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Topic: Explosive harpoon

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	New Bedford Whaling Museum \| Research
		The harpoon, known to crews as the "whale iron," was used to fasten the whale to the whaleboat, rather than to kill it.
		Although flsmiths and harpooneers experimented with many different barbs, swivels, and toggles in designing harpoon heads, the standard, hand-darted harpoon in the second half of the nineteenth century was the toggle iron designed by an African-American in New Bedford, Lewis Temple.
		Explosive devices were particularly popular in the Arctic fishery, where it was important to prevent the whale from diving under the ice.
	www.whalingmuseum.org /kendall/amwhale/am_captured.html (1206 words)

	Harpooning the whale with an explosive harpoon
		The harpoon needed to hit the whale just behind the last rib so that it would go forwards into the body cavity and explode amongst the vital organs.
		Too far backwards and there was the possibility that the harpoon would shoot straight through the muscle mass leading to the tail and come out the other side, so attaching the whale boat to an agonized, but now enraged and barely debilitated whale.
		As he rose, the powerful winch on the Star II quickly hove in the harpoon line, and as his great back broke the surface of the sea the gun was loaded again and Captain Iversen, standing like a waiting matador, was ready to administer the death thrust.
	www.coolantarctica.com /gallery/whales_whaling/0052.htm (935 words)

	Harpoon missile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The chief competitors of the Harpoon are the French Exocet and the Chinese Yingji.
		The Harpoon was first introduced in 1977 after the sinking of the Israeli destroyer Eilat in 1967 by Soviet-built anti-ship missiles.
		The key improvements of the Harpoon Block II are obtained by incorporating the inertial measurement unit from the Joint Direct Attack Munition program, and the software, computer, Global Positioning System (GPS)/inertial navigation system and GPS antenna/receiver from the SLAM Expanded Response (SLAM-ER), an upgrade to the SLAM.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/AGM-84_Harpoon (540 words)

	Whale suffering must stop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Explosive harpoons were not invented until the latter half of the nineteenth century.
		The use of the cold harpoon on whale species other than the minke was banned by the IWC at its 1980 meeting, and the ban was extended to cover the minke at the 1981 meeting.
		The effect of the explosive harpoon varies greatly depending on where the whale is hit, whether or not the grenade explodes, and the distance between the whale and the gunner.
	www.upstarts.net.au /site/non_commercial/whales/whalecon/whalecon_main4.html (1123 words)

	Whaling - MSN Encarta
		It contained explosives and a fuse and was designed to improve the efficiency of the hunt by reducing the number of animals struck but lost.
		Modern commercial whaling began with the invention of the explosive harpoon in the 1860s by the Norwegian Svend Foyn and the development of fast steam-powered catcher boats and steam winches.
		The explosive harpoon was tipped with a bomb that would explode inside the whale after it entered, killing the animal much more quickly than with handheld lances or bomb lances.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572529_2/Whaling.html (1695 words)

	Exploding harpoon and gun
		The harpoon used for killing and catching baleen whales was (is) a formidable and heavy weapon.
		The harpoon itself is re-useable and consists of a long shaft that fits in the barrel that ends in four large hinged barbs.
		The barbs of the harpoon are held back by wires which break when the harpoon has hit its target and the explosive charge detonates.
	www.coolantarctica.com /gallery/whales_whaling/0045.htm (384 words)

	AGM-84 Harpoon/SLAM - Smart Weapons
		The Harpoon missile was designed to sink warships in an open-ocean environment.
		The Harpoon missile was developed in the early 1970s.
		Harpoon Block II will be capable of deployment from all platforms which currently have the Harpoon Missile system by using existing command and launch equipment.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/smart/agm-84.htm (2395 words)

	Explosive Harpoons
		A cavity in the single barb opened to the rear, and accepted a small glass vial of explosive which was held in place by a wood peg across the opening.
		The explosive force was not intended to be so great as to kill the whale by its force, but rather to fire a projectile, the harpoon tip, into the whale like a bullet.
		In the patent Kelley stated that the harpoon could also be used as a gun harpoon, shooting it into a whale from a shoulder gun.
	www.whalecraft.net /Explosive.html (1931 words)

