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Topic: Explosive reactive armor

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	Modern Reactive Armour Applications
		Explosive Reactive armor (ERA) is a common form of add-on armor, used on many Armored Fighting Vehicles (AFV).
		Protection by explosive modules was deployed by the Israel Defense Forces in the late 1970s, and was first, and successfully used in combat with the Israeli Army M-60s and Centurion tanks in the 1982 War, and later, by the Russian Army by the mid 80s.
		Other applications of reactive armor are based on the use of reactive properties of the protection module, yet the initiation of such reactions are not triggered by an explosive charge.
	www.defense-update.com /features/du-1-04/reactive-armor.htm (645 words)

	Reactive Armor, Explosive, Shaped Charge, Rockets, Missiles, RANK Enterprises
		The high explosive is usually shaped to have a cavity in the form of a cone, with the cavity lined with a copper liner.
		Reactive armor designs are based on the assumption that dispersing the shaped charge jet, so that it impacts on a large are of the structure behind the reactive armor, will reduce the jet's penetration into it.
		This armor is useful for lightly armored vehicles and in situations where a minimal amount of explosives and protection against both shaped charges and normal kinetic armor piercing projectiles is important.
	rankarmor.com /no_reactive.html (1000 words)

	SoldierTech: Infantry 1, Tank 0
		Where the armor penetrating capabilities of a kinetic energy round fell off over distance (as the projectile bled off energy), the HEAT rounds were just as effective at their maximum range as they were at point blank range.
		This was not a risk that armor could mitigate; out-ranged and outgunned (you could not hang enough steel on a tank to prevent SC burn-through), the introduction of the ATGM all but signaled the extinction of the tank.
		ERA, essentially a layer of explosive material sandwiched between metal plates, defeats SC weapons by disrupting and prematurely dissipating the metal plasma jet.
	www.military.com /soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_EFP,,00.html (1367 words)

	T-84 MBT
		The armor protection of the T-84, which includes advanced multi-layer armour and built-in third generation explosive reactive armour package for the turret and chassis, provides to the T-84 a high level of battlefield survivability.
		The explosive reactive armor is so efficient against the chemical energy attack that sometimes the tank can be hit by an enemy HEAT projectile without the crew being aware of the damage until much later.
		The explosive reactive armor system is of a modular design so that it can be easily replaced or upgraded allowing new explosive reactive armor developments to be incorporated in the future when this becomes available.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/ukraine/t-84.htm (3718 words)

	Reactive armour - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reactive armour is a type of vehicle armour that reacts in some way to the impact of a weapon to reduce the damage done to the vehicle being protected.
		Reactive armour can be defeated with multiple hits in the same place, as by tandem-charge weapons, which fire two or more shaped charges in rapid succession.
		An element of explosive reactive armour consists of a sheet or slab of high explosive sandwiched between two plates, typically metal, called the reactive or dynamic elements.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reactive_armour (959 words)

	A Brief Guide to Russian Armored Fighting Vehicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When fitted with its explosive reactive armor package, the T-80 is virtually immune over its frontal arc to penetration from all current NATO ATGMs which rely on a HEAT warhead to penetrate armor.
		With the explosive reactive armor fitted the smoke grenade launchers are moved from either side of the main armament back to either side of the turret and positioned between the turret side and the explosive reactive panels On the turret of the T-80, the panels are joined to form a shallow chevron pointing.
		Explosive reactive armor is also fitted to the forward part of the turret roof to provide protection against top attack weapons The explosive reactive armor package on the T-80 provides a high degree of protection against ATGMs such as MILAN, HOT, TOW and SWINGFIRE over the frontal arc.
	aeronautics.ru /archive/armored_vehicles/t-80_b.htm (1499 words)

	Armor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Be it a wooden shield or the modern composite armor of a main battle tank, armors main purpose is to defeat the destructive effects of the oppositions weapon systems.
		Reactive armor consists of boxes attached to the exterior of the tank.
		Reactive armor can increase the effectiveness of conventional armor up to 5 times but it has it's drawbacks.
	members.aol.com /panzersgt/theory/armor.html (617 words)

