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Topic: Explosive limit

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	NFPA 86 Class A Grieve Oven Equipment for Solvent Processing
		In addition, for solvents where the volume of air necessary to render 1 gallon of solvent barely explosive exceeds 2640 standard cubic feet, the exhaust rate must be increased.
		This is multiplied by a factor of 4 to limit the vapor concentration to 25% of the Lower Explosive Limit.
		The Lower Explosive Limit by volume is 0.9%.
	www.grievecorp.com /catalog/940/940.html (935 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The explosive limit of a gas or a vapour, is the limiting concentration (in air) that is needed for the gas to ignite and explode.
		Controlling gas and vapor concentrations outside the explosive limits is a major consideration in occupational safety and health.
		Lower Explosion Limits for many organic materials are in the range of 10-50 g/m3, which is much higher than the limits set for health reasons, as is the case for the LEL of many gases and vapours.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Explosive_limit (499 words)

	11/04/1976 - Clarification Paint Spray Booth and Spray Areas.
		In summary, adequate sampling in accordance with recognized methods are essential in sustaining the violation by establishing that a hazard did in fact exist due to documented evidence that the toxic limits of the material were exceeded or that the concentrations were above 25 percent of the lower explosive limits were exceeded.
		1910.94(c)(6)(ii) establishes a requirement that the vapor concentration in the booth be kept below 25 percent of the lower explosive limit.
		Therefore, if the concentrations are kept below 25 percent of the lower explosive limit in all areas of the booth, even though the air velocities in the cross sectional area of the booth are below that defined by table G10, 1910.94(c)(6)(ii), it is doubtful that a citation could be legally sustained.
	www.osha.gov /pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=18571 (914 words)

	The MSDS HyperGlossary: Flammable Limits
		Flammable limits apply generally to vapors and are defined as the concentration range in which a flammable substance can produce a fire or explosion when an ignition source (such as a spark or open flame) is present.
		Above the upper flammable limit (UFL) the mixture of substance and air is too rich in fuel (deficient in oxygen) to burn.
		A spectacular example of the consequences of introducing a spark to a flammable limit atmosphere occurred in Newcastle in September of 2003.
	www.ilpi.com /msds/ref/flammablelimits.html (706 words)

	Moderate Risk Waste (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		When the concentration exceeds 10 percent of the lower explosive limit, the workers would be alerted by an alarm and can then take actions to prevent the concentrations from increasing to critical (combustible or explosive) levels.
		Because the generation of the potentially explosive flammable vapors is associated with active waste handling, it is most appropriate to have the explosive gas monitoring system permanently installed in that area.
		Multiple explosive (combustible) gas sensors can be used to provide coverage at different heights to provide safety redundancy in case a sensor malfunctions Multiple sensors would also be called for in order to monitor different working locations where explosive vapors may be expected to be generated.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/swfa/mrw/answer2.html (851 words)

	CANUTEC - Articles English - Confined Space
		Fire or explosions may occur in confined spaces which have an atmosphere within the explosive limits of the gas (or liquid vapour).
		Explosive limits (also known as “flammable limits”), expressed in percentage (%), may be defined as the minimum and maximum concentrations of a flammable gas or vapour between which ignition can occur.
		It is important to note that the explosive limits are normally for gas or vapour / air mixtures.
	www.tc.gc.ca /canutec/en/articles/documents/confined.htm (1678 words)

	Unit 4
		Explosive (Flammable) Limits - the lower explosive (flammable) limit (LEL) is the lowest concentration of vapor in air which will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition.
		The upper explosive (flammable) limit (UEL) is the highest concentration of vapor in air which will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition.
		Explosive (Flammable) Range - the range between the lower explosive limit (LEL) and the upper explosive limit (UEL).
	www.marshall.edu /chemistry/TA_Training/MSDS_Sheets.htm (3976 words)

	Aristatek Company Info
		Many explosive chemicals have nitrogen in the form of nitrate (a nitrogen atom linked to three oxygen atoms) or nitro- (a nitrogen atom linked to two oxygen atoms) or azide (two nitrogen atoms linked together) incorporated as part of the organic molecule.
		When an explosive material detonates, the violence and speed of the reactions taking place produce a blast or shock waves (a thin shell of highly compressed air which rapidly expands in all directions from the point that the explosion is initiated).
		A possible explosive used by a terrorist is ANFO, prepared by soaking ammonium nitrate prills in fuel oil (94% ammonium nitrate, 6% fuel oil) and detonated by an high explosive booster or a blasting cap.
	www.aristatek.com /explosions.aspx (3107 words)