	History of Whaling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The two inventions that most helped the whaling industry were the harpoon gun and the explosive harpoon (Bryant, 2000).
		The harpoon guns were usually mounted on the front of the ships.
		The explosive harpoons that they used would penetrate the whale and set off a small explosion inside the whale (Bryant, 2000).
	filebox.vt.edu /k/kminga/historyofwhaling.htm (312 words)

	Whales on the Net - Norwegian Whale Killing Methods
		The cold (non explosive grenade) harpoon was employed as the primary killing device in Norwegian commercial minke whaling operations until the development of a new type of harpoon, using a grenade head containing penthrite explosive.
		Following field trials in 1983 with the first generation prototype penthrite grenades, the cold harpoon was banned by the Norwegian government; all gunners had to undergo a two-day training course in the use of the new explosive grenade; and the second generation penthrite grenades went into use during the 1984 commercial minke hunt.
		The harpooned whale which is not killed instantly suffers from the pain inflicted by the penetration of the harpoon body, expanding claws, forerunner (harpoon line) and shrapnel fragments; and the disruption of tissues caused by the rapid expansion of gases during explosion.
	www.whales.org.au /policies/methods.html (2717 words)

	PBS - The Voyage of the Odyssey - Track the Voyage - ATLANTIC OCEAN
		The use of harpoons with explosive grenade heads is still the main technique for killing whales used by today's whalers.
		Thus, harpoon wounds to the thoracic cavity and lungs-wounds that we would expect to be lethal (based on our experience with terrestrial mammal), may actually allow a whale to live for an extended period (Wills and Bob 1995).
		The harpoon appeared to have passed right through the lower abdomen, tearing a massive hole in the whale's body from which the intestines were protruding.
	www.pbs.org /odyssey/odyssey/20050803_log_transcript.html (2788 words)

	USSBiddle.org \| Trivia \| Harpoon
		The Harpoon missile and its launch control equipment provide the warfighter capability to interdict ships at ranges well beyond those of other aircraft.
		Other weapons (such as the Standard and Tomahawk missiles) can be used against ships, but Harpoon and Penguin are the only missiles used by the United States military with anti-ship warfare as the primary mission.
		Depending upon launch conditions, the Harpoon engine generally will not start until after the missile is dropped from the wing.
	www.ussbiddle.org /trivia/harpoon.html (710 words)

	Immortals of the Arctic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A bowhead whale has surfaced, and although they are ill-prepared to hunt such a large creature, the thought of a feast of delicious muktuk-the nutritious outer layer of fat that practically drizzles vitamin C and that is the lifeblood of the Inupiat-is too tempting to resist.
		More modern harpoon heads have been found in other whales, including one pulled from whale blubber in 1890 that was traced to a specific whaling boat, the Montezuma, which made its last cruise 36 years before that.
		This collaborative study of bowhead eye lenses, ancient harpoon heads, and other observations of whale behaviour-a synthesis of hard data that most certainly did not get away and that was recently published in the Canadian Journal of Zoology-offers convincing evidence that bowheads are the longest-lived animals on Earth.
	webpages.charter.net /jameslh/science/immortals.html (3910 words)

	Harpoon
		The Harpoon can be delivered from the F/A-18, P-3, and S-3 aircraft.
		The Harpoon missile has a low-level cruise trajectory with over-the-horizon range that makes it less susceptible to radar detection.
		The control fins are one-piece aluminum castings, and are attached to the control fin actuators by means of an integral torque-limiting, screw-type device.
	www.ordnance.org /harpoon.htm (359 words)

	Aquarium of the Pacific-Animal Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Although there are encouraging reports that there may be a gradual increase in some population numbers of blue whales, so few survived the harpoons of whalers that recovery will be a slow process, especially for the southern blue whale population because of the excessive whaling that took place in the Antarctic.
		That changed beginning in 1864 with inventions of the explosive harpoon-gun and a method to inflate air into the dead whale’s body causing it to float; followed by steam and diesel powered catcher boats which shot and retrieved the whales handing them over to huge factory ships for processing.
		Blue whales now became the most targeted whale because of their profitability, the amount of oil that could be obtained from one animal which was 265-303 l (70-80 gal).
	www.aquariumofpacific.org /ANIMAL_DATABASE/ADBindex.asp?id=124&cat=co (452 words)

