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Topic: Expanding nozzle

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	U.S. Patent: 5505163 - Sootblower nozzle - April 9, 1996
		Nozzles which allow the pressure of the exit jet to be greater than the ambient pressure result in an "under expanded" jet.
		Nozzles 16 and 17 are identical, each being a cylindrical shell machined from heat resistance rod material, such as stainless steel rods, and respectfully radially received in space, circumferentially disposed holes in body 12.
		Also, the nozzle is chosen such that at the point of intersection of this reflected wave 87 and the axis 89 of the nozzle, shown here by point E which is denoted by numeral 91, is the point where full expansion occurs.
	www.everypatent.com /comp/pat5505163.html (6573 words)

	Expanding nozzle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The expanding nozzle is a type of rocket nozzle that, unlike traditional designs, maintains its efficiency at a wide range of altitudes.
		While the expanding nozzle is the least technically advanced and simplest to understand from a modelling point of view, it also appears to be the most difficult design to build.
		The expanding nozzle was later abandoned in a cost-cutting phase, and today the SSME suffers a 1/4 drop in performance at low altitudes as a result.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Expanding_nozzle (396 words)

	Method and apparatus for controlling the throat area, expansion ratio and thrust vector angle of an aircraft turbine ...
		An exhaust nozzle according to claim 2 wherein said means for deflecting at least some of the exhausted gas further comprises means for injecting gas into the exhausted gas to alter the flow pattern of at least some of the exhausted gas.
		Accordingly, the design and manufacture of the exhaust nozzle of the present invention is simplified, the reliability is improved and the signature of the exhaust nozzle is reduced due to the reduction in moving parts.
		1, 2 and 3 in conjunction with an exhaust nozzle 12 having a relatively rectangular shape, in transverse cross-section, the shape of the deflector 30 may be varied in relation to the cross-sectional shape of the exhaust nozzle 12 such that the shapes of the deflector 30 and nozzle match.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5694766.html (5980 words)

	ch3-19
		An ideal nozzle is one that expands the exhaust gases from the pressure in the combustion chamber to the outside ambient pressure.
		The exhaust gases filled the nozzle up to a certain point and then separated from the wall and flowed as though the rest of the nozzle were not there.
		The nozzle ratio of exit to throat area was 4, a ratio that theory indicates would underexpand the exhaust gases; hence the momentum force was not a maximum.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4404/ch3-19.htm (1369 words)

	Aerospike
		The aerospike is a type of rocket nozzle that, unlike traditional designs, maintains its effeciency across a wide range of altitudes.
		For this reason it is sometimes referred to as the altitude-compensating nozzle as well, although that is a more general term that refers to a class of such designs.
		The "trick" to the aerospike design is that as the spacecraft climbs to higher altitudes, the air pressure holding the exhaust against the spike decreases.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ae/Aerospike.html (627 words)

	Direct-Thermal Solar Hydrogen Production from Water Using Nozzles/Skimmers and Glow Discharge in the Gas Phase at Low ...
		By raising the temperature of the nozzle surface to a sufficiently high value (using the nozzle as a target for concentrated sunlight) and dropping the water vapor pressure to a sufficiently low value, we are attempting to produce significant water vapor dissociation.
		The Photo-separatory Nozzle reactor was constructed from concentric quartz tubes and surrounded by a convection and conduction barrier with radiant energy reflecting properties.
		The skimmer nozzle/electrode is a conical nozzle that is mounted on the end of a cylindrical stainless steel tube which fits coaxially inside the cylindrical dissociator-nozzle tube.
	www.hionsolar.com /n-hion96.htm (4307 words)

	Exhaust velocity - NewMars
		The exhaust velocity is determined by the properties of the propellant and the properties of the rocket nozzle.
		The effect of nozzle shape on a perfect gas exhaust stream tends to be determined by Mach number as well as the properties of the gas.
		The nozzle section leading out of the reaction chamber is tapered to accelerate subsonic flows (i.e., it converges), and sized to allow the gas to accelerate to the speed of sound.
	www.newmars.com /wiki/index.php/Exhaust_velocity (1139 words)

	Sprayers, Nozzles, Watering Equipment, Hand Tools, Gear & Equipment at Garden Gifts Galore
		A nozzle is generally a pipe or tube of varying diameter, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a liquid or gas.
		Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, direction, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them.
		Some nozzles are combinations of bothâ”for example, rocket engines and supersonic jet engines use a nozzle that is usually described as a CD nozzle (for convergent-divergent) first narrowing to a "throat" then expanding again into a "bell".
	gardengiftsgalore.com /sprayers_nozzles.htm (494 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Aerospike Engine - Annular Nozzles I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The expansion-deflection nozzle works much like a bell nozzle since the exhaust gases are forced into a converging throat region of low area before expanding in a bell-shaped nozzle.
		However, the flow is deflected by a plug, or centerbody, that forces the gases away from the center of the nozzle.
		The reverse-flow nozzle gets its name because the fuel is injected from underneath, but the exhaust gases are rotated 180° thereby reversing their direction.
	www.aerospaceweb.org /design/aerospike/outflow.shtml (437 words)

