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Topic: Expendable launch vehicles

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	Launch Vehicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Proton K launch vehicle is used as a three-stage vehicle primarily to launch large space station type payloads into low earth orbit and in its four-stage configurations to launch spacecraft into high-energy (geosynchronous transfer, geosynchronous and interplanetary) trajectories.
		The launch vehicle is accelerating generally in the direction of the Earth's orbital motion (in addition to using Earth's rotational speed), which has an average velocity of approximately 100,000 km per hour along its orbital path.
		For an interplanetary launch, the window is constrained typically within a number of weeks by the location of Earth in its orbit around the sun, in order to permit the vehicle to use Earth's orbital motion for its trajectory, while timing it to arrive at its destination when the target planet is in position.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/lec17.html (6618 words)

	INTRODUCTION TO FUTURE LAUNCH VEHICLE PLANS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Expendable launch vehicles directly or indirectly derived from ICBMs immediately became the preferred option, although the U.S. Air Force and NASA also investigated suborbital hypersonic jet- or rocket-powered aircraft such as the X-15 & XB-70.
		The main SSTO drawback was such vehicles would have to be very large and heavy, but Bono claimed the problem could be avoided by using expendable drop tanks to reduce the size of the reentry vehicle.
		The orbiter propellants were moved to a expendable drop tanks just like Lockheed and others had proposed in the 1960s, and the winged flyback booster was replaced by a simplified unmanned version that would be recovered and reused after falling back into the sea.
	www.abo.fi /~mlindroo/SpaceLVs/Slides/sld001.htm (2689 words)

	Future Launch Systems
		For reusable launch vehicles to be feasible, processing timelines must be shortened to less than four days; longer timelines will drive fleet size and processing facility requirements to unaffordable levels.
		Reusable launch vehicles are commonly proposed as responsive and inexpensive alternatives to expendable rockets.
		According to Aerospace analyses, reusable launch vehicles that have been optimized for minimum dry mass have staging velocities (that is, the velocity at which the second stage deploys) roughly between Mach 10.5 and 11.5.
	www.aero.org /publications/crosslink/winter2004/08.html (3177 words)

	Basics of Space Flight Section III. Space Flight Operations
		The Delta IV family of launch vehicles is capable of carrying payloads ranging from 4,210 kg to 13,130 kg to GTO.
		Launch Vehicle Integration There is a long, detailed process of planning how we integrate the spacecraft to the launch vehicle so that everything will work properly.
		This includes making sure the spacecraft will fit inside the launch vehicle's payload fairing, making sure the spacecraft won't be damaged by the forces put on it during launch, and ensuring that the launch vehicle will put the spacecraft on the right trajectory to get where it needs to go.
	www2.jpl.nasa.gov /basics/bsf14-1.html (3285 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: National Environmental Policy Act; Final Environmental Assessment for Launch of NASA Routine ...
		The use of these ELVs and launch sites for the launch of the routine payload spacecraft has been analyzed and is within the scope of existing NEPA documents for operations at these launch facilities.
		The ELVs proposed for launching the routine payload spacecraft represent domestic (U.S.) ELVs that would be suitable for launching the routine payload spacecraft, potentially be available during the 2002- 2012 period, have documented environmental impacts, and utilize existing launch facilities.
		The launch vehicles selected for summary in the Final EA are the Atlas V (largest solids from CCAFS), Delta IV (largest solids from VAFB), Delta II 2925 (largest hypergolic propellant load from CCAFS), and the Titan II (largest hypergolic propellant load from VAFB).
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2002/June/Day-18/i15348.htm (2117 words)

	The Next Generation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Expendable means that every time one is launched, it’s not reused, and it doesn’t return intact.
		With the inaugural launch in August 2002, it was the beginning of a $500 million contract to launch seven vehicles.
		Approximately eight hours before a launch, the rocket is moved to the launch pad on a mobile launch platform used to stack, transport and launch the Atlas V. This eliminates the need for the mobile service tower used by Atlas II and III rockets to support vehicle servicing and launch operation activities.
	www.af.mil /news/airman/0303/space.html (1762 words)

