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Topic: Exploration of Mars

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Mars (planet)

Mariner 9

Viking 2

Mars Global Surveyor

Mariner 6 and 7

Mars Science Laboratory

Phoenix (spacecraft)

Mars photos

Face on Mars

Mars Pathfinder

Mars Express

Mars 96

Mariner IV

Mars 1962B

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	Mars Exploration Rationale
		The human exploration of Mars will be an enterprise that confirms the potential for humans to leave their home planet and make their way outward into the cosmos.
		Mars' atmosphere consists largely of carbon dioxide, with a typical surface pressure of about.01 Earth atmospheres, and surface temperatures that may reach 25 C on the equator in mid-summer, but are generally much colder.
		The Reference Mission is not a program to settle Mars; however, the objectives of the Reference Mission are to establish the feasibility of and the technological basis for human settlement of the planet.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/marswhy.htm (1245 words)

	Exploration of Mars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In order to understand the history of the robotic exploration of Mars it is important to note that launch windows occur at intervals of 2.135 years, i.e.
		Mars Climate Orbiter is infamous for Lockheed Martin engineers mixing up the usage of imperial units with metric units, causing the orbiter to burn up while entering Mars' atmosphere.
		Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exploration_of_Mars (3657 words)

	Mars Exploration
		The Lunar and Mars Exploration Program Office (LMEPO) at the Johnson Space Center has led the architecture analysis effort and was responsible for coordinating and integrating the inputs received from the participating NASA Centers.
		This Mars simulation is initiated with the launch of three cargo missions to the lunar surface in early 2008 (Figure 2.3-3).
		The main emphasis of the lunar portion of the Mars Exploration Architecture is to use the Moon as a testbed for Mars.
	ares.jsc.nasa.gov /HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/DOCS/EIC031.HTML (20465 words)

	Missions to Mars - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		The start of Mars Global Surveyor’s science mission was delayed due to a problem with one of its solar panels that caused its aerobraking period (which reduced its initial orbit from an ellipse to a low-altitude, near circular one) to last for a year and a half.
		Mars Climate Orbiter was lost on September 23, 1999, when a mathematical conversion error placed the spacecraft too close to Mars at the time of orbital insertion.
		Mars Science Laboratory will be the next generation of rover, building on the successes of the Mars Exploration Rovers.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/our_solar_system/mars/missions.html (3011 words)

	The Case for Mars
		Mars Express - An ESA orbiter with lander Beagle II scheduled for launch in 2003.
		Mars Surveyor 2003 Lander - Originally scheduled for launch in 01, this NASA mission is now under review as an option for 2003.
		Mars Exploration Scenario, from Case for Mars II Workshop, 1984.
	spot.colorado.edu /~marscase/Home.html (827 words)

	The Mars Society - Main Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Mars related papers should be emailed in MS Word doc or Adobe pdf format to Frank Crossman.
		The Mars Society is seeking seven volunteers to participate as members of the crew of the Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station (FMARS) during an extended simulation of human Mars exploration operations on Devon Island (May 1 through August 31, 2007).
		The Mars Society has negotiated a discount rate for a limited block of rooms at the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel, which is hosting the conference and which is located centrally in the DC metro area just steps away from the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum.
	www.marssociety.org (4211 words)

	ISU Bioethics Outreach--Mars Exploration
		Thus, the Mars Sample Return mission has had to grapple with the question of whether such life could pose a threat to life on Earth.
		It is clear that the unmanned exploration of Mars will provide unique specimens for scientific study and, it is hoped, that much will be learned that will be useful to the scientific disciplines engaged in the studies.
		Assume that you are a member of the board governing the actions of the Mars Exploration Team.
	www.bioethics.iastate.edu /classroom/marsexploration.html (782 words)

