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	Islamic Republic of Iran, The Expediency Discernment Council of the System (EDCS)
		The Expediency Discernment Council of the System (EDCS) was established on February 6, 1988 upon the orders of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to overcome the differences of views between the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) and the Council of Guardians.
		As long as the Leader is not declared, a council composed of the President, Head of the Judiciary and one of the Faqihs (jurisconsults) of the Council of Guardians chosen by the Majma-e- Tashkhis-e-Maslahate-e- Nezam shall collectively discharge the functions of the Leader on a temporary basis.
		The prominent jurisconsults of the Council of Guardians.
	www.iranonline.com /iran/iran-info/Government/Expediency.html (917 words)

	Expediency Discernment Council
		The role of the Expediency Council was to settle the differences between the views of the Council of Guardians and the Islamic Assembly.
		As long as the Leader is not declared, a council composed of the President, Head of the Judiciary and one of the Faqihs (jurisconsults) of the Council of Guardians chosen by the Majma-e- Tashkhis-e- Maslahate-e- Nezam shall collectively discharge the functions of the Leader on a temporary basis.
		The prominent jurisconsults of the Council of Guardians.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/iran/edc.htm (1431 words)

	Guardian Council - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Guardian Council of the Constitution (شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی in Persian) is a high office within the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran which has the authority to interpret the constitution and to determine if the laws passed by the parliament are in line with the constitution of Iran.
		If the Majlis and the Council of Guardians couldn't decide on a case, it is passed up to the Expediency Council for a final decision.
		The current chairman of the council is Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, deputized by the lawyer Abbasali Kadkhodai.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Council_of_Guardians (425 words)

	Iran - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		According to Iran's Constitution, the Supreme Leader of Iran is responsible for the delineation and supervision of "the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran." In the absence of a single leader, a council of religious leaders is appointed.
		According to the law, all presidential candidates must be approved by the Council of Guardians prior to running, after which he is elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term by an absolute majority of votes.
		Twelve jurists comprise the Council of Guardians, six of whom are appointed by the Supreme Leader.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /iran.htm (2339 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Special Reports \| Iran: Who holds the power?
		The Council is an advisory body for the Leader with an ultimate adjudicating power in disputes over legislation between the parliament and the Guardian Council.
		In October 2005, the Supreme Leader gave the Expediency Council "supervisory" powers over all branches of government — delegating some of his own authority as is permitted in the constitution.
		It is not clear exactly how much this will affect the Council's influence, although observers say it is likely to strengthen the position of its present chairman, former President Hashemi Rafsanjani, who was defeated in the 2005 presidential elections by Mahmoud Amadinejad.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/iran_power/html/expediency_council.stm (138 words)

	The EU's Human rights and Democratisation Policy - News from the General Affairs & External Relations Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Council further reaffirmed its position of principle whereby the establishment of a dialogue is without prejudice to the tabling or co-sponsoring of a resolution at the Third Committee of the 58th session of the United Nations General Assembly or the 60th session of the Commission on Human Rights.
		The Council noted with approval that the second round of the dialogue, which focused on the themes of fair trial and the rule of law, was held in the same open and constructive atmosphere as the first, which had covered the themes of discrimination and the eradication and prevention of torture.
		The Council further reaffirmed its position of principle whereby the establishment of a dialogue is without prejudice to the tabling of a resolution at the CHR or at the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly.
	europa.eu.int /comm/external_relations/human_rights/gac.htm (11447 words)

	Foreign Investment Debate Heats Up
		The Expediency Council assembles at the call of Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in instances when the Guardian Council is presented with legislation from parliament which opposes or falls outside the realm of the constitution or religious injunctions.
		The Expediency Council is formed of members chosen by the supreme leader and its rulings, which must be approved by Khamenei, are final.
		Supporters of the foreign investment bill are encouraged by the fact that the Expediency Council has previously approved of laws allowing private banking and the establishment of free trade zones after their rejection by the Guardian Council.
	www.parstimes.com /news/archive/2001/foreign_investment.html (875 words)