	SPACE.com -- Panel: NASA Needs New Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicles
		But NASA could take the same step-by-step approach with its space shuttle launch vehicle with the advantage of already having a human-rated system to build on.
		The system could then be gradually upgraded with a larger external tank and booster to loft 200,000 pounds (90,750 kilograms) by 2015, leading to an in-line ultra-heavy launch vehicle.
		Lockheed Martin is also developing a heavy-lift version of its Atlas launch vehicle for 2006.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/launch_vehicles_040429.html (527 words)

	SMC Historical Overview Launch Vehicles
		The earliest launch vehicles used by the Air Force were Thor and Atlas missiles modified by the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division and Space Systems Division to serve as space boosters.
		The launch, which had occurred the day before, was the first unclassified launch of a DSP satellite and the first and only launch of a DSP satellite by the Shuttle.
		Launched for the first time in June 1989, the Titan IV could be used with either an IUS or a newly-developed version of the Centaur upper stage.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/smc_hist/SMCHOV9.HTM (1925 words)

	Stavatti Launch Vehicle and Missle Systems
		The mainstay Stavatti launch systems will consist of major reusable launch vehicles which are built on earth for the purpose of transporting passengers and cargo to the Moon, Mars and beyond.
		Understanding that the exploration of space is a risky and ultimately extremely beneficial undertaking, the mission of the launch vehicles division is to expand the envelope further than ever before.
		Stavatti is currently engaged in the conceptual design of numerous expendable and reusable launch vehicles, missile systems, hybrid and nuclear space propulsion units and manned spacecraft.
	www.stavatti.com /launch_vehicles.html (1026 words)

	Expendable Launch Vehicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		While we generally believe that a reusable launch vehicle is the way to go, there are a number of things that make an expendable launch vehicle more attractive than you might expect.
		An expendable rocket that gets a payload up to the end of the tether could be taken along with the payload and used as part of the future ballast.
		So the ELV could be cheaper to use while growing a tether even if it was twice the price per launch.
	spacetethers.com /elv.html (626 words)

	Expendable Launch Vehicles
		Expendable Launch Vehicles, or ELV's, are vehicles designed to launch a payload into space.
		An expendable launch vehicle is made up of one or more rocket stages.
		After each stage has burned its compliment of propellant, it is expended (jettisoned from the vehicle) and left to crash back to Earth.
	www.spaceandtech.com /spacedata/elvs/elvs.shtml (87 words)

	Rocket Man Blog: Where are the RLV’s? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Sputnik was launched into space aboard a converted ballistic missile, and except for the somewhat reusable Space Shuttle, all objects launched into space since then have used expendable launch vehicles similar to that very first missile.
		We conclude that the market for a reusable launch vehicle is fundamentally different from the market for launch services, and would be capable of growing fast enough to provide the income stream necessary to support the $3-7 billion investment that appears to be needed to develop a reusable launch vehicle.
		The reusable vehicle would be designed to create a market for manned access to space and, as the number of vehicle operators grew, would result in a large excess of orbital launch capacity and serve to drive down the price for launch services.
	www.rocketmanblog.com /2003/12/where_are_the_r.html (3144 words)

	Micro-X Vehicles
		Their objective is to produce a vehicle that demonstrates the technology necessary for military RLVs, without the added burden of actually delivering a payload to orbit.
		While the chute is not large enough to slow the vehicle, it both reorients the vehicle so that the engine thrust is opposite the flight path and stabilizes the vehicle in its reversed flight.
		A Micro-X vehicle configured for horizontal landing uses many of the same structural components and subsystems as a vehicle built to land vertically, but it adds wings and landing gear to the concept.
	www.afrlhorizons.com /Briefs/Jun05/VA0410.html (1241 words)

