 1st person point of view), but also exocentric, as the action happens from a 3rd person point of view (not via ball-cam or racquet-cam).
		On the other hand, you could make the distinction between egocentric and exocentric basic on a viewer reference frame: - An egocentric task is one that occurs in the viewer's reference frame.
		I would kept surgery on the exocentric list, but mainly because doctors are trained to think in terms of the patient's reference frame (anterior, posterior, etc.).
	people.cs.vt.edu /~bowman/3dui.org/archives/111799_1.txt (710 words)

	Discounted Best Vacation Deal
		You will see lots of natural vacation spots which are un touch by the human being and are in real condition.
		We provide complete information on the cheap vacation package, discounted vacation package and exocentric vacation package which are available in the world.
		If your are going to plan you coming vacation holidays then the information provided on this site will be the much convenient and use full for you.
	www.best-vacation-deal.com (428 words)

	ExoCentric Spirits
		Monumental Kinetic Sculptures, Fountains and Mobiles for Modern Architecture, Large to monumental sculptures, in and outdoor, wind, water, fountain, mobile, kinetic sound sculptures, sculpture for office and public buildings, parks, Urban and landscape design sculptures, interior architect and designer sculpture
		In December 2006 ExoCentric Metal #2 was commissioned for the main elevator lobby of the
		Union Square re-development in the center of Hong Kong by MTR Limited.
	ralfonso.com /Web/exocentric_spirits.htm (402 words)

	Journal of Vision - Accurate judgments of exocentric direction in large scale space, by Kelly, Beall, & Loomis
		Judgments of exocentric direction are quite common, especially in judging where others are looking.
		In this experiment, subjects were shown two targets in a large field and were asked to judge the direction specified by the targets.
		Kelly, J. W., Beall, A. C., and Loomis, J. Accurate judgments of exocentric direction in large scale space [Abstract].
	www.journalofvision.org /2/7/718 (270 words)

	Perception
		Sixteen male students were asked to learn the location of five objects disposed in a totally new environment either by locating the objects in an egocentric or in an exocentric spatial frame of reference.
		The analysis of pointing accuracy, orientation, and pointing times showed that the performances of participants engaged in the exocentric condition remained insensitive to the augmentation of the angle between their actual position on the path and the imagined orientation.
		On the other hand, the participants engaged in egocentric learning were disoriented when the difference between their actual orientation and the imagined orientation was great.
	www.perceptionweb.com /abstract.cgi?id=p2960 (289 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Exocentric compounds do not have a head, and their meaning often cannot be transparently guessed from its constituent parts.
		In an exocentric compound, the word class is determined lexically, disregarding the class of the constituents.
		In the Sanskrit tradition, the type of exocentric compound exemplified by white-collar is called a bahuvrihi compound.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=compound_verb (1335 words)

	mean.html
		The exocentric standards are those that are taught in most places where English is a foreign language, and toward which educated speakers of localized Englishes will converge in situations of cross-cultural (e.g.
		The dominant exocentric standards of English are British English (BE) / Received Pronunciation (RP), and American English (AE) / General American (GA), whose relative influence in regional terms coincides with the historical and political spheres of interest of, respectively, the UK and the USA.
		In Denmark, English is a foreign language (EFL), which means that the norm taught is by definition an exocentric one.
	www.hum.aau.dk /~firth/mean.htm (3143 words)

	Crvarich - Masters Thesis
		From the rotating exocentric view of the world, in addition to observing the relative movements of objects (as provided by motion parallax), subjects may also be recovering 3D form information about the world as a whole.
		With regard to stereoscopic viewing, again, the absence of interaction effects with rotation may have to do with the fact that the exocentric view of the world diminished the effectiveness of the stereo viewing due to the apparent distance between the viewer and the world.
		Or, since subjects were told to make their judgments as "quickly and accurately as possible", it may be that males had more of a bias for being accurate as opposed to performing the task quickly.
	www.hitl.washington.edu /publications/crvarich/3.html (5512 words)

