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Topic: Exoplanets

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	ESO - Exoplanets
		ESO for the Public > Astronomy at ESO > Science with ESO Telescopes > Exoplanets
		ESO’s observatories are equipped with a unique arsenal of instruments for finding, studying and monitoring these so-called ‘exoplanets’.
		A special page on the most recent developments on Exoplanets at ESO is available.
	www.eso.org /public/astronomy/science/exoplanets.html (340 words)

	Exoplanets.org - News and Events
		They and colleagues Shannon Patel of UC Santa Cruz and Simon O'Toole of the Anglo-Australian Observatory have published their exoplanet results in papers over the past year, but the AAS meeting is the first time the teams have presented the past year's findings in their entirety.
		After the discovery in 2004 and publication of the exoplanet's orbit earlier this year, a Belgian astronomer, Michael Gillon at Liege University, observed the planet crossing in front of the star — the first Neptune-sized planet observed to transit a star.
		Also among the 28 new exoplanets are at least four new multiple-planet systems, plus three stars that probably contain a brown dwarf as well as a planet.
	exoplanets.org /aasjune07s/pr_280507.htm (1561 words)

	ASD: ExoPlanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory
		The landmark achievement is a significant step toward being able to detect possible life on rocky exoplanets and comes years before astronomers had anticipated.
		Exoplanets Seminar Series meets Thursdays at noon in Build.
		Apply for a NASA Postdoctoral Program (NPP) fellowship, a NASA Graduate Student fellowship or for a Michelson fellowship.
	astrophysics.gsfc.nasa.gov /exoplanets_stars (328 words)

	Exoplanets
		The search for exoplanets is one of the most exciting fields in astronomy and will perhaps one day answer the question of whether we are alone in the universe.
		Exoplanets are very difficult to detect because they don't emit any light of their own and are completely obscured by their extremely bright parent stars - normal telescope observation techniques cannot be used.
		By measuring the radial velocity of a star it is possible to determine the exoplanet's orbital period but only a minimum mass (as the system's inclination is not known).
	www.superwasp.org /exoplanets.htm (945 words)

	Glowing Hot Transiting Exoplanet Discovered
		However, in two cases so far, it has been found that the exoplanet''s orbit happens to be positioned in such a way that the planet moves in front of the stellar disk, as seen from the Earth.
		It is the exoplanet with the shortest period found so far and it is very close to the star, only 3.5 million km away.
		Astronomers are hunting exoplanets not just to discover more such objects, but also to learn more about the apparent diversity of planetary systems.
	www.brightsurf.com /news/april_03/ESO_news_042203.html (1501 words)

	EXOPLANETS
		These were the first exoplanets ever verified, and they are still considered highly unusual in that they orbit a pulsar, and therefore these planets are not in a solar system.
		Exoplanets are now defined as members of a planetary system that orbit a star.
		The first verified discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a star was announced on October 6, 1995.
	home.stny.rr.com /gontabrook/?M=A (230 words)

	Exoplanets
		articipating to the study of exoplanets, as an active member of XO, headed by Peter McCullough (STScI) and Transitsearch.org, headed by Gregory Laughlin of the University of California's Lick Observatory.
		ransit observations of exoplanet XO-1b on Jun 12, 2006
		Observations of the new exoplanet HD 189733b on Oct 16, 2005
	users.skynet.be /fa079980/exoplanets.htm (460 words)

	ScienceDaily: Two Extremely Hot Exoplanets Caught In Transit
		Science Daily — A European team of astronomers [1] are announcing the discovery and study of two new extra-solar planets (exoplanets).
		This trebles the number of exoplanets discovered by the transit method; three such objects are now known.
		Contrary to the radial velocity method which is responsible for the large majority of planet detections around normal stars, the combination of transit and radial-velocity observations makes it possible to determine the true mass, radius and thus the mean density of these planets.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/05/040510015404.htm (2089 words)

	Peekaboo planet: a decade after first finding exoplanets, astronomers may now be seeing them Natural History - Find ...
		That's because astronomers have observed exoplanets only indirectly--either by watching their gravitational effects on the stars they orbit, or by measuring periodic dips in starlight as the planets pass in front of the stars they orbit.
		Both exoplanets are gas giants more than 200 times the mass of Earth (for comparison, the mass of Jupiter, which is also a gas giant, is equal to 320 Earth masses).
		Finally, both exoplanets orbit close to the parent star--at only about a tenth the radius of Mercury's orbit around the Sun--close enough that intervals between occultations of one object by the other are not long.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_5_114/ai_n13811133 (923 words)

