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Topic: Exoskeleton

	Exoskeleton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An insect's exoskeleton (integument) serves not only as a protective covering (armour) over the body but also as a surface for muscle attachment, a water-tight barrier against desiccation and a sensory interface with the environment.
		In fact, the membranous portions of the exoskeleton and endoskeleton are closer to pure chitin than the hardened external sclerites.
		A child's definition of an Exoskeleton is ' To be wearing the skeleton on the outside; to have a skeleton that is visible to the naked eye.'
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exoskeleton (520 words)

	Artificial powered exoskeleton - The Black Vault Encyclopedia Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		An artificial powered exoskeleton is a self-powered exoskeleton typically intended for use by humans in battle, construction and survival in dangerous environments.
		Many expect exoskeletons to become widely used in the future by the military and police, and later by civilians as the technology becomes cheaper.
		In addition to the benefits provided by the exoskeleton, other popular features include internal life support for hostile environments, protection from environmental hazards such as radiation and vacuum, weapons targeting systems, firearms affixed directly to the suit itself, and transportation mechanisms that allow the wearer to fly, make giant leaps, or speed by on ground.
	www.blackvault.com /wiki/index.php/Artificial_powered_exoskeleton (2396 words)

	ExoSkeleton Competition Rules
		The exoskeleton must be able to balance and support itself, the operator, and the load without the use of outriggers, auxiliary braces, etc. other than its own legs and feet.
		The maximum height of an exoskeleton with the operator standing erect is 3M.
		The exoskeleton shall have a load attachment point capable of supporting the suit, operator and150% of the maximum weight the team intends to lift.
	robogames.net /rules/exo.shtml (1708 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Exoskeleton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The two basic types of skeleton found among animals are the exoskeleton and the endoskeleton.
		The shell of the clam is an exoskeleton composed primarily of calcium carbonate.
		In lobsters, shrimps, crayfish, and crabs, the carapace is the part of the exoskeleton that covers the head and thorax and protects the dorsal and lateral surfaces.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Exoskeleton&StartAt=1 (583 words)

	exoskeleton - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Exoskeleton, skeleton on the outside of the body, such as those possessed by insects, shellfish, and other creatures without bones.
		Shell (exoskeleton), hard, largely calcareous skeleton of marine animals, especially the mollusks (Mollusk).
		A form of exoskeleton is the shell of calcium or silica secreted by certain protozoans known as foraminiferans.
	encarta.msn.com /exoskeleton.html (104 words)

	Dances with Robots: Science News Online, June 30, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Exoskeletons may one day give U.S. soldiers a crucial advantage as warfare becomes increasingly urban, says Ephrahim Garcia, manager of the new DARPA program.
		Garcia says his current goal is to equip a soldier with an exoskeleton that will make him or her 3 to 10 times stronger than without it.
		Even as the research teams work out the early details of their exoskeleton designs, some of the investigators are looking beyond this round of experimentation.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20010630/bob8.asp (2419 words)

	Exoskeletons : possible solution for iraq? - Topic Powered by eve community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The exoskeletons also mean a far more mobile force that is no longer dependent on heavy armor, and hence able to move through urban territory with the same ease as the insurgents.
		Exoskeletons are not 10 years away, they are already here, and about to be sold in japan to the elderly.
		The exoskeleton is powered by an internal combusion engine with 5-10 horsepower, and may eventually be replaced by a tiny turbine.
	forums.military.com /eve/forums/a/tpc/f/672198221/m/1350058990001 (3200 words)

	Robotic exoskeleton being developed to enhance strength, endurance - oemagazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX) consists of mechanical metal leg braces that are connected rigidly to the user at the feet, and, in order to prevent abrasion, more compliantly elsewhere.
		In the UC Berkeley experiments, the human pilot moved about a room wearing the 100-pound exoskeleton and a 70-pound backpack while feeling as if he were lugging a mere 5 pounds.
		When it is turned on, the exoskeleton is constantly calculating what it needs to do to distribute the weight so little to no load is imposed on the wearer.
	oemagazine.com /newscast/2004/031104_newscast01.html (636 words)

	UW - BioRobotics Lab - Wearable Robotics - Exoskeleton - Device 1
		The first exoskeleton mechanism consisted of a two-link, two-joint device corresponding to the upper and the lower arm and to the shoulder and elbow joints of the human body.
		The basic purpose of the exoskeleton system as an assistance device is to amplify the moment generated by the human muscles relative to the elbow joint, while manipulating loads.
		The exoskeleton's elbow joint was powered by a DC servo motor (ESCAP-35NT2R82) with a stall torque of 360 mNm equipped with a planetary gearbox (ESCAP-R40) with a gear ratio of 1:193 and a maximal output torque of 40 Nm.
	brl.ee.washington.edu /Research_Active/Exoskeleton/Device_01/Exoskeleton_01.html (920 words)