	Journal of Vision - Angular declination as an exocentric distance cue: some hints for dissociation between perception ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Observers (N=40) were asked to verbally judge exocentric distances in depth or to walk toward endpoints of of the same exocentric intervals.
		In Exp. 1, the exocentric interval was constant (1m) and egocentric distances of this interval varied (1, 2, and 3m).
		In Exp. 2, the exocentric intervals varied (1, 2, and 3m) and egocentric distance of the interval was constant (1m).
	journalofvision.org /3/9/495 (406 words)

	Crvarich - Masters Thesis
		The specific 3D environment of interest was an exocentric, or god's-eye-view display of a set of target objects hovering over a patch of terrain.
		In addition to examining the speed and accuracy with which subjects made relative distance judgments, subjective evaluations of judgment confidence and strategy were also taken into consideration when evaluating the benefit of different techniques.
		The results show that in order to accurately perform a relative distance judgment task within an exocentric spatial display, a user should be given the ability to significantly change his or her perspective view of the 3D scene.
	www.hitl.washington.edu /publications/crvarich/introduction.html (1040 words)

	E-sangha, Buddhist Forum and Buddhism Forum -> Grammar Study: Bahubbiihi Compounds (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For this reason the term ‘exocentric’ is used to describe the third main class of nominal compounds.
		So based on the dependent determinative a.sva-mukha.m ‘horse’s face’ is the exocentric compound a.sva-mukha ‘horse-faced.’ In fact, however, the vast majority of bahuvriihis are based on descriptive (karmadhaaraya) relationship.
		Answer: Indeed Coulson clarifies that the handful of exocentric compounds that can’t be cast in possessive form can be understood by the use of a relative clause with a particular case relation between the external semantic head (agent) and the compound.
	www.lioncity.net /buddhism/index.php?showtopic=22288 (5733 words)

	Human Systems Integration Division at NASA Ames (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the dark, subjects directed their gaze and set a target to the apparent zenith (exocentric location); they also gazed at a subjective "straight ahead" position with respect to their head (egocentric location).
		Results indicated that, for exocentric locations, the eyes deviate systematically from the true zenith.
		We conclude that subjects make systematic errors when directing their gaze to an exocentric location in near-supine positions.
	human-factors.arc.nasa.gov /awards_pubs/publication_view.php?publication_id=30 (279 words)

	Perception
		To investigate these judgments in large-scale space, observers were shown two targets in a large open field and were asked to judge the exocentric direction specified by the targets.
		Observers judged exocentric direction using two methods: (i) by judging which point on a distant fence appeared collinear with the two targets, and (ii) by orienting their body in a direction parallel with the perceived line segment.
		Additionally, verbal estimates of egocentric and exocentric distance suggest that perceived distance is not the cause for the systematic errors in judging exocentric direction.
	www.perceptionweb.com /perception/perabs/p33/p5218.html (308 words)

	Perspectives: Studies in Translatology Vol 13:1, 2005 pp 21-37
		The former are characterised by having a relatively high lexical and informational weight in the verbs, that is in the centre of the proposition (hence the term endocentric”;), whereas the latter have a higher lexical and informational weight in the nominal arguments, that is outside the centre of the proposition (hence the term “exocentric”).
		Furthermore, exocentric verbs are characterised by a rich inflectional system that enables them to express text-pragmatic and rhetorical distinctions that generally are not rendered explicit in endocentric languages.
		The Scandinavian languages, among which Danish, are endocentric, whereas the Romance languages, among which Italian, are exocentric.
	www.multilingual-matters.net /pst/013/pst0130021.htm (221 words)

	ifgi [file 4_forschung/publikationen/ifgi_prints/ausgabe15] Institute for Geoinformatics Münster
		Desktop GeoVEs also have the ability to view spaces from an exocentric frame of reference, which is independent of the observer's position and orientation.
		the map as a metaphor for the exocentric frame of reference was well understood and appreciated by the domain users.
		Overall, usable interfaces with integrated egocentric and exocentric frames of reference were designed which supported landscape planner's wayfinding goals during landscape planning tasks.
	ifgi.uni-muenster.de /templ-ojs.php?l=en&i=4_forschung/publikationen/ifgi_prints/ausgabe15&m=m_r3 (606 words)