	NSO: Astronomy: Detecting Exoplanets (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The vast majority of exoplanets were discovered through the gravitational force they exert on their parent star.
		Another method of finding exoplanets is simple enough that we can do it with the Liverpool Telescope.
		The image here was taken in 2005 and shows a planet (b) orbiting the star GQ Lupi (A) at a distance of twenty times the orbital distance of Jupiter.
	www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk /astro/textb/stars/detect.htm (538 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| ESO finds 8 new exoplanets
		The detections are based on changes in the velocity of the central star due to the changing direction of the gravitational pull from an (unseen) exoplanet as it orbits the star.
		While six of them are small enough to be classed as bona-fide exoplanets, two are apparently very low mass brown dwarfs (sub-stellar objects without a nuclear energy source in their interiors).
		It may also be significant that most of the stars around which giant planets have been found so far show an excess of heavy elements in their atmospheres when compared to the majority of stars in the solar vicinity.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0006/22exoplanets/index.html (768 words)

	How Do Artists Portray Exoplanets They've Never Seen?: Scientific American
		These so-called exoplanets are too faint for current telescopes to distinguish from the stars they orbit*; instead astronomers rely on indirect methods to infer their existence.
		In the case of exoplanets, they are guided by a few key pieces of information and a healthy dose of educated guesswork.
		Researchers frequently discover exoplanets by searching for regular variations in the color of a star's light.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?id=how-artists-portray-exoplanets-never-seen (741 words)

	CERN Courier - The hunt for Earth-sized exo - IOP Publishing - article
		Following the discovery in 1995 of the first extrasolar planet, and fuelled by its enormous impact on the general public, the hunt for exoplanets has already led to the discovery of about 130 planets around nearby stars.
		The European group discovered the very first exoplanet around the star 51 Pegasi and was also the first to announce the discovery of a lightweight planet on 25 August this year.
		The three newly discovered exoplanets are all very close to their star.
	cerncourier.com /main/article/44/8/12 (636 words)

	CNN.com - Exoplanet toll hits 100 as another Jupiter found - June 20, 2002
		Exoplanet toll hits 100 as another Jupiter found
		European scientists, who reported the new objects at an exoplanet conference in Washington, D.C., said the planet closely resembles Jupiter in some crucial ways.
		Most exoplanets found so far are more massive than Jupiter.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/TECH/space/06/20/exoplanets.jupiter (418 words)

	ISAW - Exoplanet Exercise
		This exercise will introduce students to this area of study--the techniques that may be used to find exoplanets, a brief overview of what is now known, a simulation to acquaint students with how the transit method works, and some plans for future research projects.
		The upper-left corner at the beginning of the drop in the light intensity curve occurred just as the leading edge of the exoplanet began to move across the star and the upper-right corner is just as the last edge of the exoplanet leaves from being in front of the star.
		Assume that the orbit of the exoplanet moves directly across the center of the star (this is not exactly true but is a reasonable first approximation), on last page of this worksheet, calculate the orbital speed of the exoplanet at this point in its orbit in m/s.
	www.bridgewater.edu /~rbowman/ISAW/ExoplanetEx.html (620 words)

	Exoplanets.org
		This catalog contains all the known exoplanets with masses and orbits established by Doppler measurements of stars within 200 parsecs.
		It is the third planet discovered around this star.
		This is the lowest mass exoplanet known around any nearby star.
	www.exoplanets.org (109 words)

