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Topic: Explosion welding

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	Welding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Welding, however, was transformed during the 19th century—in 1800, Sir Humphrey Davy discovered the electric arc, and advancements in arc welding continued with the inventions of metal electrodes by a Russian, Nikolai Slavyanov, and an American, C.L. Coffin in the late 1800s, even as carbon arc welding, which used a carbon electrode, gained popularity.
		Shielded metal arc welding was developed during the 1950s, using a consumable electrode and a carbon dioxide atmosphere as a shielding gas, and it quickly became the most popular metal arc welding process.
		Welding in space is also possible—it was first attempted in 1969 by Russian cosmonauts, when they performed experiments to test shielded metal arc welding, plasma arc welding, and electron beam welding in a depressurized environment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Welding (5384 words)

	Solid State Welding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Explosion welding is a solid state welding process in which coalescence is effected by high-velocity movement together of the parts to be joined produced by a controlled detonation.
		Welding this metal to the clean metal of the abutting part is accomplished by diffusion across the interface so that coalescence of the faying surface occurs.
		Welding occurs when the ultrasonic tip or electrode, the energy coupling device, is clamped against the work pieces and is made to oscillate in a plane parallel to the weld interface.
	www.key-to-metals.com /ViewArticle.asp?ID=51 (2107 words)

	ИЦДС. Explosion Welding Of Railway Contact Conductors And Electric Connectors Using Miniature Explosion Charges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Explosion welding of multi–wire leads, both of aluminum and copper, in similar and dissimilar combinations, is of high interest for electrified railways.
		The technology of explosion welding of connectors does not change the structures of the rail metal and causes no defects.
		Since 1972 the technology of explosion welding has been successfully applied in electrified railways of the CIS countries, including Ukraine, to join various combinations of trolley and multi–wire leads and of the contact assemblies.
	www.uatechnology.org /techex/constr/str-004t.shtml (389 words)

	Flash butt welding of rails (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Critical stress intensity factors of rails and welds were determined as a function of the size and spacing of cementite plates in the microstructure, and used to calculate the maximum permissible depth of semi-elliptic defects; calculations were applied to non-metallic inclusions and to quenched areas attributed to poor cleaning at electrode contact points.
		The 38.1mm of deflection and 965.3 MPa modulus of rupture was exceeded by all the specimens.
		The welding machine is described and the sequence of operation for welding rails, which includes polishing the rail ends, testing ultrasonically for pipe cavities or heavy segregation, flashing, pre-heating, flashing, holding to coool from 220-1600 deg.f (105-870 deg.c), stripping, grinding and magnaflux inspection of the welds, is presented.
	www.iorw.org /abstracts_flash.html (10970 words)

	The Explosion Welding and it's Mechanism
		An understanding of explosive welding depends on numerous related disciplines such as explosives, the interaction of explosives with metal surface they are in contact with, the behavior of metals under high velocity oblique impact and the parameters which control the overall process.
		Most welding processes involve melting of the surfaces of components to be joined or the melting of the a low melting point metal to join two components, but several welding processes have been developed which do not involve melting and these are known as phase welding process.
		In explosion welding there is a high-velocity oblique impact between two components being welded which causes the metals to behave like fluids.As a result a high-velocity jet is formed from the two surfaces of both components, which leaves two virgin clean surfaces which are pressed together to form a weld.
	www.dhclad.co.kr /newtech/tech.htm (1885 words)

	Welding Processes Welding Tutorial
		The AWS definition for a welding process is "a materials joining process which produces coalescence of materials by heating them to suitable temperatures with or without the application of pressure or by the application of pressure alone and with or without the use of filler material".
		In the third process, air acetylene welding, air is used instead of oxygen, and in the fourth category, pressure gas welding, pressure is applied in addition to the heat from the burning of the gases.
		Resistance welding is "a group of welding processes which produces coalescence of metals with the heat obtained from resistance of the work to electric current in a circuit of which the work is a part, and by the application of pressure".
	www.arconweld.com /welding_faq/welding_tutorial.htm (1577 words)

	Titanium and Titanium Alloys — Welding and Brazing
		Titanium and Titanium Alloys — Welding and Brazing
		Welds between some of the different grades of titanium are possible, autogenous welds having properties that are the average of those of the two parent materials.
		In TIG welding as with other fusion processes, cleanliness is vital, both with respect to the metal adjacent to where the weld is to be made and also to the welding shop.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1499 (1389 words)

	Hobart Institute of Welding Technology (HIWT) - Winter 2002 World of Welding Newsletter Article
		A successful weld between dissimilar metals is one that is as strong as the weaker of the two metals being joined.
		A few welding processes that can be used for making composite inserts include explosion welding, cold welding, ultrasonic welding, friction welding, high-frequency resistance welding, diffusion welding, electron beam and laser welding, and flash butt welding.
		Three popular arc welding processes that are most often used for welding dissimilar metals include shielded metal, gas tungsten, and gas metal arc welding.
	www.welding.org /newsletters/winter2002/things.html (604 words)