	Irrigation Business & Technology Online
		Nozzle improvements over the past few years have greatly improved a sprinkler's ability to apply water uniformly when operated at the proper pressure.
		When expanding the existing irrigation system, it is smart to use the same equipment as was originally installed if it is still available.
		The expanding of an existing irrigation system requires careful analysis and thought from a design standpoint before it is undertaken.
	www.irrigation.org /ibt/0212/p19.htm (1367 words)

	Rockets
		Rockets are propelled by the rearward expulsion of expanding gases from the nozzle of the motor.
		The nozzle and fin assembly attaches to the aft end by a lock wire in a grove inside the tube.
		One of the wires is connected to the nozzle plate (ground), and the other passes through either one of the nozzles or the fin-actuating piston to the contact disc on the fin retainer.
	www.ordnance.org /rockets.htm (2492 words)

	PowerPedia:Spacecraft propulsion - PESWiki
		As the gases (adiabatically) expand inside the nozzle they press against the bell's walls forcing the rocket engine in one direction, and accelerating the gases in the opposite direction.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by its area expansion ratio—the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit, but details of the gas properties are also important.
		To improve on this, various exotic nozzle designs such as the plug nozzle, stepped nozzles, the expanding nozzle and the aerospike have been proposed, each having some way to adapt to changing ambient air pressure and each allowing the gas to expand further against the nozzle giving extra thrust at higher altitude.
	peswiki.com /index.php/PowerPedia:Spacecraft_propulsion (4054 words)

	NASA Quest > Space Team Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The nozzle in a solid-propellant engine is an opening at the back of the rocket that permits the hot expanding gases to escape.
		The purpose of the nozzle is to increase the acceleration of the gases as they leave the rocket and thereby maximize the thrust.
		A gimbaled nozzle is one that is able to sway while exhaust gases are passing through it.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /space/teachers/rockets/rocketry.html (3796 words)

	History and Development of the Rocket Engine
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by it's area expansion ratio- this is the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
		The larger this is, the more heat energy the nozzle is able to extract from the combustion gases, and the faster, colder and lower pressure the exhaust becomes.
		Regenerative cooling, where the propellant is passed through tubes around the combustion chamber or nozzle, and other techniques such as curtain cooling or film cooling, may also be employed to give essentially unlimited nozzle life.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/rocket_engine.htm (3031 words)

	Chapter 16 WEAPON PROPULSION AND ARCHITECTURE
		These gases, when channeled through an exhaust nozzle, are converted into kinetic energy creating a force acting in a direction opposite to the flow of the exhaust gases from the nozzle.
		An exhaust nozzle is a mechanically designed orifice through which the gases generated in the combustion chamber flow to the outside.
		The De Laval nozzle converges to a throat at which the velocity becomes sonic, and then the nozzle diverges such that the flow is expanded supersonically.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part16.htm (8788 words)

	Water saver water closet - Patent 4987616
		The orifice in the upleg portion defines a converging/diverging nozzle adjacent the outlet 20 from bowl 14, the nozzle increasing the velocity of the effluent from the bowl.
		The expanded cross-section of the upleg receives all discharge from the bowl, serving to rapidly fill the transition portion and start the siphon action in the downleg and inhibit waste from backwashing into the bowl when the siphon is broken.
		The transition portion 48 is of smaller cross-section (and area) than the upleg portion at 54 and angles downwardly at an acute angle to the floor to connect to the downleg portion.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4987616.html (3071 words)

	(Cover Story) Microblasting: Expanding Options (MDDI archive, Apr 03)
		The air is forced through nozzles with openings as small as 0.018 to 0.060 in., and the abrasive blast is pinpointed on the surface to be processed.
		Often, the most effective means of removing this is to use an extended right-angle nozzle that blasts from the inside of the stent outward.
		The normal exit point of the nozzle is sealed off and then a slot or hole is formed in the nozzle tube at a right angle to the nozzle axis.
	www.devicelink.com /mddi/archive/03/04/001.html (2588 words)

	Water Rocket Computer Model - 2 Stage Optimisation - Staging Mechanisms
		There is a non-return valve on the top of this that allows air to pass from the booster (b) to the sustainer (a) once there is a pressure difference between them.
		Once the pressure difference between the booster (b) and the inside of the release mechanism (d) is great enough, air passes from the release mechanism (d) into the booster (b).
		Once the pressure in the release mechanism (d) has fallen further by the pressure difference required to inflate the expanding tubing, the sustainer is released.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/pagrosse/wrhelp44/2stsc.html (872 words)

	Plug nozzle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The plug nozzle is a type of rocket nozzle that, unlike traditional designs, maintains its efficiency at a wide range of altitudes.
		It is a member of the class of altitude-compensating nozzles, but unlike the aerospike, the plug design is considerably more "traditional".
		In a normal nozzle this would result in the ambient air pressure forcing the exhaust in from the walls of the bell, leading to a loss of thrust.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plug_nozzle (268 words)