	Planet Mars
		Reached Mars and successfully entered Mars orbit on September 11, 1997; uses aerobraking for achieving the low Mars orbit required for the intended orbital investigations of the Red Planet, to begin in early 1998.
		Japan's Nozomi (for Hope; former Planet B) Mars orbiter was successfully launched on July 4, 1998 with a M-V-3 rocket, and flew 2 Lunar swingbys on September 24 and on December 18, 1998, and one Earth swingby on December 20, 1998.
		This Mars orbiter mission is to perform the research originally scheduled for the lost Mars Climate Orbiter (Mars Surveyor 1998 Orbiter), i.e., Mars wheather and climate.
	www.seds.org /~spider/mars/mars1.html (2287 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Planets: Mars: Overview
		The red planet Mars has inspired wild flights of imagination over the centuries, as well as intense scientific interest.
		Whether fancied to be the source of hostile invaders of Earth, the home of a dying civilization, or a rough-and-tumble mining colony of the future, Mars provides fertile ground for science fiction writers, based on seeds planted by centuries of scientific observations.
		We know that Mars is a small rocky body once thought to be very Earth-like.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars (252 words)

	The Exploration of Mars
		After a quiet decade, Mars exploration took off again with the Mars Observer mission launched in 1992.
		The European Space Agency's Mars Express mission, including the Beagle 2 lander, arrived at Mars in December 2003.
		NASA launched twin Mars Exploration Rovers in June and July of 2003.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/mars/exploring/exploring_mars.html (400 words)

	APOD: July 16, 1995 - The Exploration of Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In July of 1965 the Mariner 4 spacecraft flew within 6,000 miles of Mars and returned 21 pictures of the mysterious red planet.
		NASA's continued exploration of Mars has produced detailed views of the red tinged Martian surface like the one shown above which is a composite of 102 images from the Viking missions to Mars.
		The exploration of Mars is chronicled by the Center For Mars Exploration.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap950716.html (171 words)

	MARS - Exploration
		pacecraft exploration of Mars began in 1964 with Mariner 4.
		The Lander camera and instruments returned data on the Mars atmosphere and surrounding terrain in an ancient floodplain in the Ares Vallis region.
		The spacecraft began high-resolution mapping of the Mars surface in March of 1999, and is still in operation today.
	www.nasm.si.edu /ceps/etp/mars/explore.html (587 words)

	Moon and Mars
		In January 2004, President George W. Bush outlined an ambitious plan for NASA's future exploration of the solar system.
		The plan includes human missions to the moon and Mars in search of the answers to many basic questions.
		Humans have the ability to respond to the unexpected developments inherent in space travel and possess unique skills that enhance discoveries.
	spaceflight1.nasa.gov /mars (151 words)

	Ambit's Mars Exploration EZ Links
		After a seven-month cruise to Mars and six months of aerobraking to reach its science orbit, the MRO's science instruments will zoom in for extreme close-up photography of the martian surface, analyze minerals, look for subsurface water, trace how much dust and water are distributed in the atmosphere, and monitor daily global weather.
		While previous cameras on other Mars orbiters could identify objects no smaller than a school bus, this camera will be able to spot something as small as a dinner table.
		Michael MacDonald's Mars MOLA Viewer will download this data for you and render it as a 3-D landscape which you can "fly" through in real-time.
	www.ambitweb.com /pf/pf.html (1481 words)

	Exploration of Mars--Astronomy/Space lesson plan (grades 9-12)--DiscoverySchool.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Each mission to Mars has made specific discoveries and raised questions to be answered by future missions.
		Let students know that since the 1960s, we have sent spacecraft to explore Mars and other places in our solar system that are most easily reached.
		For example, the spacecraft may have to generate a supply of oxygen on the surface of Mars in order to fuel the return home.
	school.discovery.com /lessonplans/programs/lifeonmars (1702 words)

	Explore Mars: History of Discovery
		This section of Explore Mars contains articles that explain the history of human discovery and understanding of Mars.
		A brief description of a number of discoveries and advances in human understanding of the planet Mars beginning at 1570BC and continuing thru 1799.
		A brief description of a number of discoveries and advances in human understanding of the planet Mars beginning at 1800 and continuing thru 1962.
	www.astrodigital.org /mars/history.html (147 words)

