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Bacterial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) Exotoxins are proteins, often enzymes, produced inside of cells and which do their damage (as with endotoxins) only upon release from the cell. A neurotoxin is an exotoxin that disrupts nerve cells. Antitoxins are antibodies that bind to exotoxins, thus inactivating the exotoxin. www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol2060.htm   (1728 words)

Streptococcal Toxic-Shock Syndrome Data suggest that this exotoxin and a number of staphylococcal toxins (toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 [TSST-1] and staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C) can stimulate T-cell responses through their ability to bind to both the Class II major histocompatibility ability complex of antigen-presenting cells and the Vb region of the T-cell receptor (48). Finally, genetic information coding for exotoxins A or C may be introduced to strains of GAS by certain bacteriophage; after lysogenic conversion, synthesis of exotoxin A would occur during growth of the streptococcus (31,59,60). Characterization of a superantigen from a pathogenic strain of Streptococcus pyogenes. www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol1no3/stevens.htm   (5990 words)

Diphtheria - Genesis Health System Inside the membrane, the bacteria produce an exotoxin, which is a poisonous secretion that causes the life-threatening symptoms of diphtheria. The exotoxin is carried throughout the body in the bloodstream, destroying healthy tissue in other parts of the body. The most serious complications caused by the exotoxin are inflammations of the heart muscle (myocarditis) and damage to the nervous system. www.genesishealth.com /conditions/DetailedDisease/000426.aspx   (1731 words)

Target Cell-specific DNA Transfer Mediated by a Chimeric Multidomain Protein -- Fominaya and Wels 271 (18): 10560 -- ... Based on the multidomain structure of the bacterial Pseudomonas exotoxin A, a recombinant fusion protein was constructed which serves as a target cell-specific carrier for the transfer of DNA via receptor-mediated endocytosis. In the acidic environment of the endosome a conformational change occurs, the toxin is proteolytically cleaved within the translocation domain between Arg-279 and Gly-280 followed by the reduction of a disulfide bond, and the C-terminal fragment carrying the enzymatically active effector domain translocates to the cytosol(31). Exotoxin A has been used previously to facilitate the internalization and translocation to the cytosol of heterologous peptides or protein domains located C-terminal of the translocation domain(15, 16). www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/18/10560   (8019 words)

Centre for Gene Analysis & Teknologi/Pusat Analisis & Teknologi Gen   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) We have previously identified the presence of extracellular factors secreted by the pathogen that might be implicated in the pathogenesis of this bacteria resulting in meliodosis. The exotoxin exudes its cytotoxic effect by inhibition of Elogation Factor 2 by the ADP-ribosyl domain of the exotoxin during cellular protein synthesis. Concurrently, recombinant antibodies towards both exotoxin and protease have been generated by phage display to aid in epitope mapping of these molecules for designing of potential vaccines and protease inhibitors. cgat.ukm.my /cgat/content_eng/highlights.htm   (305 words)

06 imp In inducing these metabolites, staphylocoocal toxins (enterotoxins, exfoliative tozin, and toxic shock syndrome exotoxin 1) and streptococcal pyrogen exotoxins are referred to as superantigens, which at low concentrations stimulate proliferation of T cells and cause an alteration in the immune system homeostasis, clinically manifested as shock and multiple organ failure. Although toxic shock syndrome exotoxin 1-negative strain infections have been noted to have a higher mortality rate, it remains to be proven whether staphylococcal enterotoxin B-associated toxic syndrome is more severe variant of the syndrome and whether if has true progostic significance on morbidity or mortality. The present toxic shock syndrome laboratory panel tests for both toxic shock syndrome exotoxin 1 and staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Although our patient survived, the severity of her residual disbility must serve as a reminder to clinicians to be watchful for this rare but devastating complication. implants.clic.net /tony/Violence/06.html   (1258 words)

Cell-to-Cell Signaling and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections Exotoxin A is responsible for local tissue damage, bacterial invasion (18), and (possibly) immunosuppression (19). Purified exotoxin A is highly lethal for mice which supports its role as a major systemic virulence factor of P. LasR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a transcriptional activator of the alkaline protease gene (apr) and an enhancer of exotoxin A expression. www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol4no4/vandelden.htm   (5181 words)

