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Topic: Explosive Eruption

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	Tsunami - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sub-marine landslides (which are sometimes triggered by large earthquakes) as well as collapses of volcanic edifices may also disturb the overlying water column as sediment and rocks slide downslope and are redistributed across the sea floor.
		Waves are formed as the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity and radiate across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
		This was in part due to the absence of major tsunami events between 1883 (the Krakatoa eruption, which killed 36,000 people) and 2004.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tsunami (4625 words)

	CH 20: EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
		A lateral eruption may occur if an eruption is released sideways: for example, by a vent that is not in the center of the crater; by a landslide from one side of the crater (as at Mt. St.
		Obviously, lateral eruptions tend to be destructive mainly in one direction, whereas the collapse of a vertical eruption may be destructive all round the base of the volcano.
		Helens eruption were professionals doing their jobs in hazardous conditions (geologists and forestry workers), residents who refused to evacuate, and ignorant or reckless individuals who ignored the warnings of scientists and government officials at various levels.
	www-geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/~GEL115/volcs2.html (9673 words)

	Explosive Eruptions at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i? Fact Sheet 132-98
		Although explosive eruptions at Kilauea are infrequent, deposits of ash discovered by USGS and other scientists document that they actually occur about as often as explosive eruptions from volcanoes in the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest, which includes Mount St. Helens, Washington.
		Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot or molten rock (magma) and flashes into steam.
		Explosive eruptions at Kilauea are thought to be caused when water comes into contact with hot rock or magma and flashes into steam.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/fs132-98 (1677 words)

	History and eruptions
		During the eruption the uncle of Pliny the Younger (Pliny the Elder), admiral of the roman fleet based in Misenum, went to the rescue of the people endangered by the eruption and lost his life.
		Several sources refer to it as a strong explosive eruption (Falcone Beneventano, the Chronicle of the Monastery of Cava dei Tirreni, John of Salisbury).
		During the eruption of 1906 the top of Vesuvius was truncated and formed a vast crater with a diameter of approximately 500 m and a depth
	www.vesuvioinrete.it /e_storia.htm (1137 words)

	KINDS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
		The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo and the 1980 explosive
		Mauna Ulu eruption began as a fissure eruption and evolved to a central vent.
		The 1886 eruption of Tarawera is a rare case of a basaltic Plinian eruption.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/vwlessons/kinds/kinds.html (2836 words)

	ignimbrites
		Conduit erosion and widening of the vent is a requisite for eruptions with supersonic exit velocities for the gas-pyroclast mixture.
		Although, I am not aware of systematic changes in the character of the tremor during the eruption of St Helens, a systematic change of the frequency of tremor was observed, for example, during the 1944 eruption of Vesuvius at the transition between the low rate effusive phase and the higher rate explosive one (Imbò, 1952).
		An important consequence of this model is that, as shown by the observations, the paroxysmal stages of the major explosive eruptions are not expected to occur at the beginning of activity.
	vulcan.fis.uniroma3.it /lavori/ignimbriti/ignimbrites.html (9619 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: Plinian eruption
		Plinian eruptions are large explosive events that form enormous dark columns of tephra and gas high into the stratosphere (>11 km).
		Such eruptions are named for Pliny the Younger, who carefully described the disastrous eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D. This eruption generated a huge column of tephra into the sky, pyroclastic flows and surges, and extensive ash fall.
		The massive 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora volcano, Indonesia, is thought to have caused the 1816 "Year without a Summer" in the northeastern U.S., Canada, and western Europe.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/PlinianEruption.html (221 words)

	What makes volcanoes explode? UC Berkeley geophysicists say it’s the bubbles
		In an explosive eruption, the magma rises fast, allowing a build-up of gas pressure within the gas bubbles that leads to rapid bubble growth, abrupt fragmentation, and explosive release of gas pressure.
		The standard explanation for explosive volcanism is that as liquid magma rises from a magma chamber at a depth of several miles, dissolved gases - mostly water - form bubbles.
		Scientists have attributed the explosive eruptions of volcanoes such as Mount St. Helens in 1980 and Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 to magma fragmentation.
	innovations-report.com /html/reports/earth_sciences/report-23725.html (1318 words)

	Alaska Volcano Observatory - Augustine - Eruption Page
		During the explosive phase of the eruption, many portions of Augustine Island are also overrun by pyroclastic flows (fast flowing mixtures of hot volcanic gasses, steam, rock and ash) and mud flows (fast moving mixtures of volcanic rock, ash and water).
		The explosive phase is generally followed by the extrusion of a lava dome which is generally accompanied by smaller explosions and pyroclastic flows.
		The dome-building eruptive activity that has characterized the present phase of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano may be coming to an end, and the volcano may be entering a quiescent period that could signify the end of the eruption or a temporary hiatus in activity.
	www.avo.alaska.edu /activity/Augustine.php (16607 words)

