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Topic: Explosive reactive armour

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	Reactive armour - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Reactive armour can be defeated with multiple hits in the same place, employed in tandem-charge weapons, which use two or more shaped charge explosions in rapid succession.
		Explosive reactive armor's protective mechanism against shaped charge warheads involves producing an explosion when it is impacted by a weapon, moving the reactive elements and thus disrupting the jet of molten metal the warhead produces, significantly reducing its penetration capability.
		ERA tiles are used as add-on armour to the most vulnerable portions of an armoured fighting vehicle, typically the front of the hull and the front and sides of the turret.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Explosive_reactive_armour (823 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Reactive armour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Reactive armor or explosive reactive armour (ERA), is a type of armour used primarily on tanks to lessen the damage from explosions caused from missile warheads, exploding shells, grenades, or dropped bombs.
		ERA tiles are used as add-on armour to the most vulnerable portions of an armoured vehicle or tank, typically the front of the hull and the front and sides of the turret.
		Reactive armour can be defeated with multiple hits in the same place, which is employed in tandem-charge weapons, which use two shaped charge explosions in rapid succession.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Reactive_armour (585 words)

	Reactive armour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Reactive armor or explosive reactive armour (ERA), is a type of armour used primarily on tanks to lessen the damage from explosions caused from missile warheads, exploding shellss, grenades, or launched bombs.
		Reactive armor's protective mechanism involves producing an explosion or other such reaction when it is impacted by a weapon, "pushing back" against it.
		ERA bricks are used as add-on armour to the most vulnerable parts of an armoured vehicle or tank.
	www.theezine.net /r/reactive-armour.html (350 words)

	Modern Reactive Armour Applications
		Explosive Reactive armor (ERA) is a common form of add-on armor, used on many Armored Fighting Vehicles (AFV).
		Protection by explosive modules was deployed by the Israel Defense Forces in the late 1970s, and was first, and successfully used in combat with the Israeli Army M-60s and Centurion tanks in the 1982 War, and later, by the Russian Army by the mid 80s.
		Other applications of reactive armor are based on the use of reactive properties of the protection module, yet the initiation of such reactions are not triggered by an explosive charge.
	www.defense-update.com /features/du-1-04/reactive-armor.htm (645 words)

	PakDef Forums - The Case for ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour)
		Here the obliquity of armour can be critical, and when it is say zero, the attacking penetrator would be subjected to the pressure and somewhat irregular flow of the detonation products, but the metal sheets would affect it only until they are completely perforated.
		However, in cases where the obliquity of the armour is greater than zero degree, flying plates will continuously feed new armour material in the path of the penetrator, and make difficult going for it, and the penetrator must perforate the additional target material which causes increased consumption and erosion of the penetrator.
		ERA is a good idea, and is viable but then it has certain limitations which have been hinted in the presentation.
	www.pakdef.info /forum/printthread.php?t=4780 (2178 words)

	kontakt 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Kontakt-5 is a new Russian type of explosive reactive armour.
		Kontakt-5 is different from previous types of explosive reactive armour in that it is the first type which is effectively able to defeat the most modern APFSDS rounds.
		The effectiveness of Kontakt-5 ERA is confirmed in the west by tests run by the German Bundeswehr and the US Army.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /kontakt_5.html (259 words)

	Explosive reactive armour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A reactive armour, that explodes when hit by either kinetic energy or high explosive antitank (HEAT) projectiles, disrupting the round, and degrading its penetration.
		Explosive reactive armour is most effective against HEAT rounds.
		The new Russian Kontakt-5 ERA is not completely destroyed when hit - it still functions as armour after exploding.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/E/Explosive-reactive-armour.htm (145 words)