	Expediency Council finishes revising Article 44 of Constitution - Irna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He said that the government and parliament are both responsible for supervising accurate implementation of the privatization and the Expediency Council is responsible for monitoring implementation of the new version of the Article 44 of the Constitution.
		In response to a question about possibility of the conservative parliament's resistance to the economic reform, he said the ground is prepared in the parliament to pass the fourth five-year development plan soon in the short time left (to the beginning of the new fiscal year on March 21, 2005).
		The Supreme Leader had assigned the Expediency Council to make amendment to the Article 44 and 43 of the Constitution concerning the domain of government and private sectors in national economy in a bid to pave the way for putting into force the 20-year economic, social and cultural development plan.
	www.irna.ir /irnewtest/en/news/view/line-17/0412110793172332.htm (513 words)

	Leader confirms Expediency Council's decision on selection of GC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Accroding to the Expediency Council's decision, if the judiciary chief's candidates for the post do not secure an absolute majority during the parliamnt's first vote cast, there will be a second round of voting in which the two lawyers who gain the relative majority will be elected.
		The state Expediency Council, the highest arbitration body in Iran, held the "urgently debate" Monday to deal with the ongoing spat between the judiciary and the parliament over the election of lawyers to the oversight Guardian Council.
		The 12-member Guardian Council, comprising of six jurists appointed by the supreme leader and six lawyers, oversees laws which are passed by the parliament to confirm their conformity with the Islamic teachings and the national constitution.
	www.persiandaily.com /ifp/news/01_07/news150.htm (548 words)

	frontline: terror and tehran: inside iran: the structure of power in iran \| PBS
		He also appoints six of the twelve members of the Council of Guardians, the powerful body that oversees the activities of Parliament and determines which candidates are qualified to run for public office.
		However, Parliament is still held in check by the Council of Guardians, the influential oversight body that examines all laws passed by Parliament to determine their compatibility with sharia, or Islamic law.
		Recent calls for reform of the Expediency Council from parliamentary leaders have invoked U.S. President George W. Bush's 2002 State of the Union address, in which he denounced the "unelected few" in Iran who repress Iranians' democratic aspirations.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/inside/govt.html (2255 words)

	Rediff on the NeT: Iranian regime prepares for presidential poll
		Disagreements between the Majlis and the council of guardians are frequent.
		In the mid-eighties so many laws were rejected by the council that Ayatollah Khomeini established yet another body, the expediency council, to arbitrate between the two.
		The expediency council has 26 members, all of whom are appointed directly by Khameini, just as those of the Majlis, judiciary and and the six clerical members of the council of guardians.
	www.rediff.com /news/apr/18iran.htm (645 words)

	National Council of Resistance of Iran - Foreign Affairs Committee - Iran regime: Regional superpower or a theocracy on ...
		For its part, the United States announced that it was prepared to alter its 28-year policy of no contact and engage in direct and wide-ranging negotiations with Tehran in return for a suspension in uranium enrichment activities.
		Tehran's adamant refusal to resolve the nuclear stand-off confirms the view held by many that for the Iranian leadership obtaining nuclear weapons is a strategic decision and a key accomplishment that would empower the regime to emerge as the hegemon in that part of the world.
		Mohammad Mohaddessin is Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the opposition National Council of Resistance of Iran
	www.ncr-iran.org /content/view/3538/153 (1783 words)

	Iranica.com - GUARDIAN COUNCIL
		However, since the Expediency Council was organized, the Majles has been able to pass on issues rejected by the Guardian Council for the ultimate decision of the Expediency Council.
		The way in which this right is exercised is described by the corresponding laws and ways of execution formulated jointly by parliament and the supervision of the election, or, as in the case of the elections for the Leadership Council, by the latter itself, or on behalf of it, by the supervision of the election.
		Since the members of the Guardian Council are directly (the six theologians) and indirectly (the six jurists) nominated by the leader, their preferential and recognizable political, religious and social inclinations depend on that of the leader.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f4/v11f4010.html (2698 words)