	Sidebar: Air Meets Space, November 2003
		Expendable unmanned platforms launch satellite payloads into space or deliver munitions with precision to targets on the ground.
		Air Force Space Command is transitioning its current mix of medium and heavy lift expendable boosters to the new Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle for space launch.
		Nevertheless, expendable launch vehicles may have reached maturity levels where only modest improvements may be made.
	www.memagazine.org /contents/current/features/airpow/sidebar.html (441 words)

	Delta Expendable Launch Vehicle
		The Delta rocket, derived from the Thor intermediate-range ballistic missile, was America's first launch vehicle designed and produced for space exploration.
		However, after the 1986 Challenger accident, policy again changed and expendable launch vehicles once again were used to launch commercial satellites.
		Development of the Delta IV family of medium-to-heavy launch vehicles is currently underway, and the first launch of a Delta IV is planned for 2002.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Dictionary/DELTA/DI148.htm (300 words)

	Space Launch Report Web Log
		The second launch vehicle will be a heavy-lift SDLV able to lift 80-100 tonnes to LEO.
		They are predicted to cost less to develop than any comparable heavy lift design because they would use the existing shuttle launch infrastructure and because they would not change the SRB and ET components of the existing launch system.
		Identified as “Magnum”, this launch vehicle typically provided the lowest cost per kg to orbit in trade studies.
	www.geocities.com /launchreport/blog004.html (1023 words)

	Delta Expendable Launch Vehicles Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Delta II family of medium-capacity expendable launch vehicles is available in a wide variety of vehicle and fairing configurations, with payload delivery options ranging from 1–2 metric tons (2,200–4,400 lb) to GTO and 2.8–-5.8 metric tons (6,300-12,800 lb) to LEO.
		The Delta III launch vehicle meets a growing worldwide demand for medium lifters to launch commercial satellites in the 4-metric-ton class.
		Delta IV The Boeing Delta IV launch vehicle family meets government and commercial customer needs for launches of payloads ranging from 4,210 kg (9,285 lb) to 13,130 kg (28,950 lb) to GTO.
	www.boeing.com /defense-space/space/delta/delta_overview.htm (506 words)

	LAUNCH SUPPORT
		The anticipated Taurus launch rate is planned to grow from 2 flights in 1991, to as many as six or seven per year by 1995.
		As a space launch vehicle, NASP was thought to promise aircraft-style safety and convenience with operating costs that would be a fraction of those of conventional rockets or the Space Shuttle.
		It was intended to replace the present expendable launch vehicle family, by offering the potential for improved space mission capability, along with the operational advantages inherent with rapid routine access to space.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/launch/overview.htm (6130 words)

	Medium Launch Vehicles for Satellite Delivery
		With this strategy in mind, DOD and NASA began to launch the last of their expendable launch vehicles and stopped investing in any facilities, infrastructure, and range systems that were not required to support the space shuttle.
		President Reagan directed federal programs to reinstate an expendable launch vehicle capability for all future routine satellites as well as for DOD satellite programs previously on the space shuttle manifest.
		The medium-lift launch vehicle program is still compiling an excellent track record, with 11 of 11 Atlas/DOD launches and 37 of 38 Delta II launches achieving ultimate mission success.
	www.aero.org /publications/crosslink/winter2003/06.html (2200 words)

	FAA Issues Rulemaking for Expendable Launch Vehicles
		The agency also intends to codify the safety requirements for launch operators regarding license requirements, criteria, and responsibilities in order to protect the public from the hazards of such launches.
		These safety requirements would apply to all licensed launches of expendable launch vehicles whether from a federal launch site or a non-federal launch site.
		This notice provides information regarding the criteria for obtaining a launch license, the responsibilities with which a launch licensee must comply, and operational requirements.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/launchers-00o.html (329 words)

	Launch Vehicles - Launch Vehicle
		Launch Vehicles use various methods in order to reach space.
		They are referred to as Expendable Launch Vehicles.
		To be used for space transport to the ISS and for manned moon missions.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /launchvehicles (119 words)

