
	Where results make sense

Topic: Export of cryptography

Related Topics

RC4 (cipher)

Secure Sockets Layer

Advanced Encryption Standard

International Data Encryption Algorithm

Stunnel

Kiwi Fruit

Garlic

China

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit

1995 in science

1995

	International Cryptography Campaign 1998
		Cryptography export controls have been used by western governments to impede the spreading use of strong encryption.
		The essence of the Declaration was a call for the Wassenaar representatives to remove cryptography from the control lists, on the grounds that it was a defensive tool and not a weapon and that according to the stated aims of the Wassenaar Arrangement it should not restrict the export of cryptography.
		However, the recent awarding of an export license to the new Australian subsidiary of RSA is seen by some as a softening in attitude that may augur well for the winds of change to sweep through the corridors of the Defence Department.
	www.efa.org.au /Publish/cfp99.htm (0 words)

	Export of Cryptography in the 20th Century and the 21st, The
		Export of Cryptography in the 20th Century and the 21st, The
		Cryptography was treated as a weapon under the export-control laws.
		Industry efforts to develop and use cryptography were thwarted by export-control regulations, which emerged as the dominant government influence on the development and deployment of encryption technology.
	www.research.sun.com /techrep/2001/abstract-102.html (322 words)

	Report on Background and Issues of Cryptography Policy
		Cryptography is an important component of secure information and communications systems and a variety of applications have been developed that incorporate cryptographic methods to provide data security.
		Cryptography is an effective tool for ensuring both the confidentiality and the integrity of data, and each of these uses offers certain benefits.
		Cryptography can be used to protect the confidentiality of a message containing a credit card number and to confirm that the message was indeed sent by the cardholder.
	www.usdoj.gov /criminal/cybercrime/oeback.htm (6171 words)

	Canada's export controls
		These notes permit the export of "software" or "technology" that is "in the public domain", and also permit the export of "basic scientific research".
		People exporting U.S. origin goods from Canada have occasionally been denied entry to the U.S. I have been told that In 1985 or 1986, a Canadian man named Kline was arrested when he entered the U.S. The trial was in Boston and a few people from Canada's Export Control division testified.
		In this regard, an export permit is required for its export to all countries except the United States.
	www.efc.ca /pages/doc/crypto-export.html (4446 words)

	FIPR EXPORT CONTROL PAPER
		Even with this relaxation, however, cryptography exports within the Community would remain among those singled out for special treatment, since all such exports would have to be notified by exporters to their national export licensing authorities, who would retain control over subsequent export from the Community.
		Constraints on cryptography, which are sometimes justified as necessary for the protection of society from criminal and terrorist activity, are now contributing to the emergence of information infrastructures that provide easy targets for criminals and terrorists.
		Current export controls assume that exports are made pursuant to contracts for the supply of goods, so that there is a specific customer as well as a supplier, and an invoice recording the goods exported.
	www.fipr.org /publications/fexport.html (9741 words)

	Cryptography Export Restrictions
		Many nations restrict the export of cryptography and some restrict its use by their citizens or others within their borders.
		Cryptography is legally a munition and export is tightly controlled under the EAR Export Administration Regulations.
		Restrictions on the export of cryptography are not just US policy, though some consider the US at least partly to blame for the policies of other nations in this area.
	www.freeswan.org /freeswan_trees/freeswan-1.5/doc/exportlaws.html (0 words)

	Cryptography Export Control Archives
		The Office of Legal Counsel contends that the export regulations regarding technical data and cryptography are not constitutional.
		Cryptography is not even mentioned, but it empowers the President to designate which items are "defense articles" or "defense services".
		Cryptography is heavily controlled under these regulations, as if it was a weapon like a tank.
	www.toad.com /gnu/export/export.html (0 words)

	CRYPTOGRAPHY AND LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cryptography can also be used to allow for the anonymous dissemination of information, such as reports on human rights abuses, and to ensure that documents of human rights groups are not tampered with or altered after release.
		Governments want to encourage the use of cryptography for its data protection benefits and commercial applications, but they are challenged to draft cryptography policies which balance the various interest at stake, including privacy, law enforcement, national security, technology development and commerce.
		Applications for export of cryptographic equipment are referred to the DSD for technical advice on the impact of exports on national security.
	www2.epic.org /reports/crypto1999.html (16773 words)

	Export of Cryptography
		Cryptography involves the use of a "key" to transform so-called "plaintext" which is readable into so-called "ciphertext" which is secret.
		Although NSA is charged with development of export control policy with respect to cryptography, the State and Commerce Departments are responsible for implementing that policy through the issuance of export licenses.
		Exports to Canada for use by Canadian citizens are exempt from the export license requirements.
	encryption_policies.tripod.com /us/thomsen_96_crypto.htm (7120 words)