	eLCOSH : An Assessment of Metal Maintenance Workers' Solvent Exposures
		Given the limited resources for the study, the authors decided to focus on work in closed elevator cars and not to characterize the hazards during refinishing of other metal surfaces (surfaces that are not in elevators).
		A Biosystems PHD Flammable Vapor Meter was used to measure the maximum percentage of the lower explosive limit reached during the performance of stripping and spraying tasks.
		In all cases in which 10% of the lower explosive limit was exceeded, the 10% level was reached within two to five minutes of door closure.
	www.cdc.gov /elcosh/docs/d0100/d000013/d000013.html (5679 words)

	american gas & chemical co - Glossary
		The range of flammable vapor or gas-air mixture between the upper and lower flammable limits is known as the "flammable range", also often referred to as the "explosive range".
		For example, the lower limit of flammability of acrylonitrile at ordinary ambient temperatures is approximately 3 percent vapor in air by volume, while the upper limit of flammability is about 17 percent.
		The lower explosive limit (LEL) or lower flammable limit (LFL) of a combustible gas is defined as the smallest amount of the gas that will support a self-propagating flame when mixed with air (or oxygen) and ignited.
	www.amgas.com /gloss.htm (3335 words)

	GLOSS
		For example, the lower limit of flammability of acrylonitrite at ordinary ambient temperatures is approximately 3 percent vapor in air by volume, while the upper limit of flammability is about 17 percent.
		All concentrations by volume of acrylonitrite vapor in air falling between 3 percent and 17 percent are in the flammable or explosive range.
		Flashpoint is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a sufficient vapor to reach 100% LEL (sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid).
	www.delphian.com /gloss.htm (3394 words)

	Gases - Explosive and Flammability Concentration Limits
		Limiting concentrations are commonly called the "Lower Explosive or Flammable Limit" (LEL/LFL) and the "Upper Explosive or Flammable Limit" (UEL/UFL).
		Below the explosive or flammable limit the mixture is too lean to burn and above the upper explosive or flammable limit is too rich to burn.
		Ventilation, natural or mechanical, must be sufficient to limit the concentration of flammable gases or vapors to a maximum level of 25% of their "Lower Explosive or Flammable Limit" (LEL/LFL).
	www.engineeringtoolbox.com /explosive-concentration-limits-d_423.html (487 words)

	Firehouse.Com HazMat Zone - 1995 Hazmat Studies - Class 2 - Compressed Gases
		When the material is below its lower explosive limit there is plenty of oxygen for combustion to occur, but not enough fuel.
		The only way to determine if a material is present in a mixture with air that is in its flammable range is to use a meter to monitor for the lower explosive limit of the material.
		The rule of thumb according to the EPA is when you reach 25% of the lower explosive limit; it becomes too dangerous for personnel to proceed any further.
	www.firehouse.com /training/hazmat/studies/1995/03_gas.html (2491 words)

	The First Responder
		The concentration of gasoline vapor in air must be between the lower explosive limit and upper explosive limit for gasoline.
		A combination which results in maximum explosive effect is blasting grade ammonium nitrate prills soaked in fuel oil (94% ammonium nitrate, 6% fuel oil) and detonated by a high explosive booster or blasting cap.
		Therefore, anything between about half the lower explosive limit concentration or higher is expected to be consumed by a fire.
	www.aristatek.com /newsletter/0606June/TechSpeak.aspx (3021 words)

	Lower Explosive Limit
		...of the lower explosive limit of a flammable or combustible substance.
		...percent of the lower explosive limit of a flammable or combustible substance.
		...and the lower explosive limit of 15% was reached in the confined space.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/environment/Lower_Explosive_Limit.html (363 words)

	m-i-link.com Maritime Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		the limit below which, the concentration of hydrocarbon gas in the air mixture is considered to be "too lean" i.e.
		and upper explosive limit; the flammable range of petroleum products may be considered as between 1% to 10% per volume of the atmosphere
		the limit above which, the concentration of hydrocarbon gas in the air mixture is considered to be "too rich" i.e.
	www.m-i-link.com /dictionary/default.asp?term=lower+explosive+limit (172 words)

	OSU Lab Safety Manual-Glossary
		Any substance that causes the development of cancerous growths in living tissue, either those that are known to induce cancer in man or animals or experimental carcinogens that have been found to cause cancer in animals under experimental conditions.
		A solid, other than a blasting agent or explosive, that is liable to cause fires through friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical change, retained heat from processing, or which can be ignited readily, and when ignited burns so vigorously and persistently as to create a serious hazard.
		A substance which is a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, organic peroxide, oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable or water reactive.
	www.umsl.edu /~asd/ehs/unsorted/hazmat/LABMAN/Glossry.htm (2377 words)

