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Topic: Expendable launch system

	Expendable launch system: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		Expendable launchers have been simple modifications of 1950s era ballistic missiles.
		Since the entire vehicle is discarded after launch, they may seem like an expensive launch method, but in practice they are cheaper than the space shuttle (see the shuttle article for a discussion of its economics).
		Most satellites are launched using expendable launchers because they are perceived as a having a low risk of mission failure, a short time to launch, and a relatively low cost.
	www.encyclopedian.com /la/Launch-vehicle.html (346 words)

	Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		An expendable launch system is a single-use launch vehicle usually used to launch a payload into space.
		Most satellites are launched using expendable launchers; they are perceived as having a low risk of mission failure, a short time to launch and a relatively low cost.
		Expendable launch systems typically consist of stages which are discarded one by one, in order not to have to carry and accelerate parts that are no longer needed, see staging and multistage rocket, as opposed to the as-yet theoretical single stage to orbit system.
	web.mit.edu /roshanak/www/launch.htm (272 words)

	Ariane 5
		It was originally designed to launch the manned mini shuttle Hermes too, thus it was intended to be "man rated[?]" from the beginning.
		Its first test flight on June 4, 1996 was a failure, with the rocket self-destructing 40 seconds after launch because of a malfunction in the control software, resulting in one of the most expensive computer bugs in history.
		The following launch did not occur until March 1, 2002, when the Envisat environmental satellite was successfully placed in orbit 800km above the Earth by the 11th launch.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ar/Ariane_5.html (526 words)

	Expendable launch system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An expendable launch system or expendable launch vehicle, ELV, is a single-use launch vehicle usually used to launch a payload into space.
		Expendable launch systems typically consist of stages which are discarded one by one, in order not to have to carry and accelerate parts that are no longer needed, as opposed to the as-yet theoretical single stage to orbit system.
		The Magellan probe was the first planetary spacecraft launched by a space shuttle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Expendable_launch_system (826 words)

	Ariane 4
		Ariane 4 was an expendable launch system, designed by the European Space Agency and manufactured by the French company Arianespace.
		The Ariane 4 provided a payload increase from 1700 kg for the Ariane 3 to a maximum of 4800 kg to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO, the record for a Ariane 4 to GTO was 4946 kg).
		The Ariane 4 AR 40 was the basic version, with three stages, 58.4 metres high, a diameter of 3.8 metres, a liftoff mass of 245 tonnes and a maximum payload of 2100 kg to GTO or 5000kg to Low Earth orbit (LEO).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ar/Ariane_4.html (298 words)

	Chapter 2 - Alternatives Including the Proposed Action DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (DEIS) FOR THE EVOLVED ...
		The Atlas IIA is launched from SLC-36 at Cape Canaveral AS and SLC-3E from Vandenberg AFB.
		The Delta II is launched from SLC-17 at Cape Canaveral AS and from SLC-2W at Vandenberg AFB.
		The Titan IVB is launched from SLC-40 and SLC-41 at Cape Canaveral AS and from SLC-4E at Vandenberg AFB.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/launch/eelv-deis/2-2.htm (979 words)

	HL-20 Model for Personnel Launch System Research
		Titan III is an existing booster system which could be used for unmanned prototype launches or would require modification to be used as a manned system.
		Choice of a launch system for the HL-20 PLS would depend both on the required date of initial PLS operations and the cost of booster development and launches.
		For on-the-pad emergencies or during launch where time is a critical element (launch vehicle fire or explosion), the HL-20 would be equipped with emergency escape rockets which can rapidly thrust the PLS away from the booster.
	oea.larc.nasa.gov /PAIS/HL-20.html (2359 words)

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		The system shall also be resilient enough to recover from a downing event or other delays which may cause the system not to meet the launch rate requirements in RFP Annex C-1.
		The EELV system shall be capable of withstanding and protecting the payload from the natural environments during pre-launch and launch operations.
		The EELV system design shall be such that hazards to personnel, to the system, and to the associated equipment are either eliminated or controlled throughout all phases of the life cycle.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/launch/eelvrfp1/annex_c.htm (4047 words)

	Launch Technologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These systems form the Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) The basic premise is simple: take a long, hollow, aerodynamic tube with a directed nozzle, fill it with an explosive compound, and make a way to control the whole thing.
		Starting from the 1960 launch of the unmanned Mercury 1 and then the 1962 launch of Vostok 1, carrying Yuri Gagarin into space, the entirety of launch vehicles was that the majority of the spacecraft would propel a relatively small capsule to space and then be expended on re-entry.
		Currently, single stage or two stage expendable launch systems are used in most nations as the primary method of sending material to space.
	www.techxplore.org /2005_projects/starjump/launch_tech.html (380 words)