	Mars TV \| Mars Exploration Rovers - Mars Express - Beagle 2 - Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter \| SpaceRef - Space News As It ...
		Mars Exploration Rovers - Mars Express - Beagle 2 - Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
		Ready to Enter 'Endurance'(Stereo) - This stereo anaglyph looking toward the northeast across "Endurance Crater" in Mars' Meridiani Planum region was assembled from frames taken by the navigation camera on NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity during the rover's 131st martian day, or sol, on June 6, 2004.
		The picture is a mosaic of frames taken by the panoramic camera on NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity during the rover's 88th martian day on Mars, on April 23, 2004.
	www.mars.tv (1097 words)

	Mars Exploration: Home (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Engineers are striving to restore full communications with NASA's Mars Global Surveyor on the 10th anniversary of the spacecraft's Nov. 7, 1996, launch.
		NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has extended the long-armed antenna of its radar, preparing the instrument to begin probing for underground layers of Mars.
		NASA's newest spacecraft at Mars has completed the challenging half-year task of shaping its orbit to the nearly circular, low-altitude pattern from which it will scrutinize the planet.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov.cob-web.org:8888 (603 words)

	Mars Exploration: Missions
		As our knowledge and technologies grew, we began putting spacecraft in orbit around Mars for longer term, global studies.
		Today, we're not only landing in one place, but have shown that we can be mobile on the surface of Mars.
		Going below the ground will tell us more about the geology of the planet, the presence of water, and maybe even clues about whether Mars was ever a habitat for life.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /missions (171 words)

	Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Home
		This flash is showing time on Mars: Spirit: Current Sol, Time and Sols Past "Warranty"
		This flash is showing time on Mars: Opportunity: Current Sol, Time and Sols Past "Warranty"
		After reaching the top of "Husband Hill," NASA's Mars rover finds that sizing up the terrain depends on the point of view.
	marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov /home (200 words)

	Mars Exploration: Home
		NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has begun the final and fastest-paced portion of its "aerobraking" process of using friction with the top of Mars' atmosphere to shrink the spacecraft's orbit.
		August 8, 2006 is winter solstice on Mars, the shortest day of the Martian year.
		NASA's newest spacecraft at Mars has already cut the size and duration of each orbit by more than half, just 11 weeks into a 23-week process of shrinking its orbit.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov (599 words)

	Mars and Lunar Exploration Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Humans to Mars - Fifty Years of Mission Planning - 1950 to 2000 by David S. Portree (NASA SP-2001-4521) - A thorough, revealing and enlightening review of the 50-year history of planning of human missions to Mars up til 2000.
		Using full aero-assist at Mars, with LOX-LH2 propulsion used for Earth departure, the gear ratio for transfer from LEO to Mars orbit is ~5, and the gear ratio for transfer from LEO to the Mars surface is ~11.
		A recent (2006) NASA Mars mission plan was analyzed in terms of gear ratios and it was found that the estimated value of IMLEO was ~ 1700 metric tons (mT), whereas the NASA claim is that IMLEO = 446 mT. NASA plans for human missions to Mars appear to be somewhat optimistic.
	www.mars-lunar.net (2236 words)

	Maas Digital Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Roving Mars is currently playing in IMAX theaters across the US and Canada.
		Maas Digital's original Mars Rover video, plus six more minutes of original animation, are featured in Mars Dead or Alive, a PBS NOVA documentary.
		Copyright and other rights in the design drawings of the Mars Exploration Rover are held by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) / Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
	www.maasdigital.com /gallery.html (251 words)

	Human Exploration of Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team
		To view this document you must configure Acrobat Reader as your helper application.
		The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team, 1998
	exploration.jsc.nasa.gov /marsref/contents.html (46 words)

	Mars Exploration Rover and Java Technology
		With the help of Java technology, Earthlings can now explore Mars with the program that NASA scientists use to operate the Spirit rover!
		The Maestro project, from JPL, allows you to navigate the 3D world of Mars from your desktop computer using advanced Java technologies including Java 3D and Java Advanced Imaging.
		Eight cameras aboard the rover provide a 360 degree view of the terrain - join NASA to uncover the mystery of Mars!
	www.java.com /en/everywhere/marsrover.jsp (112 words)

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