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Topic: Expenditure function

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	Expenditure Function Codes Defined
		This subcategory includes expenditures for formally organized and/or budgeted activities that provide computing support, collectively, to the three primary programs of instruction, research, and public service. Excluded from this category is administrative data processing, which is classified as institutional support.
		The auxiliary enterprise category includes all expenditures relating to the operation of auxiliary enterprises, including expenses for operation and maintenance of plant and institutional support. Also included are other direct and indirect costs, whether charged directly as expenses or allocated as a proportionate share of costs of other departments or units.
		The independent operations category includes expenditures that are independent of or unrelated to, but that may enhance the primary missions of, an institution. This category generally is limited to expenses associated with major federally funded research laboratories.
	www.virginia.edu /integratedsystem/howdoi/HTML/REF4000U.htm (1572 words)

	Dale Jorgenson's Collected Works
		Social welfare is transformed into a money metric by defining a social expenditure function in terms of the minimum aggregate expenditure required to attain a given level of welfare, as in section 1.4 of chapter 1.
		While the social expenditure function is a much less familiar concept than the individual expenditure function, the application of these concepts is precisely analogous.
		A between group welfare function is then defined on the group welfare functions in the same way a social welfare function is defined on individual welfare functions in chapter 1.
	post.economics.harvard.edu /faculty/jorgenson/colwork/welfarep2.html (6288 words)

	Classification Manual - Chapter 8: Expenditure
		This is achieved through statistics on government expenditure that are reported on the basis of purpose (or function) and on the nature of the expenditure involved (or character and object).
		Expenditure includes all amounts of money paid out by a government during its fiscal year--net of recoveries and other correcting transactions--other than for retirement of debt, purchase of investment securities, extension of loans, and agency or private trust transactions.
		Expenditures relating to utility facilities owned but leased to others for operation (reported as general expenditure), except where the government maintains day-to-day financial oversight of the utility operation.
	www.census.gov /govs/www/class_ch8.html (1909 words)

	Public Spending by Function
		Functional categories are based on the UN Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG), the international standard.
		Functional analyses differ from departmental spending analyses because they include local authorities as well as central government, and devolved authorities as well as English departments.
		Public spending by function data are published annually in chapters 4 and 5 of Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses (PESA).
	www.hm-treasury.gov.uk /economic_data_and_tools/finance_spending_statistics/pes_function/function.cfm (428 words)

	Model
		This paper uses a double logarithmic function as the hypothesised form of the expenditure function.
		In addition, it is more appropriate than other functions when the income range is narrow and consumption is expressed in terms of expenditure rather than quantity of the commodity in question (Goreux 1960).
		This is because socio- demographic characteristics capture expenditure shifts that are caused by life cycle, differences in tastes and preferences, and infrastructure of households.
	www.ilri.cgiar.org /InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/Workp31/Model.htm (659 words)

	Measuring Benefits of the Safe Drinking Water Act
		Originally it was argued that observed expenditures on averting activities that reduce the harmful consequences of water pollution, such as installation of water filters and use of bottled water, provide limited or no revealed preference information for the purpose of valuation.
		However, if we assume a functional form for indirect utility, it is possible to derive demand and expenditure functions, and, therefore, to use parameters of these estimated functions to impute exact measures of WTP for pollution reduction in terms of utility-preserving expenditures.
		This suggests that the expenditure function must be specified in the form that allows isolation of expenditures associated with specific outputs such as water quality.
	www.duke.edu /~subrendu/abstract.htg/dwaere.html (938 words)

	Goods Market Equilibrium
		The aggregate expenditure (AE) function is the sum of all sources of expenditure in the economy.
		The AE function is shown to be upward sloping and the slope of the AE function is the same as the slope of the Consumption (C) function when capitation taxes (T) are used.
		Thus, the intercept of the AE function is autonomous expenditure (AEXP) is the intercept on the vertical axis and equation [6] is restated:
	nova.umuc.edu /~black/goodsmkt.html (779 words)

	New Virtual U - Home
		Most of the expenditure functions are self-explanatory, but the two involving departments require a brief explanation.
		The aggregate revenue and expenditure model determines the overall level of faculty salary growth, but it is silent as to how this sum should be allocated across departments and faculty groups.
		Expenditure changes will be limited to variables that: (i) do not exert a direct effect on revenue; (ii) do not represent contractual commitments.
	www.virtual-u.org /documentation/hetd_23.asp (4905 words)

	The expenditure function is E = U(p1 + p2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The expenditure function is E = U(p1 + p2)
		, which implies the function is homogeneous of degree 2 in prices, so it is not an expenditure function.
		Notice that either violation means that the function is not an expenditure function, so there is no point to showing both.
	www.ucc.ie /~sjostrom/ma/guide.htm (916 words)