	Space Launch Corporation - Creative Solutions for the Business of Space Launch : Products
		At the Space Launch Corporation, we are dedicated to identifying and solving those problems which are of paramount importance to operators and manufacturers of small and university-class payloads.
		This system is comprised of two major subsystems - the launch platform (carrier aircraft) and an air-launched booster.
		The launch platform is a standard jet aircraft suitably modified to carry and deploy the booster vehicle.
	www.spacelaunch.com /products.asp (227 words)

	Frontier Status #75 - 12 December 1997
		The launch system was then grounded by the FAA until a venting system was installed on the 4th stage.
		The 4th stage was modified by Orbital and cleared for launch by the FAA on Dec 11 (SC; LS; Flatoday).
		Launched Nov 27 on a Japanese H-2 rocket, the TRMM is a joint NASDA/NASA mission (LS).
	www.frontierstatus.com /fs0075.shtml (2337 words)

	Stavatti Launch Vehicle and Missle Systems
		Although a producer of expendable launch vehicles, guided aircraft missiles and guided ballistic missiles for orbital and strategic purposes, interplanetary launch and space vehicle systems are Stavatti‘s space business niche.
		The mainstay Stavatti launch systems will consist of major reusable launch vehicles which are built on earth for the purpose of transporting passengers and cargo to the Moon, Mars and beyond.
		Stavatti is currently engaged in the conceptual design of numerous expendable and reusable launch vehicles, missile systems, hybrid and nuclear space propulsion units and manned spacecraft.
	www.stavatti.com /launch_vehicles.html (1026 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: National Environmental Policy Act; Genesis Mission
		NASA is proposing to launch the Genesis mission, which would deliver a single spacecraft into a halo orbit about the L1 point, approximately 1.5 million kilometers (km) [0.93 million miles (mi)] away from the Earth (approximately 1 percent of the Earth-Sun distance).
		Air emissions during the launch produced by the solid propellant graphite epoxy motors and liquid first stage primarily include carbon monoxide, hydrochloric acid, aluminum oxide in soluble and insoluble forms, carbon dioxide, and deluge water mixed with propellant by-products.
		In addition to the impacts that might be expected to arise from a normal launch, launch accident scenarios have been addressed and indicate no expected significant impact to the environment.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2001/April/Day-24/i10070.htm (2462 words)

	CNN - Boeing set for record-setting launch - August 16, 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The launch, which costs in the $100 million range, is set for 12:37 a.m.
		After Tuesday's launch, the plan is for three more launches aboard Soyuz rockets and then a final Delta II launch in December.
		Through the end of this year, Delta II rockets also will be used to launch a GPS satellite for the military in September at Cape Canaveral, possibly three Iridium satellites in October from Vandenberg in October and two NASA satellites from Vandenberg in December.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/space/9908/16/delta2.launch/index.html (538 words)

	HL-20
		During launch a fairing from the Titan IV booster to the spacecraft would have had solid rocket motors (154,000 kgf) for launch abort, with parachutes for a tail-down water landing.
		A future launch system option at that time was the National Launch System under study by the Air Force and NASA.
		For on-the-pad emergencies or during launch where time is a critical element (launch vehicle fire or explosion), the HL-20 would be equipped with emergency escape rockets that would rapidly thrust the PLS away from the booster.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/hl20.htm (3230 words)

	ITT Systems Division - Spaceport Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Systems Division is a leader in launch range instrumentation modernization and services, with more than 43 years of experience in every aspect of launch support.
		Systems Division provides “The Runway to Space” as a leading supplier of safe, reliable, and efficient space launch services for the US DOD and other Government agencies.
		SSI provides processing and launch facilities that ensure easy access, integrated launch services, and low cost in maintaining an environment that is conducive to increasing US competitiveness in the international marketplace.
	www.ittsystems.com /products/spaceport.html (336 words)

	Sea Launch Past Launches - XM-2
		The Sea Launch Zenit-3SL rocket lifted off from the Odyssey Launch Platform precisely on schedule at 2:33 pm PST on March 18, 2001.
		Built by Boeing Satellite Systems of El Segundo, Calif., the 702 model satellites are the most powerful spacecraft built to date.
		Sea Launch has posted video coverage of the launches and the pre-launch activities on the Video Archive page.
	www.sea-launch.com /past_xm2.html (427 words)

	Launch Vehicles
		The Atlas V debuts in a commercial launch from Cape Canaveral in July 2003.
		Aerospace is also supporting the Air Force in a demonstration program for the Affordable Responsive Spacelift (ARES) launch system, a concept developed to create a transformational spacelift capability for a wide range of payload classes and featuring a reusable fly-back booster with expendable upper stages.
		The last launch of an Atlas from this family of vehicles was the Atlas III MLV-15 mission, which launched an NRO spacecraft in February 2004.
	www.aero.org /programs/launch.html (772 words)