	T-84 MBT
		In addition to being fitted to the hull and turret, explosive reactive armor panels are also fitted either side of the hull front to provide lateral protection to each side of the driver’s compartment.
		The explosive reactive armor is so efficient against the chemical energy attack that sometimes the tank can be hit by an enemy HEAT projectile without the crew being aware of the damage until much later.
		The explosive reactive armor system is of a modular design so that it can be easily replaced or upgraded allowing new explosive reactive armor developments to be incorporated in the future when this becomes available.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/ukraine/t-84.htm (3718 words)

	Operation Flashpoint Network
		The BK-29 round, with a hard penetrator in the nose is designed for use against reactive armour, and as an MP round has fragmentation effects.
		Fitted with explosive reactive armour [ERA] the T-80 is virtually immune over its frontal arc to penetration from all current NATO ATGMs which rely on a HEAT warhead to penetrate armour.
		Explosive reactive armour is also fitted to the forward part of the turret roof to provide protection against top attack weapons.
	www.3dactionplanet.com /flashpoint/t80.htm (1287 words)

	KMDB - Protection of modernized T-72 main battle tanks
		In order to increase the protection level, the T-72AG is fitted with additional armour modules for the front hull and turret, explosive reactive armour for the hull and turret, and protective side skirts fitted with explosive reactive armour in the forward part of the hull.
		The explosive reactive armour elements do not detonate when hit by 30mm automatic gun projectiles or exposed to effects of the incendiary mixtures of Napalm type or volumetric explosions.
		Explosive reactive armour is installed on the front and side parts of the turret as well as on the turret roof
	www.morozov.com.ua /eng/body/t72m2.php?menu=def5.php (948 words)

	EXPLOSIVE REACTIVE ARMOUR
		Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA) is an add-on armour designed to offer additional protection to tanks against shaped charge warheads of modern antitank guided missiles (ATGMs).
		The ERA developed by DRDO is a sandwich of explosive and metal plates.
		The ERA technology has met all the requirements of the user and was accepted for introduction into the Indian Army.
	www.drdo.com /pub/techfocus/feb04/explosive.htm (432 words)

	[No title]
		Explosive reactive armour has been added to the glacis plate and nose of the vehicle.
		The driver is seated in the centre and has a single-piece hatch cover that lifts and swings to the right and in front of this are three periscopes, the centre one of which can be replaced by a passive periscope for driving at night.
		The turret is in the centre and is of all welded steel armour construction to which a layer of composite armour has been added over the frontal arc.
	www.pakdef.info /pakmilitary/army/tanks/alkhalid_new.html (1277 words)

	armada international: 6/97-28
		An armour similar to Chobham is used in the hull and turret of the M1 Abrams, and other forms of advanced armour have been adopted in tanks designed by China, France, Germany, India, Israel, South Korea, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, and South Africa.
		The Merkava Mk 3 was the first tank to have most of its “special armour” in modular form, although the Leclerc had a similar approach with hull and turret made from welded steel with protection by modular composite armour that can easily be replaced or upgraded.
		The Leopard 2 uses a spaced multilayer armour, while the Leopard 2 Improved has a redesigned turret with the addition of externally mounted modules of third-generation armour on the front, sides and roof claimed to resist all known kinetic and chemical energy threats.
	www.armada.ch /97-6/page6-97_28.htm (883 words)

	Reactive armour - TheBestLinks.com - Reactive armor, Armour, Electric charge, FSU, ...
		Reactive armour - TheBestLinks.com - Reactive armor, Armour, Electric charge, FSU,...
		Reactive armor, Reactive armour, Armour, Electric charge, FSU, Israel, Missile...
		Though it was once quite common for a dozen or so infantrymen to ride on the outside of a tank's hull, this is not done with ERA plated vehicles - for obvious reasons.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Reactive_armor.html (633 words)

	Anti-tank firepower
		The development in armour protection that has taken place in recent years and especially during the 90s has raised serious questions about the effectiveness of many existing anti-tank guns and anti-tank guided weapons.
		Vulnerable to interference and with penetration capability that has difficulty keeping up with developments in armour protection is symptomatic of a weakness that calls for a remedy.
		But with the introduction of supplementary armour, explosive reactive armour (ERA), inert reactive armour (IRA), multi-layer armour and other forms of special armour, it has become doubtful whether man-portable, medium- range, anti-tank weapons have the capacity to penetrate the protecting armour with enough residual (behind armour) effect.
	www.global-defence.com /2000/pages/antitnk.html (1249 words)