	NIOSH FACE Program: Iowa Case Report 03IA045 \| CDC/NIOSH
		Over time, the attachment point of the pipe to the fuel barrel became broken, and the victim was welding this area on the fuel barrel when the explosion occurred.
		Welding is prohibited in the presence of explosive atmospheres (mixtures of flammable gases, vapors, liquids, or dusts with air) or atmospheres that may develop inside un-cleaned or improperly prepared tanks, which have previously contained such materials.
		Specific regulations for welding or cutting containers state that no welding or cutting or other hot work shall be performed on used drums, barrels, tanks, or other containers until they have been cleaned so thoroughly as to make absolutely certain that there are no flammable materials present.
	www.cdc.gov /Niosh/face/stateface/ia/03ia045.html (1644 words)

	LS Note 237: Explosion Bonding of Dissimilar Materials for Fabricating APS Front End Components- Analysis of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		All APS front-end components joined by explosion bonding and other welding processes must be ultrasonically inspected, and the equipment must be calibrated by the standard reference blocks before using.
		The turbulent wavy interface of explosion bonding is not desirable because it develops large thermal adiabatic shear forces along the bond interface and causes shear cracks (either in the interface or the base material).
		The interface formation mechanism of explosion bonding is still unclear, and controversy surrounds most of the conclusions [2 and 8-12].
	www.aps.anl.gov /techpub/lsnotes/ls237/ls237.html (2849 words)

	Explosion Welder: A description for the explosion welder job
		Explosion Welder - Welds fabricated metal products within firing chamber of explosion welding equipment, applying knowledge of metal characteristics and explosives: Spreads buffer material in base part of holding device and spreads explosive powder material in upper part of holding device.
		An explosion and fire at a gas company injured three men Thursday and forced the evacuation of nearby homes and businesses.
		Fifteen miners were killed in an explosion in a coal mine in southwestern China's Guizhou province, state press reported on Friday, in the latest of the country's regular mine disasters.
	www.job-descriptions.org /explosion-welder.html (458 words)

	Regal-Explosion Bonding
		Subsequent analysis of the failed weld revealed the cause of the failure was not related to the quality of the explosion weld but due to improper machining practice.
		By the applicable Specification to which explosion clad tube sheet blanks are manufactured, an out of flatness tolerance of up to 0.125" (1/8") is allowed across the diameter of the blank; therefore, the mating clad surfaces of the blanks could have as much as 0.250" (1/4") spacing between them.
		As the drill passes from the steel or stainless steel through the explosion weld interface into the titanium, the drilling force can be sufficient to cause localized failure of the explosion weld around the hole.
	www.regal-technology.com /tech.html (780 words)

	Patent 4391403: Method of explosion-welding rolling billets intended for package rolling
		However, when explosion welding material of the thicknesses normal in this connection (10 mm-30 mm plating thickness), this known technique requires the entire surface of the base material to be plated and the edge of the plating material must therefore be removed after joining and before package-welding, by means of planing, for instance.
		The base plates, designated 1, and the plating sheets designated 4, are of different materials which are often difficult or impossible to weld together, as in the case of titanium and carbon steel, for instance, since a gas-tight joint is required.
		In the case of thick plating sheets (10-30 mm each) the gap may otherwise be too large to achieve a tight weld joint between the base materials.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4391403.html (1397 words)

	Face 8750
		On June 9, 1987, a tractor-trailer repairman (the victim) for a trailer repair company entered an 8500 gallon cargo tank to weld a leak on the interior wall of the tanker.
		When the pre-treatment was completed, the victim instructed the assistant to leave the compartment, pass in the welding equipment and to stay on top of the tanker to attach the lids to the other compartments.
		An explosion, which apparently occurred as the victim began welding the leak, broke the weld of the compartment wall along approximately six feet of the seam line.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/face/in-house/full8750.html (1167 words)

	Explosion welding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Explosion Welding (EXW) is a solid state process where welding is accomplished by accelerating one of the components at extremely high velocity through the use of chemical explosives.
		This process is most commonly utilized to clad carbon steel plate with a thin layer of corrosion resistant material (e.g., stainless steel, nickel alloy, titanium, or zirconium).
		American Welding Society, Welding Handbook, Volume 2 (8th Ed.)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Explosion_welding (111 words)

	2002 ExpoMAX - Poster Session
		The explosion welding process was decided to be the most feasible way of accomplishing this task.
		All of the laboratory testing yielded favorable results for the explosion process using nodular iron as the clad material and Inconel as the base material.
		The test results indicate that explosion cladding is a viable alternative for the manual oxy-fuel process, meeting or exceeding all requirements, and would successfully reduce the production time to MMC¹s target time of 10 hours per part.
	www.aws.org /expo/spb1.html (195 words)

	Patent 4496096: Method of joining metal elements by explosion welding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The invention shows a method of joining metal elements by means of explosion welding, the edges of the metal element being bent up or otherwise provided with flanges.
		The joining of metals to produce compound material by means of explosion welding and joining metal elements by overlapping, phasing, etc. are known through several patents and other publications.
		The metal elements 1 and 2 are placed on the support 3, and the metal piece 4 is welded over the joint using an explosive charge 5, in known manner.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4496096.html (1420 words)