	IngentaConnect Egocentric and Exocentric Spatial Judgements of Visual Displaceme... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Subjects were asked to indicate whether a dot in a test stimulus was displaced compared to a dot in a reference stimulus.
		Subjects were given explicit instructions to report displacement relative to themselves (egocentric) or relative to a circle surrounding the dot (exocentric).
		This suggests that ego- and exocentric representations cannot be used independently and are probably interconnected.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/psych/pqja/1999/00000052/00000004/art00012 (215 words)

	Linguistics 794A Spring 2003 Morphosemantics (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The idea of exocentric constructions is that the result is like neither of the input categories.
		Types A and B are equally exocentric: see Kim shares neither the distribution of see nor of Kim, same for in and the bathtub.
		The heading of this section is taken from a recent paper by David Dowty ([2000]): The Dual Analysis of Adjuncts/Complements in Categorial Grammar.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~ebach/Ling794A/Notes-9.htm (837 words)

	[No title]
		Additionally, it is egocentric because he commits the act upon himself (exercises his own body) Reality — Direct — Exocentric: Any assembly worker in a factory can be considered as an example of this kind of an experience.
		Considering the example of Simcity, the player’s objective is to manage and administrate a particular city that is built in virtuality.
		It can be considered exocentric because what the player does only affects a virtual environment.
	www.informatik.uni-bremen.de /~pillutla/documents/mr/Assignment1.doc (580 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Of course, you can do an exocentric view in an HMD and an egocentric view on the workbench, but that seems to go against the "natural" use of these displays.
		The same is true of a task like surgery, which seems exocentric, but you could argue that certain delicate procedures could be done even better if I could see through the "eyes" of the instrument instead of my own.
		He claimed that targeted search (the target is shown on the map) is best performed from an egocentric reference frame and primed or naive searches are best performed from a world reference frame.
	people.cs.vt.edu /~bowman/3dui.org/archives/110499_1.txt (382 words)

	DSS:Kane dynamic Model
		A successful Decision Support System would be one which integrated these three techniques into an environment that immersed users in the planning situation with a set of tools that enabled them to play out future scenarios and display those to themselves and others in a variety of flexible and interactive formats.
		While much has been done with maps and GIS to plan from an Exocentric point-of-view, there are few examples of situations where planners can examine a situation from inside the Egocentric view.
		Those who use only egocentric or exocentric views of the world will be aware of outcomes limited to the particular scale and patch they view.
	www.rehearsal.uiuc.edu /nsf/InterfaceDocument.html (2134 words)

	IDFL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A 3 dimensional exocentric display presented the same terrain from a 45 degree viewing angle, and could be rendered, at the subject's choice, with either contour lines or with lighting.
		The Tethered condition was a 3-D exocentric display and the Immersed condition was a 3-D egocentric display, which allowed 360o panning, coupled with a small 2-D contour map of the entire battle area embedded in the top center of the screen.
		Thirty officers at the U.S. Military Academy participated in a study in which a 3D exocentric display was compared with a three-dimensional immersed display, as a means of supporting situation awareness regarding an evolving battlefield scenario.
	www.ifp.uiuc.edu /IDFL/papers/paperswickens.html (4991 words)

	Lecture No. 11
		Endocentric compounds belong the same referential category as their head, the word on the right; that is, a tablecloth is a kind of cloth, a straw hat is a kind of hat.
		Exocentric compounds are Possessional Nominalizations in the same sense that blue-blooded, red-necked, high-browed, short-sighted and long-armed are Possessional Adjectives, i.e.
		English exocentric compounds are Possessional Nominalizations marked by Zero Morphology.
	www.departments.bucknell.edu /linguistics/lectures/05lect11.html (235 words)

	Ego & ExoCentric
		For example, movies are usually shot from an exocentric point of view, but occassionally use egocentric views (from a character/monster’s eyes) for a specific effect.
		But some computer games, and videoconferencing is interesting because it is not only showing a person a different perspective of themselves (or a representation of themselves), but you are also changing their view from ego to exocentric.
		Then, when inverted, if we are still on the surface of the Earth, we are looking in towards the universe, which is kind of exocentric (actually I’m not actually sure if this is exocentric because still kind of looking out, just with a more limited field of view).
	www.mindspaceart.com /html/ego___exocentric.html (849 words)

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