	Russian/FSU Armored Fighting Vehicles
		On the T-64BV the reactive armor covers the glacis plate, the forward part of the turret front, sides and roof and hull sides extending to the five road wheels.
		When fitted with explosive reactive armor, the smoke dischargers are moved from either side of the main armament to either side of the turret rear, roughly in line with the fourth and fifth road wheels.
		The turret has conventional cast armor with a maximum thickness of 280-mm, the nose is about 80-mm thick and the glacis is of a new laminate armor 200-mm thick, which when inclined gives between 500/600-mm of protection.
	www.galope.com /mike/tank_info.htm (6589 words)

	Army weapons and equpment
		T-64B This was a major redesign of the T-64A to incorporate a new hull and turret armor that was not as bulky as the first generation Combination K armor on the T-64A, but at the same time offering the same or better protection.
		T-72B1 This is the first T-72 with NDZ armor and externally identifiable with the considerably thickened turret frontal armor, this is referred to as the Super Dolly Parton.
		WZT-3 Armored Recovery Vehicle This ARV is based on the T-72M1 hull, and is armed with a 12.7-mm machine-gun, which is fitted to the commander's hatch.
	www.zoki.freehomepage.com /photo3.html (18248 words)

	Russian/FSU Armored Fighting Vehicles
		It fires rockets to which are attached flexible tubes containing high explosives which fall to the ground on to the minefield and are then detonated from the vehicle.
		The armor of the BMP-3 is believed to be laminated aluminum, and its manufacturers claim it affords protection against 30-mm armor-piercing rounds over the 60-degree frontal arc.
		The basic BTR-D is a multi-purpose armored transporter used by the former Soviet VDV (Air Assault Forces) air assault divisions, for a variety of roles including troop transporter, towing support weapons such as the 23 mm ZU-23 light anti-aircraft gun and maintenance support.
	www.armscontrol.ru /atmtc/Arms_systems/Land/Armored_Combat_Vehicles/afvs.htm (16301 words)

	MilParade.ru \| #31 \| CONCEPT OF THIRD-GENERATION ATGM SYSTEMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The effective engagement of current and future tanks provided with explosive reactive armor is attained by a direct frontal impact of powerful tandem hollow-charge warheads with an armor penetration of 1,000 to 1,200 mm.
		The outfitting of missiles with high explosive thermobaric warheads, possessing blasting and incendiary effects of a large caliber artillery projectile, ensures the defeat of lightly armored materiel (infantry combat vehicles, armored personnel carriers), pillboxes, machine gun emplacements with hostile manpower, as well as light boats, small ships and other craft in case of coastal defense.
		Since a modern armor grouping of a potential adversary is a complex mobile system, the defeat of such a grouping requires comprehensive engagement of all targets incorporated in the grouping as well as various other targets that operate in the attack zone.
	milparade.udm.ru /security/31/024x.htm (1728 words)

	Zvezda ZVD-3592 1/35 T-80BV Russian Main Battle Tank with ERA on www.Aviapress.com. Model kits, Military Books and ...
		The BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is designed for use against reactive armor, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects.
		When fitted with explosive reactive armor [ERA] the T-80 is virtually immune over its frontal arc to penetration from all current NATO ATGMs which rely on a HEAT warhead to penetrate armor.
		Explosive reactive armor is also fitted to the forward part of the turret roof to provide protection against top attack weapons.
	www.aviapress.com /viewonekit.htm?ZVD-3592 (1404 words)

	Modern Explosive Reactive Armours
		The orientation of the plates to the explosive detonation front accelerates the front plate upwards in the x-y plane and slightly forwards and conversely forces the rear plate downward and slightly backward.
		The two reactive elements are clearly visible as well as the atmospheric effects on their outer surfaces.
		While in 'light' ERA these plates are relatively thin, the transverse motion of the plates means that the jet must actually generate a 'slot' rather than a 'hole' in the plates.
	www.ciar.org /ttk/mbt/armor.vif2.ru/Tanks/EQP/era.html (2433 words)