	Exoplanet Introduction
		Using incredible technology, we are able to detect a planets affect on a star - either indirectly or directly - in order to determine not only the presence of an orbiting planet, but also the size of the orbit, orbital velocity and planet mass.
		By using some of the fundamental mathematics used in other aspects of astronomy, we are able to apply this knowledge to the study of exoplanets.
		An excellent introduction is my very own project paper on exoplanet detection.
	astronomyonline.org /Exoplanets/Introduction.asp?Cate=Exoplanets&SubCate=EP01 (284 words)

	iTWire - Molecules on exoplanets—possible precursors to life—first seen by Spitzer
		Spitzer has been observing the exoplanets HD 209458b and HD 18933b as they periodically pass in front of its orbiting star (what is called a transit) and behind its orbiting star (what is called a secondary eclipse).
		This transit/secondary eclipse is unusual because most exoplanets do not orbit their host star at an angle that is nearly edge-on to the Earth’s line-of-sight.
		When the exoplanet passes behind its host star, the system's light output slightly dims because of the reduced amount of light that reaches the Earth during this secondary eclipse.
	www.itwire.com.au /content/view/9818/1066 (633 words)

	Wired News: Astronomers: More Earths Likely
		The findings are significant to planet hunters because all of the 130 or so exoplanets that were discovered previously are thought to be too large to be composed of rock and ice.
		Finding an Earth-like exoplanet in a "sweet spot" that is not too close or too far from its sun is the holy grail of the search for extraterrestrial life.
		The newfound exoplanets were detected using a technique that measures the "wobble" exhibited by a star whenever a planet passes by.
	www.wired.com /news/space/0,2697,64795,00.html (800 words)

	SkyTonight.com - News from SkyTonight - Exoplanets: The Heat Is On
		If an exoplanet orbits its host star at an angle nearly perfectly edge on to Earth's line of sight, the planet will transit the star once per orbit.
		When the transiting exoplanets TrES-1 and HD 209458b pass behind their parents stars, the total infrared light of the system decreases.
		Of the seven known exoplanets that transit their host stars, HD 209458b has the largest radius: 35 percent greater than Jupiter's.
	skytonight.com /news/3310161.html?page=1&c=y (900 words)

	Three Newly Discovered Exoplanets Have Masses Comparable to Neptune's : Physics Today November 2004
		Least likely, say the theorists, is that they are stunted gas giants, consisting largely of hydrogen and helium like Jupiter, but somehow prematurely stalled in their accumulation of gas from the protostellar disk.
		Depending as it does on oscillation of the star's velocity component along the observer's line of sight, the so−called radial−velocity method favors the discovery of planets whose orbital planes are seen edge−on.
		In the absence of supplemental information, the method yields only a planet's minimum mass M sin i, where M is the unknown true mass and i is the inclination angle of the orbital plane's normal relative to the line of sight.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-57/iss-11/p27.html (2229 words)

	Extrasolar planets (January 2001) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		While the same problems of spiral-in and self-limiting growth were encountered as long ago as the mid-1980s, much of the fine-tuning of the models was carried out under the assumption that the end-product should look like our system, with well behaved giant planets in circular orbits at more or less the distances where they formed.
		If the cores of these exoplanets formed from rock-ice planetesimals, they must have done so several astronomical units from their stars, accreted their atmospheres, spiralled in and had their migration halted near 0.05 AU by some as yet unknown mechanism.
		Since the ages of the parent stars can generally be determined to within a billion years or so (from their luminosities, temperatures, heavy-element abundances and axial-spin rates), observational determinations of the radii of exoplanets with known masses can provide important insights into the interior compositions and histories of these planets.
	www.physicsweb.org /articles/world/14/1/7/1 (2296 words)

	index
		Two exoplanets (HD 209458 b and OGLE-TR-56 B) were shown to produce a transit.
		Two new, extremely hot exoplanets were recently found with the transit method, cf.
		More information about exoplanets is available in the PP-presentation from the related talk given by Gero Rupprecht during the Brandys meeting.
	www.vt-2004.org /Background/Infol1/BIS-E1.html (397 words)

	Content Page
		We include five previously unpublished exoplanets orbiting the stars HD 11964, HD 66428, HD 99109, HD 107148, and HD 164922.
		We update orbits for 83 additional exoplanets, including many whose orbits have not been revised since their announcement, and include radial velocity time series from the Lick, Keck, and Anglo-Australian Observatory planet searches.
		We present a brief summary of the global properties of the known exoplanets, including their distributions of orbital semimajor axis, minimum mass, and orbital eccentricity.
	www.journals.uchicago.edu /ucp/WebIntegrationServlet?call=ContentWeblet&url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJ/v646n1/64046/64046.html?erFrom=-1226427223554234123Guest¤t_page=content (170 words)

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