	Untitled
		The components of consumption and imports that are determined independently of GDP are referred to as the autonomous components of consumption and import expenditures.
		The consumption function is the relationship between planned consumption expenditure and disposable income, holding all other factors constant.
		AD will decrease whenever autonomous expenditure decreases for any reason other than an increase in P. Note that a change in autonomous expenditure in the amount X will cause AD to shift by an amount greater than X because the autonomous expenditure multiplier is greater than 1.
	www.econ.iastate.edu /classes/econ102/falk/LE112004.htm (1881 words)

	LECTURE #6
		The budget line that is tangent to the indifference curve has the property that it represents the cheapest amount of expenditure needed to achieve the given level of utility.
		The change in expenditure ($5) is obtained by multiplying the change in price ($1), times the number of units I was originally consuming (5).
		felicity function (to distinguish it from the utility function).
	ist-socrates.berkeley.edu /~sgoldman/101a/Lectures/06-TO-08.htm (3325 words)

	The Keynesian Cross (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Using the expenditure approach, the GDP is measured by adding up all household consumption spending, investment spending, government purchases and net exports.
		Consider the consumption function, it starts at the vertical intercept, which corresponds to autonomous consumption and its slope is the marginal propensity to consume.
		The aggregate expenditure function crosses the 45° line at the point where the aggregate expenditure and aggregate income are equal.
	www.swlearning.com /economics/cebula/macro_b03_dialog.html (301 words)

	Budget Primer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Expenditures for general obligation bond indebtedness of the state shall be made as required regardless of the passage of the annual budget or the amount provided for in the prior fiscal year.
		Expenditures from all funds include both general revenue expenditures and expenditures from federal funds, restricted receipts, and other or special revenue funds.
		The 1990 Assembly instituted a limit on state expenditures commencing in fiscal year 1992 such that appropriations do not result in general fund expenditures exceeding 99.5 percent of general fund revenues in FY 1993, 98.5 percent in FY 1994 and 98.0 percent thereafter.
	www.budget.ri.gov /primer.htm (2653 words)

	Capital Expenditure Benchmarking Association
		To create a cooperative environment where full understanding of the performance and enablers of "best in class" capital expenditures processes can be obtained and shared at reasonable cost.
		To support the use of benchmarking to facilitate capital expenditures process improvement and the achievement of accuracy, timeliness and efficiency.
		CEBA™ will identify and present to members opportunities to participate in Benchmarking studies on various topics addressing issues of importance to the capital expenditures functions.
	www.cambc.com /ceba.html (643 words)

	Mathematical Economics (0018) David Collard. Week 2
		By analogy with the indirect utility function the consumer expenditure function (E) is
		You should be able to calculate both Hicksian demands and the consumer expenditure function, given a utility function.
		You should be able to derive consumer expenditure functions given an indirect utility function and vice-versa.
	www.bath.ac.uk /~hssdac/maths-2001-2/maths-2001-2-topic-2.htm (494 words)

	[No title]
		To find the composite function g(h(x)) when g is given in terms of u and u is given in terms of x, plug in the expression for u in terms of x in the formula for g and simplify.
		Section 1.2 Plotting of graphs, piece-wise functions Plotting of parabolas Discontinuities Intercepts The point at which the graph crosses(or touches) the X-axis is a X-intercept and similarly, the point at which the graph crosses(or touches) the Y-axis is the Y-intercept.
		Slope The constant m (co-efficient of x) in the linear function y = m x + b is called the slope of the straight line(which is the graph of the linear function).
	www.unc.edu /~kbala/math22/lecnotes.doc (2964 words)

	Glossary - A - North Carolina - SchoolMatters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At the school district level, Capital Expenditures exclude interfund transfers, payments made by states on behalf of school districts, transfers by some school districts in their own retirement system, and capital- and debt-related spending.
		The state comparison group at the school district level is calculated by averaging Capital Expenditures by Function for all school districts in the state.
		A measure that excludes expenditures that are less likely to directly support instruction, and that may lack comparability between school systems, such as daily expenditures for transportation, food services, and enterprise operations.
	www.schoolmatters.com /app/glossary/q/stid=34/site=pes/term=16702 (2864 words)

	REVIEW OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		However, there is a lack of consensus among these studies even about the direction of impact of key expenditure categories (e.g., positive or negative impact of the share of health, education and transport spending).
		That public expenditure should focus on services that the private sector will not provide or provides too little of implies that the first step in intersectoral or interprogram allocation should be to channel resources to those programs the private sector cannot undertake.
		The functional composition is based upon the direction of function toward which the expenditure is directed.
	www1.worldbank.org /education/economicsed/finance/public/gov_exp.htm (984 words)