	Cybermodeler Online - DML 1/72 M2A2 with ERA
		More than 15 years ago the Army gave consideration to mounting explosive reactive armor – ERA – on the Bradley series of armored infantry fighting vehicles for self-protection.
		The armor is quite effective, and prevents penetration of the interior of the vehicle or at least minimizes it to prevent injuries to crew members as well as denotation of stowed ammunition.
		For those not familiar with reactive armor, it uses an explosion and moving steel plates to deform the jet of molten metal formed by a cumulative effects warhead (HEAT) to prevent it forming correctly and penetrating the armor protection of a vehicle.
	www.cybermodeler.com /hobby/kits/dml/kit_dml_7298.shtml (610 words)

	Missing Links Matthew Malogorski Superdetailing the DML T80 with ERA Article
		The explosive reactive armor needs to be raised off the hull with mounting pins of 2mm, 3mm, and 4mm for accuracy.
		The reactive armor mounts for the turret front did not fit well in the mounting slots, so a lot of tedious filling was required to get rid of the gaps.
		The Explosive Reactive Armor Blocks for the turret front are molded as one piece and are designed to sit on the mounts.
	www.missing-lynx.com /articles/modern/t80era.htm (3881 words)

	The Forum of the 1.Jagdmoroner Abteilung - RPG Question
		I was unaware that Abrams are equipped with ERA.
		ERA all over some Marine M-60s, pretty sure some Bradleys too.
		The TUSK includes additional protection at the loader's and the commander's gun stations, side reactive armor and real slat armor to protect the tank from rocket-propelled grenades and a tank/infantry telephone to allow close infantry to work with the tank in combat.
	www.1jma.dk /topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=5084 (528 words)

	[No title]
		February 13, 2006: The U.S. Army is equipping 150 of its Stryker wheeled armored vehicles with ERA (Explosive Reactive Armor.) Invented by the Israelis in the 1970s, ERA consists of explosives packaged between layers of sheet metal.
		When the hot gas jet produced by a shaped charge (of an RPG or missile warhead) hits the ERA explosives, the gas jet is disrupted and rendered harmless by the ERA explosion.
		There is also SLERA (Self Limiting ERA), which uses smaller amounts of explosives to disrupt the gas jet, and less destruction to the section of ERA itself.
	www.strategypage.com /htmw/htarm/articles/20060213.aspx (288 words)

	SHIPON
		SHIPON is a cost-effective weapon system that was developed in the late 1990's, designed to bridge the gap between low-cost men-served LAR's (Light Anti-Tank Rockets), such as the M-72 LAW, and expensive crew-served ATGM'S (Anti-Tank Guided Missiles), such as the TOW.
		In addition, it can be effectively used against various types of targets such as bunkers, armored or non-armored vehicles and different kinds of fortifications.
		Penetrates 800 mm of armored steel (reactive armor protected), or 500 mm of reinforced concrete.
	www.israeli-weapons.com /weapons/missile_systems/anti-armor/shipon/SHIPON.html (254 words)

	SoldierTech: Future Tank Gun Systems
		Man portable and vehicle-launched ATGMs (Anti Tank Guided Missiles) may be the most prolific anti-tank weapon on the modern armored battlefield, but the kinetic energy (KE) penetrator remains the benchmark by which armor protection is evaluated.
		Unjammable, unaffected by explosive reactive armor, relatively inexpensive and brutally efficient, the KE penetrator drives armor development.
		Not only were the smaller projectiles more aerodynamically efficient (with less surface area and atmospheric drag), but because their contact "footprint" on the target surface area was smaller, their energy was concentrated on a smaller portion of the target when they hit, for better penetration.
	www.military.com /soldiertech/0,14632,Soldiertech_TankGun,,00.html (1429 words)

	sandbagged shermans? - Battlefront.com Discussion Area
		The law of conservation of energy dictates that the energy of the original jet is equal to the combined total of the smaller jets minus the energy expended to the displace the armor.
		The military acronym for this armor is ERA which stands for Explosive Reactive Armor.
		As far as I know it was used against HESH rounds (high explosive squash head) which were designed to hit, flatten out on impact and explode sending a large shockwave through the hull to flake off metal on the inside of the tank thus causing damage and death but never actually penetrated.
	www.battlefront.com /discuss/Forum1/HTML/000381-2.html (1035 words)