	More Info on Pressure Washer
		Some nozzles are combinations of both - for example, rocket engines and supersonic jet engines use a nozzle that is usually described as a CD nozzle (for convergent-divergent) first narrowing to a "throat" then expanding again into a "bell".
		The design of an efficient nozzle can drastically affect the efficiency of a rocket engine, and so a number of sophisticated designs have been proposed, such as the expanding nozzle, the aerospike, and the plug nozzle.
		The goal of these deisgns is to produce a nozzle that is well-suited to a range of ambient pressures.
	www.encryptoo.com /pressure-washer.htm (1291 words)

	ipedia.com: Spacecraft propulsion Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The reaction mass is then allowed to escape from the rear of the vehicle by passing through a de Laval nozzle, which dramatically accelerates the reaction mass, converting thermal energy into kinetic energy.
		Rockets emitting gases are limited by the fact that their exhaust temperature cannot be so high that the nozzle and reaction chamber are damaged; most large rockets have elaborate cooling systems to prevent damage to either component.
		For this reason, various exotic nozzle designs such as the plug nozzle, the expanding nozzle and the aerospike have been proposed, each having some way to adapt to changing ambient air pressure.
	www.ipedia.com /spacecraft_propulsion_1.html (2670 words)

	E4404 Hypersonics Results
		Sonic conditions (M = 1) are produced at the nozzle throat (smallest cross-sectional area) and supersonic conditions thereafter.
		Thus the nozzle is a device for converting heat energy (random motion of the molecules) into flow velocity (directed motion of the molecules).
		The stagnation temperature of the reservoir is recovered at the stagnation point on a test model model placed in the hypersonic, expanded flow, and thus the nozzle reservoir enthalpy needs to match the stagnation enthalpy of the real flight conditions.
	www.mech.uq.edu.au /~michael/m4470/hypdata.htm (1156 words)

	State-to-State Kinetics-Based Prediction of Thermal Nonequilibrium in Hypersonic Flows
		However, in expanding nozzle flows, which are critical for thrust development, the effect of vibration-dissociation coupling on the vibrational population density is reversed, and the population is enhanced.
		For sonic flows at the inlet of an expansion nozzle, the flow is in thermal equilibrium, and as it proceeds towards the exit of the nozzle, the low departs from the equilibrium conditions.
		The vibrational temperature freezes near the inlet, the translation temperature rapidly falls as a result of the expansion process, and the flow exhibits higher degrees of nonequilibrium as it proceeds towards the exit.
	www.navo.hpc.mil /Navigator/sp04_Feature2-2.html (853 words)

	ch5-5
		Hypersonic wind tunnels, like their supersonic cousins, employ the expanding nozzle principle to accelerate subsonic air to speeds faster than sound.
		Of course, the area ratio of the nozzle is much greater for hypersonic tunnels because the Mach 1 air at the nozzle throat must be accelerated so much more.
		In the intermittent tunnel, energy is stored, usually as compressed air, and then released suddenly to force a large quantity of air through the diminutive throat of the nozzle in a short period of time.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-440/ch5-5.htm (588 words)

	Gas turbine
		Generally speaking the air in question is heated by burning after being mixed with some fuel source.
		From there it is directed out an expanding nozzle[?], flowing past the turbine on the way.
		The most obvious form of gas turbine is the jet engine.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ga/Gas_turbine.html (189 words)

	PSP Global - Q-PAK 2000 - Expanding Foam Kit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Q-PAK 2000 EXPANDING FOAM is a two-component polyurethane foam used for sealing risers, conduits, ducts, and abandoned gas pipes against water, gas, and debris.
		Q-PAK 2000 EXPANDING FOAM KIT is packaged in a patented portable dispenser that mixes and dispenses two-component materials with the ease and convenience of a one-component dispenser.
		Since FIRESTOP KIT silicone foam expands to three times its original formula, no more than one third of the area needs to be filled.
	www.psp-global.com /q-pak_2000_-_expanding_foam_kit.php (565 words)

	Catalog Page US BLH-84 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The sampler consists of an expanding nozzle, a sampler bag, and a wading rod assembly.
		entrance nozzle and an area expansion ratio (ratio of nozzle exit area to entrance area) of 1.40.
		polyester mesh bag with mesh openings of 0.25 millimeters, is attached to the rear of the nozzle assembly with a rubber "O" ring.
	fisp.wes.army.mil /Catalog_Page_US_BLH-84.htm (152 words)

	Nozzles - Plasma Processes
		Bell-contoured nozzles were designed to solve this problem by ideally expanding the plasma and eliminating the disruptive flow phenomena while exhausting a collimated flow.
		Plasma Processes' bell-contoured thermal spray nozzles exhaust a flow which is free of the disruptive shock wave associated with standard, conical nozzles.
		Tests have shown that bell nozzles produce highly collimated plumes that concentrate the thermal energy of the flows and the trajectories of injected powder particles.
	www.plasmapros.com /nozzles.htm (168 words)

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