Exotoxin Summary An exotoxin is a toxin that is produced by a bacterium and then released from the cell into the surrounding environment. For example, an exotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus is the cause of toxic shock syndrome, which can produce symptoms ranging from nausea, fever and sore throat, to collapse of the central nervous and circulatory systems. An exotoxin is a soluble chemical excreted by a microorganism, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. www.bookrags.com /Exotoxin   (714 words)

Lab 10   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) It is the exotoxin which the organism has produced in the food that causes the disease. There is a form of botulism, infantile botulism, in which the organism, from honey or other foods, grows and secretes exotoxin and causes an infectious form of botulism (in infants only). The mechanism of the exotoxin is the interruption of nerve impulses from the neurons to the muscles by preventing the release of acetyl choline. webpages.marshall.edu /~gain/bactnote/food.html   (1487 words)

Elixir Of Youth - Cover Story - Express Healthcare Management Botulinum exotoxin type A is not given to patients who have undergone ophthalmic surgery or laser treatment. Other uses for Botulinum exotoxin type A are for treating under-eye lines, lines on the bridge of the nose (bunny lines), correcting downturned corners of the mouth (marionette lines), relaxation of lines above and below the lips, relaxation of vertical neckbands (turkey neck), and dimpling of the chin. Botulinum exotoxin type A is definitely gaining immense popularity, as is evident from the fact that the market for it is growing by 100 per cent annually, informs Dr Shetty. www.expresshealthcaremgmt.com /200610/coverstory01.shtml   (2721 words)

An ABC Transporter from Bacillus thuringiensis Is Essential for {beta}-Exotoxin I Production -- Espinasse et al. 184 ... Mortality of honey bees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, fed exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Inhibition of ribonucleic acid biosynthesis in mice liver by the exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. Mechanism of inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase by exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/184/21/5848   (3691 words)

Protection against Exotoxin A (ETA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Mice with ETA-Specific Antipeptide ... Pseudomonas exotoxin and recombinant immunotoxins derived from it. Cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of the exotoxin A structural gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mechanism of action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A: adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation of mammalian elongation factor 2 in vitro and in vivo. iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/66/11/5551   (2099 words)

Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A1 STSS is often caused by a bacterial infection of a minor skin lesion or bruise and is characterized by rash, fever, hypotension and multiorgan failure; 30% to 70% of infected individuals die in spite of aggressive modern medicine (Stevens, 1999). Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A1 (SpeA1) is a superantigen commonly isolated from streptococcal strains infecting individuals with STSS. Structural basis for the recognition of superantigen streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA1) by MHC class II molecules and T-cell receptors. biology.kenyon.edu /BMB/Chime2/2005/SpeA1/SpeA1/FRAMES/start.htm   (1295 words)

Isolation, Purification And Characterization Of A Novel Exotoxin From Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From The ... Isolation, Purification And Characterization Of A Novel Exotoxin From Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From The Eczematous Lesion Of Patient With Atopic Dermatitis A novel exotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus isolated from eczematous lesion of patient with atopic dermatitis was isolated, purified, and characterized in this study. The extracted crud exotoxin after precipitation by (NH gave specific activity (8.1)unit/mg, these activity higher than activity of crud extracted solution (6)unit/mg and (32.2)unit/mg with exotoxin recovery (resultant) (46.50%) after membranous infiltration and 2085.3658 with clotting activity reached (85.5) unit/ml and degrees of purification reached 347.56 with exotoxin recovery (resultant) (3.975%) after gel filtration chromatography. www.ispub.com /ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ijd/vol4n2/exotoxin.xml   (1482 words)

Pseudomonas Review Notes   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) Exotoxin A binds to receptors and enters host cytoplasm where it catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of EF2.  This leads to the inhibition of protein synthesis in the host cell and kills it. Exotoxin A and diphtheria toxin are not related immunologically and have little sequence homology. Exotoxin A is activated by unfolding, not by cleavage like diphtheria toxin. www.ratsteachmicro.com /Pseudomonas_notes/HCOE_CAI_Review_Notes_Pseudomonas.htm   (1474 words)