	John F. Kennedy Space Center - Expendable Launch Vehicles
		The short answer: According to Einstein the presence of a gravitational field alters the rules of geometry in space-time.
		The team is proceeding forward with a launch date of Monday, April 19, at 1:01:20 p.m.
		A NASA spacecraft designed to test two important predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity is set to launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., at 1 p.m.
	www.ksc.nasa.gov /elvnew/gpb (361 words)

	SPACE.com -- New Delta IV Rocket Launches Successfully in Flight Debut
		The added engines allow the rocket to launch 50,800 pounds (23.040 kilograms) of payload into low Earth orbit and 28,950 pounds (13,130 kilograms) to geosynchronous orbits, which is twice as much cargo that the standard single-core versions.
		Today's successful launch paves the way for two future missions for the U.S. Air Force, which has tapped the Delta 4 Heavy to launch a Defense Launch Support satellite for missile-detection and classified payload for the National Reconnaissance Office.
		While today's launch marked the first flight of the Delta 4 Heavy, it is the fourth liftoff for Boeing's Delta 4 family since its debut in 2002.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/delta4hvy_launch_041221.html (941 words)

	Launch Vehicles for International Space Station Alpha
		- The base launch vehicle of the Ariane 5 family is the Ariane 5G which uses the Vulcain 1 engine for the first stage and the HM-7 engine for the second stage.
		Note: The maiden flight of the Ariane 5 ECA launch vehicle ended in failure on December 11, 2002.
		The EELV was also considered to launch the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) to ISS and return to the Moon but the Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) "Stick" design was chosen instead (Crew Lift Vehicle).
	www.geocities.com /i_s_s_alpha/launch_vehicles.htm (1235 words)

	space launch.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Lockheed Martin Astronautics' Atlas V, a contender in the Air Force's Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle competition, continues to progress with successful aerodynamics testing.
		Forecasted to reduce the nation's launch costs approximately 25 to 50 percent in a 20-year period, the EELV will replace the current fleet of expendable launch vehiclesthe Delta, Atlas and Titanwith a more affordable family of space launch vehicles.
		The Air Force intends to launch approximately 10 EELV government missions per year in a 20-year period, scheduled to begin in 2001.
	www.arnold.af.mil /aedc/highmach/stories/launch.htm (400 words)

	Boeing's Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle EELV
		These designs may result in significant reductions in launch costs, but the reduced costs are unlikely to beat the Air Force's goal of a twenty-five percent reduction.
		They are extremely efficient and, if they can be recovered and re-used without substantially increasing the overall complexity of the launch vehicle, they have the potential of radically lowering launch costs.
		With SeaLaunch, Boeing has demonstrated a willingness to expend substantial corporate resources on risky commercial launch endeavors, and, after their merger with McDonnell Douglas, the company is expected to have near-term access to large quantities of "free" cash.
	www.speakeasy.org /~donaldfr/boeing.htm (1309 words)

	Boeing: Integrated Defense Systems - Delta Launch Vehicles
		Following a contract from the U.S. Air Force for 20 launch vehicles, the newer, more powerful Delta II version emerged in 1989.
		The Delta IV family of medium-to-heavy launch vehicles is now operational.
		The first commercial Delta IV order was announced in Dec. 1999, and the first Delta IV launched with a commercial payload, Eutelsat's W5, took place on Nov. 20, 2002.
	www.boeing.com /defense-space/space/delta (474 words)

	National Space Launch Strategy, NSPD-4, July 10, 1991 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		(l) A mixed fleet comprised of the Space Shuttle and existing expendable launch vehicles will be the primary U.S. government means to transport people and cargo to and from space through the current decade and will be important components of the nation's launch capability well into the first decade of the 21st century.
		Disposition options will be evaluated in terms of their consistency with U.S. national security and foreign policy interests, available agency resources, defense industrial base considerations, and with due regard to economic impact on the commercial space sector, promoting competition, and the longterm public interest.
		The goal of this launch program is to greatly improve national launch capability with reductions in operating costs and improvements in launch system reliability, responsiveness and mission performance.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/nspd4.htm (1389 words)

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