	Online NewsHour: Governing Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Supervisory bodies -- including the Expediency Council, Council of Guardians and the Assembly of Experts -- also carry broad responsibilities to monitor the government and ensure the legislation follows both the constitution and Islamic law.
		The Expediency Council mediates between the Council of Guardians and the parliament when they disagree on an issue.
		The president heads the Supreme National Security Council, which includes the speaker of parliament, head of judiciary, chief of the combined general staff of the armed forces, key cabinet ministers and commanders of the regular military and Revolutionary Guard.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/middle_east/iran/structure.html (1080 words)

	SOUTHWEST ASIA Iranian News: Expediency Council passes new decisions on privatization drive of Iran's economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Expediency Council passes new decisions on privatization drive of Iran's economy
		Expediency Council passes new decisions on privatization drive of Iran's economy: "Expediency Council passes new decisions on privatization drive of Iran's economy
		The Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei forwarded the long-term vision plan to the heads of the three branches of government in order to be put into effect and assigned the Expediency Council to remove any obstacle that the strategic plan may find with the articles 43 and 44 of the Constitution.
	southwestasia.blogspot.com /2004/10/expediency-council-passes-new.html (302 words)

	GN Online: Iran council paves way for Khatami swearing-in
		The Expediency Council, which has the final say in Iranian political disputes, voted to enable Khatami to take the oath of office with the presence of only two-thirds of the members of the legislative watchdog Guardian Council, the official news agency IRNA said.
		Khamenei endorsed the Expediency Council's decisions, demanding that the president be sworn in "in the quickest time possible".
		Many reformers were against the intervention of the Expediency Council in the affair, as the council has often sided with the conservatives.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/news.asp?ArticleID=23956 (560 words)

	Foreign policy decisions in Iran: three institutions’ const...
		The Expediency Council is effectively the most competent body for determining foreign policy given its unique composition, which includes both those who currently hold an official position and those who are otherwise well-known and powerful personalities in the establishment.
		Moreover, the Expediency Council’s main responsibility is to act as the body in charge of giving advice to the Leader.
		The Leader, considering that the opinion of the Expediency Council is that of a body that represents the thinking within the regime, generally follows the advice given by this organ and leaves tough decisions to be handled there.
	www.iraniantrade.org /_NewsUpdates/000005c6.htm (1495 words)

	Prospects for Privatisation in the Third Five-Year Plan
		As the body in charge of upholding the higher interests of the nation, the Expediency Council can in fact decide that although a certain law is not in tune with the Constitution, it is needed all the same.
		In that regards it should not be forgotten that the Khatami government had asked the Expediency Council to review the plan and approve its outline before sending it on to the Majlis.
		The most recent example could be seen in November, when the Expediency Council finally ended the dispute between the Majlis and the Guardian Council allowing the establishment of foreign banking in Iran’s free trade zones.
	www.iraniantrade.org /_NewsUpdates/0000044d.htm (593 words)

	Protests grow in Iran over Expediency Council's direct lawmaking
		Constitutionally, the Guardians Council should seek budget from the government and the latter forward the request to the parliament, but, it bypassed both the government and the parliament, the MPs said in their strongly worded letter.
		The Guardians Council comprises six clerics, appointed by the Supreme Leader and six jurists, proposed by the Judiciary and voted by the parliament.
		The Expediency Council decided in its Saturday session to raise the Guardian Council's budget to more than rls 100 billion, up from rls 40.4 billion which the government had projected and the Majlis recently approved for the next Iranian year (starting on March 21, 2003).
	www.payvand.com /news/03/mar/1087.html (1554 words)