	Export Controls
		Executive Order on November 15 shifting jurisdiction over encryption export controls from the State Department to the Commerce Department and giving the FBI new authority over exports.
		EPIC statement on NIST "Draft Export Criteria for Key Escrow Encryption", December 5, 1995.
		The Applied Cryptography Case.The US State Department denied a request to export a disk version of the classic cryptography text "Applied Cryptography", after approving export of a printed version of the book.
	www.epic.org /crypto/export_controls (0 words)

	Crypto Law Survey
		Governments have long restricted export of cryptography for fear that their intelligence activities are hampered by the crypto use of foreign states and scoundrels.
		Cryptography used for digital signatures is not covered by this survey - see Simone van der Hof's Digital Signature Law Survey.
		This survey of cryptography laws is based on several reports, information from the Internet and personal communications.
	rechten.uvt.nl /koops/cryptolaw (0 words)

	Statement to Wassenaar Secretariat, 14 September 1998
		BELIEVE that controls on the export of cryptography, being a defensive technology, are not justified by the Wassenaar Arrangement, and are in fact contrary to the principles on which it is based;
		The Wassenaar Arrangement controls the export of cryptography as a dual-use good, i.e., one that has both military and civilian applications.
		Far from threatening regional stability and international security, a free and competitive market will quickly provide the cryptographic products which are needed to protect the information based economies of the developed nations and safeguard their citizens in the face of 'information terrorism' and the activities of 'cyber-criminals'.
	www.gilc.nl /crypto/wassenaar/gilc-statement-998.html (0 words)

	GILC -- Cryptography and Liberty
		The signatories of the Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies served as a baseline for the determination of the cryptography export policies of some countries.
		There appears to be an awareness gap between those electronic privacy and major human rights groups that are concerned about cryptography and their counterparts in developing nations that have not been sufficiently informed on the subject.
		Attempts by the United States to influence the development of restrictive national and international regimes on the use of cryptography should be raised as a political and civil rights issue by sympathetic political parties and organizations.
	www.gilc.org /crypto/crypto-survey.html (2701 words)

	export regulations (was: [Cryptography Team] msh-crypto designandtests)
		The Export Administration Regulations (EAR) are enshrined in Title 22 of the CFR (Code of Federal Regulations).
		When you want to export a bit of military hardware or "dual purpose" equipment (things that can be used for civilian OR military purposes,) you're supposed to get an export license.
		Exporting controlled items without one opens you up to the risk of spending time in a minimum security federal facility where you'll be forced to listen to Scooter Libby tell jokes about Dick Cheney.
	lists.squeakfoundation.org /pipermail/cryptography/2005-October/000071.html (1521 words)

	IEEE-USA Letter (9/22/97) on Encryption Measures in the House (H.R. 695)
		Cryptography is the only available tool to secure that information at every stage.
		Cryptography is a fundamental part of information technology; it is not a narrow technology.
		Government constraints on the export of cryptography have thereby forced the flight of encryption capabilities, business, and expertise to Europe and other areas.
	www.ieeeusa.org /policy/LIBRARY/PAPERS/hr695.html (818 words)

	Excerpts from the Export Control List of Canada
		It is promulgated under the authority of the Export and Import Control Act of Canada.
		These are taken from the pamphlet titled A Guide to Canada's Export Controls available from International Trade Centers of the Gov't of Canada across the country.
		The export of "technology" which is "required" for the "development", "production" or "use" of a products embargoes in the International Industrial List is controlled according to the provisions in each Catagory.
	axion.physics.ubc.ca /ECL.html (0 words)

	Cryptography
		Another, more efficient and reliable solution is a public key cryptosystem, such as RSA, which is used in the popular security tool PGP.
		Applied Cryptography (2nd Ed.) is the crypto Bible for the professional engineer and interested layman.
		Cryptography References (part 10 of the sci.crypt FAQ)
	world.std.com /~franl/crypto.html (506 words)

	U.S. Government Cryptography Policy
		Critics of US policy have long pointed out that export controls do not achieve this goal, since strong cryptography is already available in hundreds of forms in every country on the planet.
		The ruling upholds a lower court ruling that US export controls on cryptography are unconstitutional on their face.
		The Bureau of Export Administration of the US Department of Commerce (BXA) went through several rounds of revision coming up with rules to implement the new policy.
	www.egbok.com /cryptoexport.html (939 words)

	Regulation of the Export of Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the Export Adminstration Act of 1979 (EAA), as amended by the Export Administration Amendments Act of 1985, and codified at 50 U.S.C. secs.
		The EAA is administered by the Under Secretary of Commerce for Export Administration, [42] who heads the Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) [43] To implement the export controls and licensing procedures, the BXA has promulgated the Export Administration Regulations (EAR), [44] which the BXA re-published in a "reorganized" version in March 1996.
		Although representatives of private industry have stated that the new export controls are still too restrictive, [79] undeniably the new scheme has made it somewhat easier for U.S. businesses to export cryptographic products.
	gsulaw.gsu.edu /lawand/papers/sp97/gaither.html (3819 words)