Molecular Biology - UCHSC - Michael L. Vasil Vasil, M.L., Liu, P.V. and Iglewski, B.H. Characterization of a temperature-dependent inactivating factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Infect. Vasil, M.L., Berka, R.M., Gray, G.L. and Pavlovskis, O.R. Biochemical and genetic studies of iron-regulated (Exotoxin A) and phosphate-regulated (Hemolysin Phospholipase C) virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Washington D.C. Vasil, M.L.,Prince, R.W. and Shortridge, V.D. Exoproducts: Exotoxin A and Phospholipase C in: Pseudomonas aeruginosa the opportunist: Pathogenesis and Disease, Fick, R.B. ed. www.uchsc.edu /molbio/vasillist.htm   (1920 words)

Development of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin C Vaccine Toxoids That Are Protective in the Rabbit Model of Toxic ... Development of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin C Vaccine Toxoids That Are Protective in the Rabbit Model of Toxic Shock Syndrome -- McCormick et al. Nucleotide sequence of the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type B gene and relationship between the toxin and the streptococcal proteinase precursor. Invasive group A streptococcal infections: T1M1 isolates expressing pyrogenic exotoxins A and B in combination with selective lack of toxin-neutralizing antibodies are associated with increased risk of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/165/4/2306   (5118 words)

Bacteria: Soluable Toxins While the bacterial cell may be composed of entities that are toxic; e.g., lipid A, a greater variety of toxins are synthesized and released from the cell in soluble form. Mode of action of exotoxin A. Exotoxin A, composed of fragments A and B, inhibits eukaryotic cell protein synthesis by binding to specific receptors in the cell membrane. During an episode of whooping cough, the B. pertussis cell produces an exotoxin composed of an A portion and 4 B portions. www.kcom.edu /faculty/chamberlain/Website/Tritzmed/LECTS/TOXINS.HTM   (1350 words)

Crystal structure of a dimeric form of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA1) -- Baker et al. 13 (9): 2285 -- ... Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA1) is a bacterial superantigen Kline, J.B. and Collins, C.M. Analysis of the superantigenic activity of mutant and allelic forms of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A. Infect. Papageorgiou, A.C., Collins, C.M., Gutman, D.M., Kline, J.B., O’Brien, S.M., Tranter, H.S., and Acharya, K.R. Structural basis for the recognition of superantigen streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA1) by MHC class II molecules and T-cell receptors. www.proteinscience.org /cgi/content/full/13/9/2285   (3003 words)

Identification of a Novel Gene Cluster Encoding Staphylococcal Exotoxin-Like Proteins: Characterization of the ... Among the numerous staphylococcal exotoxins, those that have received the most attention are the enterotoxins and TSST-1. The staphylococcal and streptococcal exotoxin consensus signatures 1 and 2 are shown underneath the alignment at positions 121 to 129 and 162 to 185, respectively. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome synthesis of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 by monocytes stimulated with pyrogenic exotoxin A and streptolysin O. Infect. iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/8/4407   (5377 words)

Fusion Protein Vaccine by Domains of Bacterial Exotoxin Linked with a Tumor Antigen Generates Potent Immunologic ... Exotoxins are one of a class of several secreted bacterial toxins A recombinant chimera composed of repeat region RR1 of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae adhesin with Pseudomonas exotoxin: in vivo evaluation of specific IgG response in mice and pigs. Liao CW, Hseu TH, Hwang J. A target-specific chimeric toxin composed of epidermal growth factor and Pseudomonas exotoxin A with a deletion in its toxin-binding domain. cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/65/19/9089   (5177 words)

Lecture 10,11&12   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) The exotoxin is then extracted from the medium and treated with formaldehyde to destroy the toxic part of the exotoxin molecule without affecting the antigenic part. tetani exotoxin, Penicillin or tetracycline is given to control the organism itself. The mechanism of the exotoxin is the interruption of nerve impulses from the neurons to the muscles by preventing the release of acetyl choline by the motor neuron into the synaptic space at the neuromuscular junction. webpages.marshall.edu /~gain/bactnote/mechofbactpath.html   (1422 words)

