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Topic: Exotic particles

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Particle physics

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	Particle physics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Particles erupt from the collision point of two relativistic (100 GeV) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.
		Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them.
		Other important goals in particle physics are the determination of the neutrino masses and the clarification of the existence of double beta decay of the proton.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Particle_physics (1870 words)

	List of particles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An elementary particle is a particle with no measurable internal structure, that is, it is not a composite of other particles.
		In quantum field theory, these are the particles which are created and annihilated by the field operators in the Lagrangian.
		As a result, much of the theory of particle physics applies to condensed matter physics as well; in particular, there is a whole zoo of field excitations, called quasi-particles, that can be created and explored.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_particles (1004 words)

	Identical particles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which are forbidden from sharing quantum states (this property of fermions is known as the Pauli exclusion principle.) Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, and helium-4 atoms.
		The probability of obtaining two particles in the 0> state is 0.25; the probability of obtaining two particles in the 1> state is 0.25; and the probability of obtaining one particle in the 0> state and the other in the 1> state is 0.5.
		When we perform the experiment, the probability of obtaining two particles in the 0> state is now 0.33; the probability of obtaining two particles in the 1> state is 0.33; and the probability of obtaining one particle in the 0> state and the other in the 1> state is 0.33.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Identical_particles (2529 words)

	Exotic matter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The closest known real representative of exotic matter is a region of negative pressure density produced by the Casimir effect.
		Although no particles are known to have negative mass, physicists (primarily Robert L. Forward) have been able to describe some of the anticipated properties such particles may have.
		The term Exotic matter is also casually attached to any material which would be difficult to produce (such as metallic hydrogen or a Bose-Einstein condensate) or which exhibits unusual properties (such as fullerenes or nanotubes), even though these materials are relatively mundane in their composition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exotic_matter (1059 words)

	Particles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These include atomic constituents suchas electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are actually composite particles, made up of quarks), particles produced by radiative andscattering processes, such as photons, neutrinos, and muons, as well as a wide range of exotic particles.
		All the particles observed to date have been catalogued in a quantum field theory called the StandardModel, which is often regarded as particle physics' best achievement to date.
		Some within the scientific community believe that particle physics has also been adversely affected by the aging population.The belief is that the aging population is much more concerned with immediate issues of their health and their parents' healthand that this has driven scientific funding away from physics toward the biological and health sciences.
	www.therfcc.org /particles-46168.html (1366 words)

	Albert Einstein: Identical particles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Identical particles are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle.
		Roughly speaking, the "painting" method fails because the particles are exactly specified by their quantum mechanical states, and no additional physical properties can be assigned to them.
		If the particles are identical, then (i) their state vectors occupy mathematically identical Hilbert spaces, and (ii) ψψ′> and ψ′ ψ> must have equal probability to collapse to any other multi-particle state φ>: [\lang\phi\psi\psi^\prime\rang^2 = \lang\phi\psi^\prime\psi\rang^2 ] This property is referred to as exchange symmetry.
	www.theparentingsearch.com /Albert_Einstein/Identical_particles.shtml (1352 words)

	Exotic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Depending upon the masses of hypothesized particles (because E = mc2), different particles are pair produced during the various and sundry epochs and the Universe is dominated by different types of particles** at different times.
		Different theories for particle physics predict different sorts of particles and it is of interest from this point of view to pin from data what kinds of particles are consistent with our Univerese.
		If the particles freeze-out when they are moving speeds close to the speed of light, c, they are said to be relativistic and are referred to as hot dark matter.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~imamura/209/may10/exotic.html (544 words)

	Exotic Particles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A number of theories that propose to explain what happened in the very early universe (the first small fraction of a second) and link elementary particle physics and cosmology predict the existence of exotic particles that have yet to be discovered.
		One category of exotic particles includes the WIMPs: Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, including the photino, the axion, and the squark.
		Because these particles are relatively massive (more massive than the neutrino, for example, though axions have a mass still one million times smaller than the electron), they would travel at relatively low velocities and therefore could be considered "cold".
	astrosun.tn.cornell.edu /academics/courses/astro201/dm_exotic.htm (182 words)

	Exotic particles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Plank's Particles Series of articles about hypothetical Plank's particles and their relation to vacuum and other particles.
		Theory of the Order of the Forces A book which investigates the hypothesis that a single fundamental particle with four modes of existence could combine with like particles to form all of the known atomic and subatomic particles and the elementary forces.
		Hypothetical particles made from dense space Here hypothetical dense space particles are discussed in an accessible way, to gain an insight into their possible interactions.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Exotic_particles.html (316 words)

	www.herts.ac.uk/astro_ub/a03_ub.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Any scattering of high speed charged particles by a static charge in termed Rutherford scattering and furthermore measurement of the amount of scattering at various angles enables the radius of the target to be calculated.
		The highly accelerated particles are then smashed into the nuclei of atoms in a target and the results of the collisions are detected by various devices.
		This states that particles, such as protons and neutrons, are not indivisible entities but consist of three, smaller and more exotic, particles known as quarks.
	www.herts.ac.uk /astro_ub/a03_ub.html (517 words)