	The ORCBS - Occupational Safety - Programs & Guidelines - Right To Know - Upper Explosive Limit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Upper Explosive Limit - Also known as Upper Flammable Limit, is the highest concentration (expressed in percent of vapor or gas in the air by volume) of a substance that will burn or explode when an ignition source is present.
		Theoretically, above this limit the mixture is said to be too "rich" to support combustion.
		That is, if the LEL is 1ppm and the UEL is 5ppm, then the explosive range of the chemical is 1ppm to 5ppm.
	www.orcbs.msu.edu /occupational/programs_guidelines/right_to_know/gloss/upper_explosive_limit.htm (113 words)

	07/24/1993 - Definition of Potentially Gassy Atmosphere.
		First, if all air monitoring conducted in a 24-hour period discloses the presence of 10% or more of the lower explosive limit (LEL) of methane or other explosive gasses, then the operation must be classified potentially gassy as per 1926.800(h)(1)(i).
		However, if some but not all air monitor readings disclose the presence of 10% or more of the LEL, then the operation is not to be classified potentially gassy under the paragraph 1926.800(h)(1)(i).
		A potentially gassy atmosphere is defined as "when monitoring indicates 10% or more of the lower explosive limit of methane, or other flammable gases, would have to be continuous at that level for a 24-hour period."
	www.osha.gov /pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=21211 (424 words)

	Landfill Gas Monitoring
		Methane is potentially explosive and is also a greenhouse gas that is considered thirty (30) times more potent than carbon dioxide.
		Owners or operators of all municipal solid waste landfills must implement a routine monitoring program to ensure that the concentration of explosive gases generated by the facility does not exceed 25% of the lower explosive limit in structures and the lower explosive limit for the gases at the property boundaries.
		This is the lowest percent by volume of a mixture of explosive gases in air that will propagate a flare at 25°C and atmospheric pressure.
	www.co.saint-marys.md.us /dpw/dpwtemplate.asp?content=landfillgasmonitoringcontent.asp (276 words)

	RKI Instruments - Gas Detection Basics
		Between these two limits explosions can occur under some conditions, with the maximum explosive energy available at approximately the midpoint.
		Note that these limits are sometimes referred to as LFL (Lower Flammable Limit) and UFL (Upper Flammable Limit).
		These limits are empirically determine, and various authorities sometimes quote slightly different figures, based on slightly different experimental procedures.
	www.rkiinstruments.com /pages/gasbasic.htm (311 words)

	:: Polytechnic University :: Lab Safety
		Flammable Limits: the lower explosive limit (LEL) and upper explosive limit (UEL) define the range of concentration of a gas or vapor in air at which combustion can occur.
		Fire-fighting Procedures: Appropriate equipment and methods are indicated for limiting hazards encountered in fire situations.
		Ventilation: air flow schemes (general, local) are listed to limit hazardous substances in the atmosphere.
	www.poly.edu /labsafety/msds/index.php (1060 words)

	ISA \| Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres - Part 2 Pressurized Enclosures 'p'(Downloadable)
		b) a protective gas, is provided in sufficient quantity to ensure that the resultant mixture concentration around the electrical parts is maintained at a value outside the explosive limit appropriate to the particular conditions of use.
		The protective gas is supplied to an enclosure containing one or more internal sources of release in order to guard against the formation of an explosive gas atmosphere.
		This standard includes requirements for the apparatus and its associated equipment including the inlet and exhaust ducts, and also for the auxiliary control apparatus necessary to ensure that pressurization and/or dilution is established and maintained.
	www.isa.org /Template.cfm?Section=Find_Standards&template=/Ecommerce/ProductDisplay.cfm&ProductID=7379 (276 words)

	Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs) - 74986 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		The chosen IDLH is based on the LEL of 21,000 ppm rounded down to 20,000 ppm.
		However, the revised IDLH for propane is 2,100 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 2.1%).
		In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/idlh/74986.html (182 words)

	GLOSSARY NYS Dept. of Public Service
		FAC also is used to flow credits and refunds of limited duration to ratepayers.
		An adjustment to a utility's expenses or activities to restate the expense or activity to reflect a normal level.
		A limit on the amount that can be placed in rate base by a utility obtaining assets from another utility; can include cost of assets obtained from a supplier that is not a utility, installation, i.e., labor costs.
	www.dps.state.ny.us /glossary.html (12920 words)

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