	Hazell: Numerical Simulations of an Explosive Reactive Armour Plate Impacting a Lightweight Armoured Vehicle's Hull
		Hazell: Numerical Simulations of an Explosive Reactive Armour Plate Impacting a Lightweight Armoured Vehicle's Hull
		Numerical Simulations of an Explosive Reactive Armour Plate Impacting a Lightweight Armoured Vehicle's Hull
		rear plate from an explosive reactive armour impacting lightweight armoured
	www.argospress.com /jbt/Volume5/5-3-1.htm (206 words)

	. : : B a n g l a d e s h M i l i t a r y F o r c e s : : . (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The "Al Zarrar" is a Pakistani made tank equipped with 125 mm computer guided gun, is being inducted in the country's armoured forces.
		It has the capacity of carrying Explosive Reactive Armour.
		Armoured protection has been enhanced through add-on composite armour, Explosive Reactive Armour and provision of stealth profile.
	www.bdmilitary.com /main/military/land/army/equipment/armour/mbt/army_mbt_alzarrar.htm (368 words)

	Army Technology - BILL 2 - Anti-Tank Guided Weapon
		Predictive tracking algorithms are used to maintain the missile trajectory at the correct offset for the chosen engagement: 1.05m above the line of sight for armoured and soft target attack and along the boresight for non-armoured attack.
		The two shaped charge jets are compensated to direct all the fragments of the jets downwards onto the same spot on the surface of the target.
		First, the front warhead destroys the reactive armour and then the rear warhead has free passage to penetrate the main body armour of the tank.
	www.army-technology.com /projects/bofors (715 words)

	Kontakt-5 - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Kontakt-5 is a Russian type of third-generation explosive reactive armour.
		It is the first type of ERA which is effectively able to defeat modern APFSDS rounds.
		Kontakt-5 has been succeeded by the newer Kaktus type, which is currently only seen on prototype tanks such as the Black Eagle tank.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Kontakt-5 (195 words)

	index: T-90
		The system is intended to engage tanks fitted with ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour) as well as low-flying air targets such as helicopters, at a range of up to 5 km.
		The tank is protected by both conventional armour-plating and explosive reactive armour (ERA).
		The fuel tanks are reinforced with armour plating.
	www.ciar.org /~ttk/mbt/t90s.indext90.htm (529 words)

	Rafael toughens explosive reactive armour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The most important novel feature of the new armour is the use of an innovative low-burning rate (LBR) explosive which behaves like an inert material during transportation, storage and maintenance but releases its full energy when struck by a shaped charge jet.
		Hybrid reactive armour is very attractive for use on light and medium-weight armoured vehicles as protection against shaped charge weapons which no other form of armour currently available can provide.
		As it is, the Insensitive Reactive Armour developed by Rafael provides protection not only against hand-held shaped charge weapons such as the RPG-7 but also against small calibre armour piercing projectiles and fragments of artillery shells and roadside bombs.
	www.janes.com /defence/land_forces/news/idr/idr051019_1_n.shtml (336 words)

	T-80UD MBT
		The tandem warhead enables the missile to defeat targets fitted with explosive reactive armour with a high degree of efficiency.
		The armor protection of the T-80UD, which includes advanced multi-layer armour and explosive reactive armour package for the turret and chassis, provides to the T-80UD a high level of battlefield survivability.
		The upper part of the suspension is covered by a skirt, the forward part of which is armoured (fitted with explosive reactive armour).
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/ukraine/t-80ud.htm (1778 words)