	WHALING, HUNTING ENDAGERED WHALES FOR FOOD WITH HARPOONS \| THE MISSING WHALE
		The invention (c.1856), by the Norwegian Sven Foyn, of a harpoon containing an explosive head may be said to have inaugurated modern whaling.
		The rorqual fishery (~1880-): the explosive harpoon was used for the first time and was devastingly effective in enabling the whaling of the very large rorquals in significant numbers.
		Harpooning of whales by hand began in Japan in the 12th century, but it was not until the 1670s, when a new method of catching whales using nets was developed, that whaling really began to spread throughout Japan.
	www.solarnavigator.net /whaling.htm (6339 words)

	Humane Killing
		The IWC permits "Secondary killing methods" to be applied to an injured whale, including towing it to the side of the boat and electrocuting it with an "electric lance", and shooting it with a rifle.
		This may be particularly relevant to the use of the electric lances which may cause suffering to the animal by inducing violent muscle contraction until, eventually, the whale dies from shock, respiratory arrest or cardiac fibrillation.
		In 1984, the IWC endorsed the Technical Committee's recommendations that electrical harpooning, use of drugs and of high pressure gases were not suitable methods for killing minke whales and recommended that they continue not to be used.
	www.wdcs.org /dan/publishing.nsf/allweb/217CD2498DF0558280256F350049F626 (1211 words)

	David Attenborough backs anti-whaling report - Vegan Represent
		The report shows that instantaneous death cannot be guaranteed and although the average time from being hit by an explosive harpoon to death is two minutes, many whales live much longer.
		Sir David continues: "The use of harpoons with explosive grenade heads is still the main technique used by whalers today.
		The main killing method is a harpoon that penetrates about 1ft into the whale before exploding, killing the animal with shock waves.
	www.veganrepresent.com /forums/showthread.php?t=3335 (763 words)

	CONFIDENTIAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The explosive grenade harpoon is designed to kill the animal either by trauma or laceration, or through the creation of shock waves to the brain.
		Once harpooned, the whale, in many cases still alive, is hauled to the capture vessel by a rope attached to the harpoon embedded within its body.
		In cases where the animal does not appear to have died instantaneously a "secondary killing method" may then be employed in an attempt to speed the death of the mortally wounded animal.
	members.surfeu.fi /whale/now/stopwhaling/part4_1.htm (784 words)

	AGM-84D Harpoon
		The Harpoon missile was originally developed to serve as the Navy's basic anti-ship missile for fleetwide use.
		The Harpoon can be launched by surface ships, submarines, or (without the booster) by aircraft (such as the F-18 Hornet).
		The Mk 141 Harpoon missile launchers joint the fleet in 1976 and today various surface combatants possess two of them.
	navysite.de /weapons/harpoon.htm (363 words)

	March 16 - Today in Science History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In his design for an explosive harpoon, the fluke of the harpoon pivoted on the shank, held in place by a wooden pin.
		A small vial of explosive powder was placed in the fluke and under the end of the shank of the harpoon.
		It was arranged so that the power of the whale pulling upon the tow-line attached to the harpoon would break the wooden pin allowing the fluke of the harpoon to turn, crush the vial, and cause the powder to explode to destroy the whale.
	www.todayinsci.com /3/3_16.htm (2379 words)

	NewStandard: 7/14/98
		TORONTO -- Equipped with an explosive-tipped harpoon, two dozen Inuit in the Canadian Arctic plan to set sail this week on a mission to kill a bowhead whale.
		The whale was hit by scores of bullets from high-powered rifles, sank after dying and did not float back to the surface for two days.
		By the time the carcass was hauled ashore -- riddled with harpoons and bullet wounds -- it was rotting.
	www.s-t.com /daily/07-98/07-14-98/c06wn101.htm (843 words)