	Volcano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		For other meanings of the word eruption, see eruption (disambiguation)'' ---- A volcano is a geological landform (usually a mountain) where magma (rock of the earth's interior made molten or liquid by high pressure and temperature) erupts through the surface of the planet.
		Eruption of [[Mauna Loa, March 1984]] One way of classifying volcanoes is by the type of material erupted, which affects the shape of the volcano.
		Jesuit Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680), witnessed eruptions of Aetna and Stromboli, then visited the crater of Vesuvius and published his view of an Earth with a central fire connected to numerous others caused by the burning of sulphur, bitumen and coal.
	volcano.iqnaut.net (3495 words)

	How Volcanoes Work - Dynamics of a Plinian Eruption
		Eruptions are fed from a magma column that exists directly above a magma chamber.
		Gas release is confined to the diameter of the magma column, and the eruption velocity is controlled mainly by the gas content.
		In general the eruptive column has three parts: (1) the gas thrust region in the lower column, driven by gas expansion, (2) the convective thrust region in the upper column, driven by the constant release of thermal energy from internal ash, and (3) the umbrella region at the top of the eruption column.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /volcano (616 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: Vulcanian eruption
		Eruption column caused by a vulcanian-type explosive eruption rises above Tavurvur Volcano in Rabaul Caldera, Papua New Guinea.
		A vulcanian eruption is a type of explosive eruption that ejects new lava fragments that do not take on a rounded shape during their flight through the air.
		Andesitic and dacitic magmas are most often associated with vulcanian eruptions, because their high viscosity (resistance to flow) makes it difficult for the dissolved volcanic gases to escape except under extreme pressure, which leads to explosive behavior.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/vulcanian.html (189 words)

	Home page of Anatahan Volcano, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
		Larger explosive eruption(s) (VEI 4 to 5) accompanied by a large eruptive column and pyroclastic flows are possible from Anatahan.
		An unlikely scenario is a massive explosive eruption (VEI 6 or higher) that forms an even larger caldera than currently exists (for example, the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines) or a large landslide (for example, the 1980 landslide at Mount St. Helens, USA).
		This activity would represent a major threat to aviation in case of a massive explosive eruption, and tsunami generation in either case with effects likely to be felt throughout the Mariana Islands.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /cnmi/index.html (1248 words)

	[No title]
		This eruption is known simply as "The Shimabara Catastrophe." Thus, the eruptive history of Mt. Unzen (outlined in the table below) may seem relatively sparse; especially for a volcano capable of such destruction.
		Explosive volcanism is defined by long periods of quiet as magma builds pressure deep below the surface of the volcano's eruptive vent.
		Thus, Unzen's eruptive history as an explosive volcano is characterized by relatively long periods of volcanic drought punctuated by relatively short but intense eruptive events.
	people.colgate.edu /elebon/history.asp (269 words)

	Mount St. Helens -- From the 1980 Eruption to 2000, Fact Sheet 036-00
		Its most recent series of eruptions began in 1980 when a large landslide and powerful explosive eruption created a large crater, and ended 6 years later after more than a dozen extrusions of lava built a dome in the crater.
		Larger, longer lasting eruptions have occurred in the volcano's past and are likely to occur in the future.
		During the first few minutes of this eruption, parts of the blast cloud surged over the newly formed crater rim and down the west, south, and east sides of the volcano.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/2000/fs036-00 (1348 words)

	Ulawun Decade Volcano, Papua New Guinea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Due to the 1994-present Rabaul eruption and its effects, little work has been carried out in the framework of the Decade Volcano Project, and no information is available on the WWW about this volcano.
		Eruption of Ulawun on 20 November 1985, at the climax of the 1985 eruption, seen from Ulamona Mission.
		Cooke RJS, McKee CO, Dent VF and Wallace DA (1976) Striking sequence of volcanic eruptions in the Bismarck volcanic arc, Papua New Guinea, in 1972-1975.
	boris.vulcanoetna.com /ULAWUN.html (680 words)

	Types of Volcanoes
		Explosive eruptions caused by gas rapidly expanding and escaping from molten lava formed cinders that fell back around the vent, building up the cone to a height of 1,200 feet.
		In some eruptions, basaltic lava pours out quietly from long fissures instead of central vents and floods the surrounding countryside with lava flow upon lava flow, forming broad plateaus.
		An extremely destructive eruption accompanied the growth of a dome at Mont Pelée in 1902.
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0862596.html (1346 words)