	Paton Publishing House :: EXPLOSIVE WELDING OF METAL LAYERED COMPOSITE MATERIALS, new book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The energy balance of explosion welding of two- and multilayer metal composite materials was developed, including a detailed description of items of consumption of the energy of the explosive transformation and estimation of the process efficiency.
		Relationship between the main parameters of explosion welding and energy losses for plastic deformation of metals welded and cumulation is given.
		Described are the ingenious procedure for determination of the time of explosion welding and the kinematic model of a high-velocity collision of plates in a multilayer composite material.
	www.nas.gov.ua /pwj/books/explos.html (277 words)

	PRACTICAL WELDING LETTER, Issue #009 -- Explosion Welding, Filler Metal Comparison, Furnace Brazing
		Cold Welding: a solid-state process in which pressure is used at room temperature to produce coalescence of metals with substantial deformation at the weld.
		Explosion Welding: a solid-state welding process that produces coalescence by a controlled detonation of explosive, which causes the parts to move together at high velocity without significant heating.
		During welding of martensitic stainless steels, all the metal heated by welding to a temperature higher than the austenitization temperature is transformed, upon cooling to room temperature, to brittle, untempered martensite which is not fit for service in the as-welded condition.
	www.welding-advisers.com /PRACTICAL_WELDING_LETTER-PracticalWeldingLetterNo09.html (4681 words)

	High Energy Metals, Inc.
		The most common explosive metalworking technique is explosive welding, also known as explosive bonding or explosive cladding.
		Explosion welding or bonding is a solid state welding process that is used for the metallurgical joining of dissimilar metals.
		Explosion bonding can introduce thin, diffusion inhibiting interlayers such as tantalum and titanium, which allow conventional weld-up installation.
	www.highenergymetals.com (290 words)

	Explosion Welding Definition / Explosion Welding Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Explosion Welding (EXW) is a solid stateIn physics, the solid state is one of the three phases of matter (solid, liquid, and gas).
		There are many other varieties of further exotic explosive material, and theoretical methods of causing explosions such as nuclear explosives and antimatter, and other methods of producing explosions, such as abrupt heating with a high-intensity laser or electric arc....
		This process is most commonly utilized to clad carbon steel plate with a thin layer of corrosion resistant material (e.g., stainless steelIn metallurgy, stainless steel is defined1 as a ferrous alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content.
	www.elresearch.com /Explosion_Welding (275 words)

	PowerLabs Cannon Research
		I filled the combustion chamber with pure oxygen from a 900CC welding cylinder I got from the same hardware store, and injected the calculated (slightly over stoichiometric) amount of fuel into it using a syringe.
		A massive explosion ensued and I was knocked on my back with the recoil, which also left me slightly dizzy and with ringing ears from the muzzle blast.
		As the sound of the explosion thundered through the firing site, the pipe rammed itself over 1 meter into the ground, making it very difficult for us to remove it.
	www.power-labs.com /cannons.htm (2269 words)

	Wah Chang: An Allegheny Technologies Company (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Though it was decades before industrious engineers finally put the phenomenon to practical use, explosion welding was born.
		This was soon followed by hardening experiments on austenitic manganese steel in which thin steel shims were driven into the steel as a way of increasing the shock wave pressures.[2] Metallurgical bonding between the steel shim and the austenitic steel was found in larger areas.
		Coinage was one of a number of early applications for explosion welding.
	www.alleghenytechnologies.com /wahchang/pages/outlook/html/bkissues/2004/Q1/outlook_v25n1/outlook_v25n1.htm (4252 words)

	The Bay City Tribune
		An employee was injured from a welding-related explosion and was taken to Houston by Life Flight Thursday evening.
		Safety personnel advised firefighters that the damage was contained and there was no further danger of fire or explosion.
		The explosion occurred when Joseph O’Bryan, 35, was using a cutting torch to cut a bolt off of the end of the trailer.
	www.baycitytribune.com /story.lasso?wcd=4647 (214 words)

	Orbital Welding
		Orbital Welding was first introduced in the late 1960's as a way to reduce the weight of hydraulic and fuel systems on commercial aircraft.
		In the Semiconductor Industry: In the early 1980's with the explosion in semiconductors orbital welding was introduced as a method to improve yields through improved gas purity and leak integrity.
		Tube Welding is extremely repeatable, accurate and precise when all of the associated variables are identified, monitored and controlled.
	www.appliedenergysystems.com /orbital-welding.html (226 words)

	ИЦДС. Explosion Repair Of Missile Shells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Existing techniques for repair of such damage, based on use of fusion welding, fail to provide full–strength joints, thus being attributable to weakening of the parent metal in the weld and heat–affected zone.
		It is suggested that the explosion welding process could be used for above hard–to–remove damage, as it is characterized by a possibility to produce joints without the heat–affected zone.
		The second modification of the explosion technology was applied for repair of a fuel tank of the universal heavy–lift space launch vehicle «Energia–Buran», which was successfully launched to the orbit on November 15, 1988.
	www.uatechnology.org /techex/method/blast/bls-002t.shtml (383 words)

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