	CSI Whales Alive! Vol. VI No. 3 Article 8
		The use of non-explosive 'cold' harpoons for minke whaling was banned by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in 1981 on the grounds that it is inhumane.
		The IWC member governments seem to have been unaware of the ongoing use of cold harpoons by Japanese whalers; thus the Government of Japan appears to have deliberately kept the use of cold harpoons a secret from the IWC.
		The inefficient and inhumane cold harpoon and electric lance secondary killing methods are used instead of a second or third explosive penthrite grenade harpoon for economic reasons - they destroy less of the commercially valuable flesh on the small minke whale.
	csiwhalesalive.org /csi97308.html (1772 words)

	A Universal Metaphor: Australia's opposition to commercial whaling - Chapter 5. The Arguments against Commercial Whaling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The cold harpoon, however, resulted in longer median times to death than for the explosive harpoon using fl powder and the issue of the inhumaneness of the method drew attention within the IWC.
		Since the introduction of the penthrite grenade harpoon in the early 1980s, efforts concerning killing methods have concentrated on refinements to the penthrite harpoon, ensuring the reliability of equipment and enhancing the skill of the operators.
		In practice, the harpoon is fired from the deck of a moving vessel — with the roll and pitch of the ship obviously influenced by the prevailing sea and weather conditions — at a moving, partly submerged target.
	www.deh.gov.au /coasts/publications/whaling/chapter5.html (9816 words)

	Letter to the Norwegian People
		Surely these men behind the harpoons would not risk killing a human to satisfy their lust for whale oil and meat.
		The harpoon line slashed into the water and we narrowly escaped death by inches.
		His invention of the harpoon cannon, steam powered whalers, and compressed air tubes to float whales opened the way to whale massacres of previously unimagined proportions.
	www.highnorth.no /Library/Movements/Sea_Shepherd/le-to-th.htm (2957 words)

	Military Factory - Harpoon Missile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Harpoon Missile was adapted for use on B-52H bombers, which can carry eight missiles externally on pylons.
		External carriage of Harpoon Missiles allows the B-52 to additionally upload U.S. Navy sea mines internally in the bomb bay providing the theater commander a long-range, rapid response platform for sea control and area denial.
		In May 1994, after Loring AFB closed and after the retirement of the last B-52G at Castle AFB, Calif., the Harpoon mission was moved to the 2nd Bomb Wing at Barksdale AFB, La. Four B-52H models were rapidly modified (as an interim measure) to accept Harpoon launch control equipment pending B-52H fleet modification.
	www.militaryfactory.com /munitions/popup.asp?munitions_id=5 (388 words)

	ABC News: Eskimos Try New Explosive in Whale Kill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A new explosive has begun to replace 19th century fl powder as Alaska Natives, like the Inuit, seek more humane weaponry in the traditional hunt for bowhead whales.
		The commission wanted to reduce the number of whales lost at sea after being hit by explosives and to decrease the time it took for a whale to die after being struck.
		Black powder, which dates to 19th-century Yankee whaling, is a slow-burning explosive that generally kills by causing hemorrhage.
	abcnews.go.com /Technology/wireStory?id=1298133&CMP=OTC-RSSFeeds0312 (468 words)

	Legal Issues
		This dispute arose when a crew of one ship harpooned a whale, but before they could seize it, lost it to a second crew that came along and hauled up the whale for themselves.
		"Having the ball in a glove is analogous to harpooning the whale.
		For yet another whale, you had to shoot an explosive harpoon and kill the whale until it sunk and washed up on shore.
	journalism.berkeley.edu /projects/scramble/issues.html (817 words)

	Saving The Whales
		Whalers were able to hunt the faster roquals, such as the blue whale, when the explosive harpoon-gun was invented and faster ships were developed.
		Although whaling fleets may be highly sophisticated, equipped with sonar, helicopters, long-range explosive harpoons and factory ships, the actual kill is barbaric.
		The whale is killed by a 90kg, 2 metre-long iron harpoon, shot from a 90mm cannon.
	www.yptenc.org.uk /docs/factsheets/env_facts/saving_the_whales.html (1057 words)

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