	[No title]
		The exoskeleton of spiders is composed of a tough material called cuticle.
		All crustaceans have bilaterally symmetrical bodies covered with a chitinous exoskeleton, which may be thick and calcareous (as in the crayfish) or delicate and transparent (as in water fleas).
		Since it does not grow, the exoskeleton must be periodically molted when the animal undergoes metamorphosis (typically from free-swimming larva to adult) or simply outgrows its shell.
	www.lycos.com /info/exoskeleton--chitin.html (377 words)

	Wired News: Armor: The Things They'll Carry
		DARPA spokeswoman Jan Walker said the exoskeleton's power plant not only must run for at least a 24-hour stretch, it also must be light, as must be the material that forms the exoskeleton itself.
		Knowles and Walker agree that the exoskeleton would have to be physically intuitive, that is, to know when a soldier is walking or running, lifting or bending.
		Exoskeletons, said Knowles, could "radically equalize that," thus enabling a 130-pound woman to lift, carry and be as effective as a 180-pound man.
	www.wired.com /news/culture/0,1284,41216,00.html (1059 words)

	03.03.2004 - UC Berkeley Researchers Developing Robotic Exoskeleton that can Enhance Human Strength and Endurance
		The Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX), as it’s officially called, consists of mechanical metal leg braces that are connected rigidly to the user at the feet, and, in order to prevent abrasion, more compliantly elsewhere.
		The exoskeleton could eventually be used by army medics to carry injured soldiers off a battlefield, firefighters to haul their gear up dozens of flights of stairs to put out a high-rise blaze, or rescue workers to bring in food and first-aid supplies to areas where vehicles cannot enter.
		The engineers point out that while the exoskeleton does the heavy lifting, the human contributes to the balance.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2004/03/03_exo.shtml (976 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Exoskeletons Will Work"
		Exoskeletons will give soldiers the ability to move faster while carrying more weight.
		Basically, an exoskeleton is a wearable machine that gives a human enhanced abilities.
		The military agency said that the testing of this new technology is at least a decade away.
	science.howstuffworks.com /exoskeleton.htm (293 words)

	BBC News \| SCI/TECH \| The military get mightier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He added that the exoskeletons must be something that troops can wear and use without thinking rather than something they have to operate.
		The exoskeletons will also have to be almost silent to operate and use fuel very efficiently.
		The exoskeletons are expected to include a sensor web that expands a soldier's field of vision, passes on information about battlefield conditions, using GPS or thermal cameras, helps to co-ordinate groups of other soldiers and lessens the chance of being hit by friendly fire.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/1112411.stm (568 words)

	Howstuffworks "Spider Structure and Growth"
		Exoskeleton segments are connected together with joints so the spider can move them back and forth.
		Muscles attached on the inside of the exoskeleton contract to move the legs inward, but spiders don't have any muscles to extend the legs back out again.
		The exoskeleton is made of several layers of cuticle, a composite material containing various proteins and chitin, a long-chain polysaccharide (sugar).
	science.howstuffworks.com /spider1.htm (671 words)

	Cool Tech: Ray Guns, Robot Fish, Exoskeletons
		The exoskeletons they built were too stiff, too unnatural in their gait.
		He set his exoskeleton up with a set of 40 sensors, and let it follow wherever the person inside wanted to wander.
		The result, called BLEEX (short for "Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton") is a set of modified combat boots, attached to what look like metal braces that snake up the sides of the legs.
	military.com /soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_Cool121604,,00.html?ES... (1153 words)

	Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		BLEEX (Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton) by the University of California Berkeley intended to assist people like soldiers or firefighters bearing heavy loads for long distances.
		Exoskeleton suit by the University of Tokyo. Designed to help the aged and disabled walk.
		Click here for information on the construction of a sensor array for measuring contact stresses between flexible bodies. This sensor array can be used for robotic tactile sensing (to give robots high-resolution “touch vision”).
	home.comcast.net /~prutchi/index_files/robotics.htm (846 words)

	New Scientist Technology Blog: Exoskeleton update
		He says the project is very much alive and that exoskeletons will be delivered for Army testing in 2008.
		Think about it...if you can pack another 100 pounds of body armor over what you can without the exoskeleton you are going to be much better protected, up to the point of immunity to small arms which bones the bad guys to the extream.
		Then there would be the speedy exoskeleton, which is there to make the soldier very fast (but probably not too quick).
	www.newscientist.com /blog/technology/2006/10/exoskeleton-update.html (3124 words)