Structure of Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 3.0- angstrom ngstrom Resolution -- Allured et al. 83 (5): 1320 -- ... Structure of Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 3.0- angstrom ngstrom Resolution -- Allured et al. Exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a secreted bacterial toxin capable of translocating a catalytic domain into mammalian cells and inhibiting protein synthesis by the ADP-ribosylation of cellular elongation factor 2. The x-ray crystallographic structure of exotoxin A, determined to 3.0- angstrom resolution, shows the following: an amino-terminal domain, composed primarily of antiparallel ß -structure and comprising approximately half of the molecule; a middle domain composed of www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/83/5/1320   (1256 words)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A and Keratitis in Mice -- Pillar and Hobden 43 (5): 1437 -- Investigative ... Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A and Keratitis in Mice exotoxin A (ETA) as a virulence factor in corneal disease. (1990) Processing of Pseudomonas exotoxin by a cellular protease results in the generation of a 37,000-Da toxin fragment that is translocated to the cytosol J Biol Chem 265,20678-20685 www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/43/5/1437   (4723 words)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis clinical isolates produce exotoxin A with altered ADP-ribosyltransferase ... Iglewski, B. H., Liu, P. and Kabat, D. Mechanisms of action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A: adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation of mammalian elongation factor 2 in vitro and in vivo. Klinger, J. D., Straus, D. C., Hilton, C. and Bass, J. Antibodies to proteases and exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis: demonstration by radioimmunoassay. Storey, D. G., Ujack, E. and Rabin, H. Population transcript accumulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and elastase in sputa from patients with cystic fibrosis. mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/146/8/1891   (5258 words)

Rho is Required for the Initiation of Calcium Signaling and Phagocytosis by Fcgamma Receptors in Macrophages -- Hackam ... To identify microinjected cells, C3 exotoxin (or vehicle buffer alone) was coinjected with fura-dextran (1 mg/ml). Microinjection of C3 exotoxin was the approach chosen to probe the role of Rho in phagocytosis. The effect of microinjected C3 exotoxin on the actin cytoskeleton of Fc RIIA-transfected COS and J774 cells. www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/186/6/955   (7589 words)

News - Pain Of Botulinum A Exotoxin Injections to Treat Forehead Lines can Be Halved   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17) A retrospective arm of the study evaluated 20 consecutive patients for pain from current treatment with preservative-containing saline compared with pain from the most recent prior treatment with saline that was preservative-free. In a prospective arm of the study, with 15 patients were treated on one side (left or right) of the face using exotoxin reconstituted with preservative-containing saline and on the other side with exotoxin reconstituted with preservative-free saline. In the retrospective arm, 18 patients (90 percent) reported that exotoxin reconstituted with preserved saline was the less painful treatment (p<.001). www.docguide.com /news/content.nsf/news/8525697700573E1885256B9F004E3E00   (444 words)

Involvement of ATP-dependent Pseudomonas Exotoxin Translocation from a Late Recycling Compartment in Lymphocyte ... Involvement of ATP-dependent Pseudomonas Exotoxin Translocation from a Late Recycling Compartment in Lymphocyte Intoxication Procedure -- Alami et al. Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) is a cytotoxin which, after endocytosis, is delivered to the cytosol where it inactivates protein II mutants of Pseudomonas exotoxin deficient in translocation. www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/9/2/387   (7231 words)

NIH Office of Technology Transfer (OTT) >> Abstract Search The key sequences are known to interact with asialoGM1 receptors on human epithelial cells, and allow bacteria and other microorganisms to adhere to epithelial cells and colonize. Pilin epitopes of other gram-negative bacteria could be inserted into the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and used as a vaccine against that specific bacteria. FitzGerald and his colleagues have demonstrated that the chimeric protein reacted with asialoGM1, a receptor on epithelial cells and blocked adherence of P. aeruginosa on epithelial cells. ott.od.nih.gov /db/abstxt.asp?refno=471   (208 words)

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