	Moscow Defense Brief
		The results of combat operations show that the side armor of the Abrams tank is completely inadequate to fire from light anti-tank weapons, including older generation weapons, making these tanks unsuitable for operations in built-up areas.
		In spite of the vehicle’s explosive reactive armor (ERA), its protection proved to be completely inadequate in combat against even outdated generations of light anti-tank weapons.
		Enhanced survivability against RPG is provided by slat armor: testing and combat experience in Iraq has shown that this steel grille is able to prevent the proper functioning of anti-tank grenades and the formation of a hollow-charged jet.
	mdb.cast.ru /mdb/1-2005/ac/us_armor (2796 words)

	HobbyTerra - Excellent scale model kits
		Explosive reactive armor (ERA) was designed to enhance existing tanks protection against HEAT sharped charge warheads.
		The Israeli Army first used Blazer ERA in the 1982 Lebanon War.
		The Syrians captured a M48 with Blazer and that one was delivered to the main Soviet Armor research center, the NIIBT at Kubinka.
	www.hobbyterra.com /product.asp?idProduct=791 (100 words)

	Defense Tech: U.S. GETS EXPLOSIVE ARMOR FROM ISRAEL
		The idea behind "reactive armor" is to blow up a roadside bomb or rocket propelled grenade just before it reaches the vehicle.
		Each tile has a small explosive charge that can destroy the warhead of an attacking missile or rocket.
		The armored systems directorate official noted that Rafael provided add-on armor for the U.S. Marine Corps’ AAV7 amphibious assault vehicles used during major combat operations in Iraq earlier last year.
	www.defensetech.org /archives/000917.html (334 words)

	The Ch'onma-ho main battle tank: a look at the present and future of North Korea's "Flying Horse" Armor - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Adding BDD armor is particularly significant because it is credited with adding 120mm of protection against armor-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) ammunition and 200 to 250mm of protection against high-explosive antitank (HEAT) ammunition.
		This new missile reportedly penetrates 550mm of conventional armor protected by an external layer of explosive reactive armor (ERA).
		Additionally, this upgrade package includes the advanced built-in ERA that looks similar to the Kontakt-5 reactive armor, which is used to protect the more advanced T-80U MBT.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PAB/is_5_114/ai_n15674769 (656 words)

	Infantry Carriers
		Only TRACKED armored personnel carriers (APCs) that could have enabled them to move cross country in the face of intense enemy fire would have helped them conduct a mobile defense and carried the heavy firepower that could have been brought to bear from unexpected locations and move themselves, their wounded and their supplies.
		Reactive armor tiles on the outside of the pre-det/bullet deformation layer defeats RPGs and bigger ATGM shaped charge warheads.
		After that, shots would be in pairs, one to set-off the reactive armor, and the second to penetrate the tank.
	www.geocities.com /armorhistory/infantrytanks.htm (13466 words)

	Factsheets Database - T-80 - Powered by ReviewPost
		The system is intended to engage tanks fitted with ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour) as well as low-flying air targets such as helicopters, at a range of up to 5km.
		The tank is protected by a combination of explosive reactive armour (ERA) at the front and gill type armour panels elesewhere.
		It has a new all-welded cast steel turret with ERA on the hull front and turret, an automatic loading system and relocation of the ammunition to the turret bustle for improved survivability.
	www.trackpads.com /factsheets/showproduct.php/product/229 (2254 words)

	->Training - Tank Technic<-
		reactive coating or begins to drill itself through the armor plate.
		vehicles were equipped with reactive armor plates on the upper side until now.
		Immediately after target detection the EFP-warhead is fired, a fin-stabilized kinetic energy penetrator forms, which travels to the target at multi-sonic speed and penetrates the target from the top.
	www.fortunecity.com /tattooine/t1000/190/flecktarn-en_ausb-technik.htm (1143 words)

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