	RSA Laboratories - 6.4 United States Cryptography Export/Import Laws
		Weak cryptography generally means a key size of at most 56 bits in symmetric algorithms, an RSA modulus of size at most 512 bits, and an elliptic curve key size of at most 112 bits (see Question 6.5.3).
		In January 2000, the restrictions on export regulations were dramatically relaxed.
		Export to government end-users may also be approved, but under a license.
	www.rsa.com /rsalabs/node.asp?id=2327 (249 words)

	Computer and Network Security
		Supporters of export controls argue that the most serious threat to foreign-intelligence gathering comes not from stand-alone products that constitute most of the market, but from well-integrated, user-friendly systems in which cryptography is but one of many features.
		However, export control presents a conflict between the requirements of the government and the needs of users and developers of cryptography.
		Export of key-escrow equipment would have been permitted, but both the secrecy of the algorithm and the U.S. government’s possession of keys were expected to decrease the enthusiasm of countries who might otherwise have been tempted to employ it in a manner contrary to U.S. interests.
	www2.sims.berkeley.edu /courses/is224/s99/GroupC/pr2/s4.html (1640 words)

	RSA Laboratories - 6.4 United States Cryptography Export/Import Laws
		Weak cryptography generally means a key size of at most 56 bits in symmetric algorithms, an RSA modulus of size at most 512 bits, and an elliptic curve key size of at most 112 bits (see Question 6.5.3).
		In January 2000, the restrictions on export regulations were dramatically relaxed.
		Export to government end-users may also be approved, but under a license.
	www.rsasecurity.com /rsalabs/node.asp?id=2327 (249 words)

	Netsurfer Focus on Cryptography and Privacy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cryptography in the computer age typically involves the translation of the original message into a new and incomprehensible one by a mathematical algorithm using a specific "key".
		The RSA algorithm, used in public key cryptography and patented in the US, is based on the fact that it's easy to multiply two large prime numbers together, but hard to factor them out of the product.
		Public key cryptography enables digital signatures that verify the authenticity of a document, confirms the authorization of the sender, and non-repudiation of the transaction - all critical components to financial transactions.
	www.netsurf.com /nsf/v01/03/nsf.01.03.html (4210 words)

	Pagamenti sicuri - Appendice A: crittografia e export
		For exports there are two classes of regulations, which depend on the cryptography- equipment you want to export.
		One is the Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) in the Department of Commerce, authoriced by the Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
		Cryptography which can be only used for authentication or integrity purposes is not restricted in ITAR because they are classified as (more or less) common exports.
	telemat.die.unifi.it /book/Security/appa.htm (3059 words)

	Cryptography on Linux - Regulations and Restrictions
		Recent announcements by the US administration have relaxed some export limits and requirements for strong cryptography, but the progress is deliberately slow and almost insignificant.
		Australlia is currently the source of some of the best cryptography in the world, but only because of a legal loophole that some are trying to close.
		It is legal, in Australlia to post cryptography on a computer and permit it to be downloaded, even though it is not legal to commercially export cryptography on any physical media.
	www.wittsend.com /crypto/notes31.html (299 words)

	Legal Issues Surrounding Security Tools
		Export of cryptography is restricted by the United States government as a 'munition', under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR).
		These regulations require any person or entity wishing to export cryptography to get a license from the government; this license is routinely granted for certain items and routinely denied for others.
		Among the wonderful case law which this has generated, is the Applied Cryptography Case, in which the book 'Applied Cryptography' was held to be exportable but the source code from the book, put onto floppy, was not.
	www.columbia.edu /~ariel/talk/security-legal.html (1088 words)

	Pagamenti sicuri - Appendice A: crittografia e export
		For exports there are two classes of regulations, which depend on the cryptography- equipment you want to export.
		One is the Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) in the Department of Commerce, authoriced by the Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
		Cryptography which can be only used for authentication or integrity purposes is not restricted in ITAR because they are classified as (more or less) common exports.
	telemat.det.unifi.it /book/Security/appa.htm (3059 words)

	The Applied Cryptography Case
		The other two challenges to US encryption export regulations, the Bernstein and Junger cases, are broader Constitutional attacks, and they continue through the appeals process.
		The US State Department Office of Defense Trade Controls has ruled that this book, Applied Cryptography by Bruce Schneier (copyright 1994, John Wiley and Sons; ISBN 0-471-59756-2) is freely exportable from the United States even though it contains complete source code for several strong cryptographic algorithms.
		Here is the full case history in the Executive and Judicial branches, including all my correspondence with the US State Department, the Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) in the Commerce Department, the US District Court for the District of Columbia, and the Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit.
	people.qualcomm.com /karn/export (680 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)