	Explosive Eruption Forecast for Mount St. Helens
		Earthquake activity under Mount St. Helens is elevated at this hour as it has been since Friday, although no explosive eruption or ash is currently occurring at the volcanic mountain in southern Washington.
		A small explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens on Friday - the first in more than a decade - followed a week of increasing earthquake activity beneath the volcano and some deformation of the lava dome.
		The crew observed blast zone from the 1980 eruption of the volcano, the mud-choked North Fork of the Toutle River, and fallen timber that still floats in rafts of logs on Spirit Lake.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/oct2004/2004-10-04-02.asp (955 words)

	Arenal Volcano Photos - Most Recent Eruption Images
		Naturally it's missing movement and sound as it sometimes roars like thunder and sometimes like a jet, depending on the amount and pressure of the smoke and gas it is releasing.
		Luckily the eruption was not big enough to be life threatening as everybody was asleep @ the Tabacon Resort.
		Naturally the eruption occurred while I was changing the lens of my Nikon D70 so I don't have any good pictures of the event.
	www.arenal.net /arenal-volcano.htm (1929 words)

	Alaska Volcano Observatory - Shishaldin Updates : April 1999
		A low-level strombolian eruption was first observed Saturday at Shishaldin volcano at 5:00pm ADT by AVO staff flying in the area with the Alaska State Troopers.
		A low-level strombolian eruption was first observed yesterday at Shishaldin volcano and 5:00pm ADT by AVO staff flying in the area with the Alaska State Troopers.
		We have no confirmation that an eruption is currently in progress; however, a lava plug or flow may be forming in the summit crater.
	www.avo.alaska.edu /archives/shishaldin1999/apr_shish_upd.php (5759 words)

	The Nine Planets Glossary
		a relative quiet volcanic eruption which puts out basaltic lava that moves at about the speed one walks; the lava is fluid in nature; the eruptions at the Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawaii are effusive
		That the orbits of the planets are ellipses, not circles, was first discovered by Johannes Kepler based on the careful observations by Tycho Brahe.
		a sudden eruption of energy on the solar disk lasting minutes to hours, from which radiation and particles are emitted.
	www.nineplanets.org /help.html (4842 words)

	Cambridge Volcanology Group » Volcanic eruption database
		The project is part of the activity of the Commission on Explosive Volcanism of IAVCEI, which welcomes all contributors.
		This database will be available to the scientific community as an extraordinary dataset that may be queried in order to understand the periodicity of such large volume eruptions, the relationships between global volcanism and global climate changes or for whatever reason.
		These were developed due to the different ways in which evidence for these eruptions is preserved.
	www-volcano.geog.cam.ac.uk /database (380 words)

	Tsunami and tidal waves
		The Tidal Wave or Tsunami (tsoonme), are a series of catastrophic ocean waves generated by submarine movements, which are caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides beneath the ocean.
		In the open ocean, tsunamis may have wavelengths of up to several hundred miles and travel at speeds up to 450 mi per hr (720 km per hr), yet have wave heights of less than 3 ft (1 m), which pass unnoticed beneath a ship at sea.
		Probably the most destructive tsunami occurred following the explosive eruption of the volcano Krakatoa in the East Indies on Aug. 27, 1883, when over 36,000 people were killed as a result of the wave.
	www.fuchsiashockz.co.uk /articles/science/tsunami_and_tidal_waves.php (403 words)

	Experts fear ‘explosive eruption’ of Mayon - 7/19/06 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Experts fear ‘explosive eruption’ of Mayon - 7/19/06
		LEGAZPI CITY -- As more lava continued to flow from Mount Mayon -- which volcanologists said could turn into an explosive eruption within weeks if the magma pool rapidly increases -- 35 evacuation centers in eight surrounding towns and cities were being readied by the Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council.
		Jukes Nuñez of the PDCC plans and operations division said the evacuation centers were inspected by engineers and health officers on Monday and their reports on the condition of the centers were expected to be submitted to the PDCC today.
	services.inq7.net /print/print.php?article_id=10563 (472 words)

	Correcting errors in old general science books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		I thought it was quite a good book, free of errors, until I came to this statement on pg 31: Surtsey, as the new island was named, didn't last.
		A few years later an explosive eruption made the island sink beneath the surface again.
		I'd never heard this, so I checked the Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, and according to that, Surtsey is still in existence, above water.
	www.talkabouthistory.com /group/soc.history.science/messages/22970.html (226 words)

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