	[No title]
		This has a muzzle velocity of 1,480 m/s and will penetrate 150 mm of armour at an angle of 65° at a range of 2,400 m.
		Like the Western 120 mm smoothbore ammunition, this has a semi-combustible cartridge case and all that remains after firing is the stub cartridge case.
		The NORINCO APFSDS round has a muzzle velocity of 1,660 m/s and is claimed to have a similar armour penetration performance to NATO natures of ammunition, for example around 550 mm of rolled homogenous armour (RHA) at a range of 1,500 m.
	www.ciar.org /ttk/mbt/pakistan.t-59.html (1514 words)

	armada international: 5/00-001 (Full Article)
		The armour protection varied from 12 mm to 44 mm (depending on location) and it was fitted with an NBC system.
		Known as the Classical, this M113 is fitted with an advanced explosive reactive armour (ERA) package from Rafael, added protection for the commander, the Israel Military Industries CL-3030 self-screening smoke system and an extension to the top-mounted exhaust pipe.
		It is now possible to construct a vehicle hull from a lighter material such as glass-fibre (already widely used for the hulls of smaller naval vessels) and rely on an outer skin of ceramic or explosive reactive armour for protection.
	www.armada.ch /00-5/001.htm (4220 words)

	Pakistan Times \| Top Stories: Al-Zarrar Tanks: Handed-Over to Pakistan Army
		The armour corps, he said, ought to be very proud of itself for getting the very latest tanks in the world.
		President Gen Musharraf said that Al-Zarrar with its configuration of an excellent power to weight ratio, enhanced firepower, high mobility, all weather day and night fighting capability, explosive reactive armour and the latest 125 mm smooth bore gun is compatible with any modern tank of the world.
		He said the extra multi-tier armour protection in the form of Add-on Armour, Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA) and reshaping can defeat most of the kinetic and chemical energy ammunition with great degree of protection.
	pakistantimes.net /2004/02/27/top.htm (1115 words)

	Modern Explosive Reactive Armours
		The orientation of the plates to the explosive detonation front accelerates the front plate upwards in the x-y plane and slightly forwards and conversely forces the rear plate downward and slightly backward.
		While in 'light' ERA these plates are relatively thin, the transverse motion of the plates means that the jet must actually generate a 'slot' rather than a 'hole' in the plates.
		The Israeli application of ERA was rather crude, using large blocks which left large null zones in the armour after detonation.
	armor.kiev.ua /fofanov/Tanks/EQP/era.html (2314 words)

	Russian T-72 Tank
		Moreover, the gun's capability to fire guided projectiles made it possible to increase the effective range of fire at armoured targets to 4,000 m (compared with 3,000 m for the M1A2 and Leopard and 3,400 m for the Leclerc), with a 0.8 probability of hitting a tank-type target.
		The armour (passive) protection of the hull and turret front section is represented by multilayer armour panels ensuring the tank invulnerability to most types of HVAP and HEAT projectiles of tank (antitank) guns.
		A high resistance to HEAT ammunition is attained through the installation of suspended explosive reactive armour.
	www.defencejournal.com /may99/t-72.htm (1361 words)

	[No title]
		The tank is fitted with a 125 mrn D-81 smoothbore gun, a 7.62 mm co-axial machine gun and a 12.7 mm air defence machine gun mounted on the commander's cupola.
		The system is intended to engage tanks fitted with ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour) as well as low-flying air targets.
		The hull and turret are protected by armour plating, including combined armour arrays over the frontal arc.
	homepage.eircom.net /~militaryx/newsite/website/tanks/6.htm (803 words)

	[No title]
		The tank is protected by a combination of explosive reactive armour (ERA) at the front and gill type armour panels elesewhere.
		The latest version of the T-80U being developed is the T-80UM2 which is designed to engage targets while stationary or on the move.
		It has a new all-welded cast steel turret with ERA (explosive reactive armour) on the hull front and turret, an automatic loading system and relocation of the ammunition to the turret bustle for improved survivability.
	homepage.eircom.net /~militaryx/newsite/website/t80.htm (819 words)

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