	Impact Evaluation of COPS Grants in Large Cities
		The police expenditure function is specified with variables that are thought to predict police spending.
		To test this assumption, the reduced form equation (police expenditure function) is estimated by regressing police expenditures on all exogenous variables and then obtaining the residuals.
		The identification of fire department expenditures as a valid instrumental variable is an important contribution to the literature estimating the relationship between police and crime because instruments that are correlated with both crime and police force size can cause 2SLS estimates to be seriously in error.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Crime/cda06-03.cfm (9583 words)

	36-552 - Developmental disabilities function; expenditure limitation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A. The department shall function as the developmental disabilities authority for the state of Arizona.
		B. No provisions of this chapter shall be construed to give the department control of lawful activities of other governmental agencies or of activities of the universities or colleges of this state in the field of developmental disabilities, unless by specific contract or agreement therefor.
		E. The total amount of state monies that may be spent in any fiscal year by the department for developmental disabilities services pursuant to this chapter shall not exceed the amount appropriated or authorized by section 35-173 for that purpose.
	www.azleg.state.az.us /ars/36/00552.htm (174 words)

	CHAPTER 5. LEAKAGES AND INJECTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Although business investment expenditures are taken to be autonomous of income, they are in fact a function of the interest rate.
		Government expenditures (G) are considered by macroeconomists to be at the discretion of political decision makers or programmed by the political process, and thus are not amenable to behavioral modeling.
		, aggregate expenditure is greater than the amount of output being produced, inventories are depleating, and business decision makers can be expected to increase rates of ouput by increasing the useage of inputs until again the rate of output matches aggregate expenditure on them.
	facweb.furman.edu /~dstanford/macro/m5.htm (4030 words)

	Expenditure minimization problem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In microeconomics, the expenditure minimization problem is the dual problem to the utility maximization problem: "how much money do I need to be happy?".
		Formally, the expenditure function is defined as follows.
		It can be defined in terms of the expenditure function with the Marshallian demand correspondence
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Expenditure_minimization_problem (216 words)

	Practice Quiz
		The gap between the consumption function and the aggregate expenditure function represents:
		The slope of the aggregate expenditure function is:
		The same as the value of the slope of the consumption function.
	wps.prenhall.com /bp_ayers_macro_1/0,7010,486784-,00.utf8.html (706 words)

	TOTAL EVALUATION OF COLOMBIA WHEAT IMPORT DEMAND: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The functional form used in the specification has been widely criticized because it is not derivable from an underlying model of optimization behavior (Samarendu and Peterson, 1999).
		All expenditure elasticities indicate that wheat import demand is a normal good.
		The values of expenditure elasticities are consistent with the existing economic theory and perhaps the most interesting result is how small these elasticities are.
	www.nssa.us /nssajrnl/25_1/21-Osho-Columbia.htm (3882 words)

	Budget 97: Reports -- Table H6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Expenditure by function has been restated to conform more closely to the presentation used by Statistics Canada.
		The effect of this change is that the acquisition of certain capital assets is no longer charged to expenditure, rather these purchases are charged to capital asset accounts which are then in turn amortized or depreciated over the estimated useful life of the asset.
		The effect of this restatement is to reduce expenditure by $33 million in 1994/95 and by $22 million in 1995/96.
	www.fin.gov.bc.ca /archive/budget97/bg97th06.htm (115 words)

	The Cost Function
		The cost function and its analysis is due largely to the famous work of Paul Samuelson (1947) and Ronald Shephard (1953) [note: John Hicks (1939) obtained most of these relationships in the context of a consumer expenditure function].
		By Euler's Theorem, if a function is homogeneous of degree zero, then the sum of the arguments multiplied by their partial derivatives will be zero, i.e.
		Notice the implication: if we have a production function which has decreasing returns to scale throughout, then both our marginal and average cost functions are always rising; if it has increasing returns throughout, then both the marginal and average cost functions are falling throughout.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/essays/product/cost.htm (6868 words)

	Glossary - A - Pennsylvania - SchoolMatters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		These expenditures are associated with operating activities that directly support the instruction of students (e.g., instruction, administration, operations and maintenance, and related functions).
		Core Spending excludes expenditures that are less likely to directly support instruction, and that may lack comparability between school systems, such as daily operating expenditures for transportation, food services, and enterprise operations.
		It also excludes expenditures, such as building construction and debt payments, that fluctuate widely from one location to another and from one year to the next.
	www.schoolmatters.com /app/glossary/q/stid=39/site=pes/term=16726 (2901 words)

	Revenue and Expenditure Tables - Ministry of Education
		Comparison of Operating Expenditures for: 1996/97 Audited Financial Statements, 1997/98 final school district budgets, and 1998/99 preliminary school district budgets by district
		Budgeted operating expenditure by object of expenditures by district
		Budgeted operating expenditure by object of expenditure by district
	www.bced.gov.bc.ca /accountability/district/revenue/9899 (315 words)

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