	MPA :: Current Research Highlight :: January 2004
		Particles with such an enormous energy cannot be confined even within the vast extent of our own Milky Way galaxy leading to the conclusion that they must have an extragalactic origin.
		In fact, the particle arrival direction does not necessarily say where the particle is coming from, because the particle direction of motion is deflected by the presence of extended extragalactic magnetic fields.
		each producing many particles) or, conversely, in a large number of weak sources; whether the sources are distributed as cosmic matter in the neighbourhood of the Milky Way or are homogeneous in space; what kind of magnetic fields (strong or weak) and thereby of deflections of the particle trajectories should be expected.
	www.mpa-garching.mpg.de /mpa/research/current_research/hl2004-1/hl2004-1-en.html (893 words)

	Encyclopedia: Identical particles
		It appears to be a fact of Nature that identical particles do not occupy states of a mixed symmetry, such as
		Furthermore, the equivalence of the particles indicates that the Hamiltonian can be written in a symmetrical form, such as
		If the particles are bosons, they occupy a totally symmetric state, which is symmetric under the exchange of any two particle labels:
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Identical-particles (2557 words)

	Febuary 26, 1998-Vol29n22: FULL STORY
		The results suggest that new and exotic states of matter, such as the H particle, predicted by the quantum chromodynamic theory 20 years ago but never found, may finally be detectable.
		Detection of the H particle would be an extraordinary finding, since the quantum chromodynamic theory predicts that it is composed not of two or three quarks, as is all matter that is currently known, but rather of six quarks.
		According to Jain, the fact that a particle with such a short lifetime can be detected is especially tantalizing because it provides scientists with the first real piece of evidence that other exotic, heavy particles with similarly short lifetimes, such as the H particle, at last may be detected.
	www.buffalo.edu /reporter/vol29/vol29n22/f2.html (1289 words)

	Open Questions: Beyond the Standard Model
		So any additional particles would be very hard to detect, because they would not interact with the kind of matter we currently know of, which is subject to one or more of the electromagnetic, weak, or strong forces.
		One way that exotic particles may come out of the theory is due to the nature of the models themselves.
		Whatever elementary particles and fundamental forces turn out, ultimately, to be – some strange kinks in spacetime, perhaps – there will, quite likely, be some symmetry group analogous to SU(5) and SO(10) which organizes, in the same way, those elementary particles and which treats the fundamental forces as effects of gauge symmetries.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph009.htm (16540 words)

	APS Division of Nuclear Physics - Current Research Topic
		For over 30 years, physicists have searched for exotic particles known as pentaquarks, that have a valence structure of four quarks and one antiquark.
		In the fall of 2002, evidence for a narrow baryon state having an exotic strangeness quantum number, consistent with a pentaquark structure, was presented at the PANIC conference [1].
		This group is represented by plotting the strangeness of the particles vs. the third component of isospin.
	dnp.nscl.msu.edu /current/pentaquark.html (1379 words)

	A world of particles.The story of the Universe. The first few nanoseconds. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Instead it was full of exotic particles like quarks, leptons and gauge bosons.
		However, the particles were moving so fast that even this immense force could not hold them in such a small space.
		All the while these particles were colliding and producing new particles and anti-particles in the same way that particle accelerators do today.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/4/physics/particles/particlesbigbang2.html (328 words)

	Wormholes and Exotic Matter
		Visser and co have conjectured that at the moment this happens the virtual particles streaming around the closed timelike curve overwhelm the negative energy density that you need to keep the wormhole open and so it collapses.
		Typically, both here and in other things I've read, exotic matter is usually conceptualized as being very similar in appearance/structure to neutronium: A very dense and massive substance that is made up of exotic particles jammed very tightly together.
		As for opening the wormhole: During the initial 'capture' of a wormhole from the quantum foam, negative energy alone is used to 'grab' the wormhole as it momentarily expands from the sea of quantum interactions.
	www.orionsarm.com /intro/wormholes_and_exotic_matter.html (1354 words)

	CERN Courier - Mapping quark confinement by - IOP Publishing - article
		In the early 1970s, evidence that the masses of strongly interacting particles increased with their internal angular momentum led the Japanese theorist Yoichiro Nambu to propose that the quarks inside these particles are "tied" together by strings.
		The smoking gun characteristic of these new states is that the vibrational quantum numbers of the string, when added to those of the quarks, can produce a total angular momentum, J, a total parity (or mirror-inversion symmetry), P, and a total charge conjugation (or quark-antiquark interchange) symmetry, C, not allowed for ordinary quark-antiquark states.
		Thus experimenters have not been able to search for exotic hybrids precisely where they are expected to be found.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/40/7/16 (1127 words)

	particle accelerator concept from the Astronomy knowledge base
		(In the latter instance, the machine may be called a collider.) At velocities approaching that of light the mass of the particles increases dramatically, adding greatly to the energy released on impact.
		The resulting explosion promotes the production of exotic particles, which are analyzed according to their behavior as they fly away through a particle detector.
		collider (1 kind, 4 facts) - A particle accelerator in which beams of particles with equal but opposite momentum are made to collide head on.
	www.csi.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/particleaccelerator.html (210 words)