	Boeing: Delta Expendable Launch Vehicle Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The decision was driven primarily by national policy, as NASA planned to launch subsequent satellites onboard the Space Shuttle.
		It is a medium-lift launch vehicle with a payload capability of 4,120 pounds to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO).
		Systems include communication and tracking; guidance, navigation, and control; thermal control; command and data handling; and a secondary electrical power system.
	www.boeing.com /defense-space/space/delta/deltainfo.htm (1139 words)

	Factsheets : Delta II Launch Vehicle : Delta II Launch Vehicle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Delta II is an expendable launch, medium-lift vehicle used to launch Global Positioning System satellites into orbit, providing navigational data to military users.
		The first Delta was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla., on May 13, 1960 and had the ability to deliver a 100-pound spacecraft into geostationary transfer orbit.
		The Delta II is launched from Cape Canaveral AFS and Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif. Members of Air Force Space Command's 45th Space Wing, with headquarters at Patrick AFB, Fla., and 30th Space Wing at Vandenberg AFB are responsible for the Delta II's military launch missions.
	www.af.mil /factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=97 (667 words)

	ATI's Launch Vehicle Systems-Reusable course (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The seminar is taught from the point-of-view of reusable launch vehicle decision makers.
		The similarities, and differences between expendable and reusable vehicle systems, design and performance are compared and explained to help understand the optimum launch vehicle design.
		Expendable Launch Vehicles (ELV) as the Baseline for RLV Technology.
	www.aticourses.com /launch_vehicle_systems_reusable.htm (856 words)

	Space Launch Corporation - Creative Solutions for the Business of Space Launch : Current Projects
		DARPA established the goal of creating a launch system capable of responsively and routinely placing small payloads into orbit at significantly reduced cost.
		The RASCAL system was designed to be a highly responsive, economical launch system capable of placing a 150 kg payload into low-Earth-orbit for $10,000 / kg.
		The RASCAL system consisted of a reusable aircraft as the launch platform and a two-stage expendable rocket vehicle (ERV) for accelerating a payload to orbital velocity.
	www.spacelaunch.com /content/projects/rascal/rascal.asp (434 words)

	CNN - Delta launch helps Globalstar system hit its mark - July 26, 1999
		launch on Sunday from Cape Canaveral Air Station in Florida was a milestone in the history of the global telephone and paging company as it needed to get at least 32 satellites into space for its late September service start.
		Schwartz said it was a relief to have the 32-satellite baseline in place for Globalstar as satellite launches always carry some risk.
		"Ten percent of all satellite launches fail so that every time we succeed with one it is a very big plus for us," he said.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/space/9907/26/delta.launch/index.html (491 words)

	Wikinfo \| Energia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Energia (or Energiya, Энергия; in Russian) rocket was a Soviet craft that was designed at TsAGI to serve as a heavy-lift expendable launch system as well as a booster for the Buran Space Shuttle.
		Work on the Energia/Buran system began in 1976 after the decision was made to cancel the unsuccessful N-1 superbooster.
		It is still used on the Baikonur-launched Zenit and on the Sea Launch floating launch platform system, which is built around the Zenit.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=energia (537 words)

	Space And Transatmospheric Propulsion Technology
		Near-term goals in space transportation are aimed at the development of an expendable launch system for transporting materials to geostationary orbit, technology for unmanned space-to-ground transportation, and fundamental RandD for long-term manned space transportation capabilities.
		The remaining two propulsion systems were a scramjet engine concept intended for eventual hypersonic applications and a newly announced Mach 5 turbojet/ turboramjet engine being developed for high-speed commercial transportation.
		The propulsion systems of primary interest appeared to be those for the Mach 3 to Mach 6 range for the low-Mach-number portion of hypersonic cruise or SSTO vehicles, strap-on booster augmentation engines for launch systems, or air-breathing engines for a civilian SST.
	www.wtec.org /loyola/ar93_94/stpt.htm (1456 words)

	Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle system: the next step in affordable space transportation - Military Space Programs ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		EELV's overarching objectives are to develop a national, expendable launch capability that reduces the overall recurring cost of launch by at least 25 percent over existing systems, while at a minimum maintaining the reliability, operability, and capability levels of current launch systems.
		The EELV program consists of two modular families of commercially owned and operated launch vehicles (Delta IV and Atlas V), and their associated launch site and manufacturing infrastructure, ground support systems, standard payload interfaces, and mission integration and launch operations activities.
		Evolved from current expendable launch systems and developed via a revolutionary cost-sharing commercial business strategy, both EELV systems will support the entire range of U.S. military, intelligence, civil, and commercial mission requirements.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0KAA/is_2_31/ai_85919023 (748 words)

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