	EXO-LLENT: The BLEEX
		UC Berkeley researchers are developing robotic exoskeleton -- the BLEEX -- that can enhance human strength and endurance.
		BERKELEY – The mere thought of hauling a 70-pound pack across miles of rugged terrain or up 50 flights of stairs is enough to evoke a grimace in even the burliest individuals.
		They gathered information about how people walk and move — including the propulsive force and torque needed from the ankles and the shock absorbing power of the knees — so they could adapt the exoskeleton to a wide range of natural human movements.
	www.military.com /soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_060420_bleex,,00.html (964 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Bionic legs give soldiers a boost
		The Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton, or Bleex, is part of a US defence project designed to be used mainly by infantry soldiers.
		The device's leg braces are attached to a modified pair of army boots and connected to the user's legs.
		In the lab, subjects have walked around in the 45kg (100 lbs) exoskeleton plus a 31.5kg (70 lbs) backpack and reported that it felt like they were carrying little over 2kg (5 lbs).
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3502194.stm (316 words)

	Bionic suit offers wearers super-strength - mech-tech - 09 April 2005 - New Scientist
		HAL is the result of 10 years' work by Yoshiyuki Sankai of the University of Tsukuba in Japan, and integrates mechanics, electronics, bionics and robotics in a new field known as cybernics.
		The most fully developed prototype, HAL 3, is a motor-driven metal "exoskeleton" that you strap onto your legs to power-assist leg movements.
		While the bio-cybernic system moves individual elements of the exoskeleton, a second system provides autonomous robotic control of the motors to coordinate these movements and make a task easier overall, helping someone to walk, for instance.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=mg18624945.800 (670 words)

	Howstuffworks "How the Future Force Warrior Will Work"
		The exoskeleton attached to the lower body of the soldier will provide even more strength.
		Structural materials - The exoskeleton will have to be made out of composite materials that are strong, lightweight and flexible.
		Biomechanics - Exoskeletons must be able to shift from side to side and front to back, just as a person would move in battle.
	science.howstuffworks.com /ffw4.htm (480 words)

	NeMe: FROM ZOMBIE TO CYBORG BODIES - Extra Ear, Exoskeleton and Avatars by Stelarc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		EXOSKELETON is a pneumatically powered six-legged walking machine actuated by arm gestures.
		This physically split body may have one arm gesturing involuntarily (remotely actuated by an unknown agent), whilst the other arm is enhanced by an exoskeleton prosthesis to perform with exquisite skill and with extreme speed.
		EXOSKELETON was completed by F18 as part of Stelarc’s residency in Hamburg City, coordinated by Eva Diegritz from Kampnagel.
	neme.org /main/250/from-zombie-to-cyborg (3743 words)

	USATODAY.com - Robotic legs could produce an army of super troopers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The exoskeleton consists of a pair of mechanical metal leg braces that include a power unit and a backpack-like frame.
		In lab experiments, says Kazerooni, testers have walked around in the 100-pound exoskeleton plus a 70-pound backpack and felt as if they were carrying just five pounds.
		"The exoskeleton is not going to magically transform people into killing machines," says Kazerooni, known to his students as Professor Kaz.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/news/techinnovations/2004-03-10-exoskeleton-walker_x.htm (787 words)

	Engineers create exoskeleton that can enhance human strength and endurance
		Berkeley -- The mere thought of hauling a 70-pound pack across miles of rugged terrain or up 50 flights of stairs is enough to evoke a grimace in even the burliest individuals.
		Appropriately enough, the first step in the project began with researchers analyzing the human step.
		They gathered information about how people walk and move - including the propulsive force and torque needed from the ankles and the shock absorbing power of the knees - so they could adapt the exoskeleton to a wide range of natural human movements.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-03/uoc--ece030304.php (936 words)

	UW - BioRobotics Lab - Wearable Robotics - Exoskeleton - Index
		The exoskeleton robot is worn by the human operator as an orthotic device.
		- The first exoskeleton prototype is a one DOF system (elbow joint) aimed to study the feasibility of an EMG bioports.
		- The third exoskeleton prototype is an eight DOF system (3 shoulder joint; 2 elbow joint; 2 wrist joint and grasping) aimed to study fully functional multiple joint movements of the human arm using EMG bioports.
	brl.ee.washington.edu /Research_Active/Exoskeleton/Exoskeleton_Index.html (391 words)

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