	Exotic atom
		Also the exotic electrons at the 'lower' space time sheet can form Cooper pairs via the attractive interaction with the excitations of the BE condensate of wormholes and so that ordinary super conductivity results.
		The exotic counterpart of atom with charge Z would behave chemically as element with Z-n(val), where n(val) is the number of exotic valence electrons.
		Although the idea of exotic atom looks after its discovery obvious it is not at all obvious whether it might have occured to me without the initiative of Barry.
	www.physics.helsinki.fi /~matpitka/exo.html (6861 words)

	American Scientist Online - The Search for QCD Exotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Particles predicted by the theory of quantum chromodynamics help explain why the fundamental building blocks of matter are impossible to isolate
		This force is carried by particles (called "gluons") just as the electromagnetic force is carried by particles (photons).
		The result of such an amalgamation is a glueball, a particle made up of nothing more than the force that holds nuclei together.
	www.americanscientist.org /articles/00articles/dzierba.html (170 words)

	COPILOT
		Virtual particles produced in these nodes would be of a special class of matter, exotic matter, with an energy density less than a vacuum state.
		It was this creation and nullification of exotic matter around the Triad that made the strange void in the middle of the gaseous nebula.
		Liam felt nausea as the particles of matter of his own body were nullified be the exotic particles of the node.
	www.aphelion-webzine.com /shorts/copilot.htm (3001 words)

	Sample text for Library of Congress control number 2002074878
		Particles accelerated by today's state-of-the-art machines collide so violently that the collision fragments are often strikingly different from ordinary matter.
		Yet in that rush to re-create such exotic conditions, and to study their implications for the birth, death, and ultimate structure of the universe, elementary particle physicists have almost forgotten the world in which we live.
		High-energy physics is the study of quarks, gluons, bosons, and other exotic, fundamental, and elementary particles of nature, whereas nuclear/nucleon physics is the study of these particles as they combine to form normal matter; as they combine within the hidden world buried inside protons and neutrons.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/samples/prin031/2002074878.html (4370 words)

	welcome to the particle zoo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Particle physics insl't the easiest subject and you might have to read something a few times before you understand all of it.
		Our particles are captured, so they won't be running away soon.
		Under the heading gender you can learn about normal particles, their antis, and about virtual particles.
	quanten.ludibunda.ch /e (260 words)

	Inquiring Minds
		The collision of particles at high energy allows physicists not only to look at what's inside these particles, but to use the energy of their collisions to create different, more massive and more exotic particles of matter.
		Yet, at the Tevatron, the world's most powerful accelerator, the collision of two particles releases an amount of energy that is comparable to the energy needed by a mosquito to fly.
		Depending on the type of accelerator and the particles and forces to be studied, physicists combine various detection devices arranged in intricate configurations.
	www.fnal.gov /pub/inquiring/matter/smallest/index.html (675 words)

	Observation of Exotic Baryon
		When we examine subatomic particles, we find all strongly interaction particles (for example, protons and neutrons in the nucleus) are made up of quarks.
		This means we have a new classification of particle: the pentaquark (more precisely, an "exotic" baryon).
		At the least, we have found a new classification of quark matter, a particle (specifically, an exotic baryon) with "five" quarks.
	www.phy.ohiou.edu /~hicks/thplus/thplus1.html (738 words)

	Exotic atoms (from atom) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Atoms can be formed with other charged particles serving as the negatively charged electrons or the positively charged nucleus.
		Since the particles and the gamma rays came from within atoms, plainly the particles had somehow been parts of atoms.
		This theory states that matter is made up of small particles called atoms, that each chemical element has its own kind of atoms (in contrast to earlier ideas that...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=48376 (807 words)

	In April of 2004, Indiana University Physics Professor Alex Dzierba presented his Distinguished Faculty Research ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Now, thanks to the marvels of modern compositional technology, we are able to expand the world of the quark billions of billions of billions of times to produce an aural replica encompassing eight minutes of time and the space and sound range of a large wind ensemble.
		It is thus possible to hear evanescent particles come into being and disappear, massless neutrinos passing through, and even the moaning low brass of the confined quarks.
		Exotic Particles and the Confinement of Quarks was written in celebration of the tenure of Ray E. Cramer as IU¹s Director of Bands as he prepares for his retirement, which we suspect will be superactive, exotic, and wonderfully quarky.
	dustbunny.physics.indiana.edu /HallD/don.htm (437 words)

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