	RFE/RL Iran Report
		This is because the Expediency Council rewrote the law to enable the election of the new Guardians Council members.
		Then the Expediency Council ruled that candidates for the Guardian Council only needed a relative majority of the votes, so although most of the deputies cast blank ballots (162 out of 243), two of the candidates who lost before won this time.
		Predicting the way in which the Expediency Council rewrote the law to enable the election of the new Guardians Council members may have been difficult, but a look at the Expediency Council's membership would discourage one from thinking that its decision would favor the reformist parliamentarians.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/iran/2001/30-130801.html (3317 words)

	The Hindu : Term begins on a note of defeat
		What the Expediency Council proposed could hardly be categorised as a formula - it was more of an order and a severe snub to the reform-dominated Parliament.
		As per the directive issued after their Monday night meeting, the Expediency Council had ordered that if no one was elected by an absolute majority a second round of voting would be held.
		The reformers' effort to bring about changes in the Council of Guardians was doomed as soon as the matter was referred to the Expediency Council.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2001/08/09/stories/0309000d.htm (724 words)

	CNN.com - Iran emergency session ordered - August 5, 2001
		The Guardian Council consists of 12 members, six of whom are high clerics appointed by supreme leaders and another six who are lawyers nominated by the head of the judiciary branch.
		Three seats on the Guardian Council were up for election Saturday, and the parliament voted Saturday afternoon on a list of candidates submitted by the judiciary.
		Both the parliament and the judiciary are obliged to accept the Expediency Council's decision.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/meast/08/05/iran.khatami (510 words)

	ecoi.net - Focus countries » Iran » Politics & Law (Political analysis) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		According to the constitution, stalemates between parliament and the Guardian Council are to be resolved by the Expediency Council, a 31-member council appointed from among the different ideological currents in the leadership elite by the Supreme Leader and currently headed by former President Hashemi Rafsanjani.
		Khatami refused to send the bills to the Expediency Council on the grounds that his proposed legislation was neither unconstitutional nor un-Islamic, and instead urged the Guardian Council and the parliament to resolve the issue on their own.
		Co-existing with the Majlis is the Regime's Expediency Council (REC) or Majma-e- Tashkhis-e- Maslehat-e- Nezam.
	ecoi.weberhofer.at /doc/en/IR/content/2/2031-12360 (6604 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Iran's Strongman Plots Comeback Amid Domestic Political Struggle
		Prior to the council’s decision, radical-conservative legislators, who seek to rekindle the revolutionary fervor that created the Islamic republic in 1979, appeared poised to seize the political high ground in Tehran.
		"The intervention by the Expediency Council is an unprecedented decision, for revitalizing the economy," a reformist government spokesman, Abdullah Ramezanzadeh, said at an October 4 news conference.
		"The Expediency Council’s decision on Article 44 of the Constitution is a grave mistake," said an October 10 editorial published by the ultra-conservative Jomhoori Islami newspaper.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/eav101404.shtml (1163 words)

	Mohsen Rezaee - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mohsen Rezaee Mirgha'ed (محسن رضائی), born Sabzevar Rezaee Mirgha'ed in September 1954, is an Iranian politician, professor, and military commander, currently the Secretary of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran.
		Rezaee became the Chief Commander of Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps in 1981, when he was only twenty-seven years old, and remained in the post until 1997, when he left the militiary for the Expediency Discernment Council, where he became the Secretary and the Chair of the Commision for Macroeconomics and Commerce.
		While studying mechanics in Iran University of Science and Technology before the Revolution of Iran, Rezaee switched to economics after the war, studying in Tehran University, which he continued until receiving his PhD in 2001.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mohsen_Rezai (315 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		By law, the parliament is allowed to fill six seats on the 12-man Guardian Council, a powerful body which oversees legislation to assure it conforms to the values of Iran's Islamic Revolution.
		By leaving the Council with two vacant seats, the parliament sparked a political crisis over the inauguration because Iran's Constitution requires the Council to attend the event.
		The mediating body, the conservative Expediency Council, produced two rulings that not only ended the dispute but clearly showed the limits of the deputies' ability to challenge conservatives' power.
	www.rferl.org /features/2001/08/07082001115707.asp (1134 words)

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