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Topic: Exposure and response

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	Exposure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Exposure (photography), the total amount of light allowed to fall on the sensor during the taking of a photograph
		Exposure value, a value given to all combinations of camera shutter speed and aperture that gives the same exposure
		Multiple exposure, an exposure in which the sensitivity to light is reduced and then increased at least once during the total exposure time
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exposure (399 words)

	Center for CBT: ERP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Exposure, by itself, usually in a graduated form is central to the treatment of phobias (systematic desensitization), panic disorder (interoceptive training), and generalized anxiety.
		Exposure can be either gradual, as in part of a hierarchy (e.g, in systematic desensitization treatment of phobias), or purposefully evocative of the higher or highest distress, as in flooding or prolonged exposure (in some treatments of OCD or in the later stages of multiple phobia treatments, always with the patient's permission).
		Imaginal exposure is designed to help those suffering from intrusive mental images (e.g., person visualizing raping the Virgin Mary), from images of disastrous consequences (e.g., person imagining running over someone on the road, being arrested, charged, jailed, etc.), or from fear difficult to reproduce (e.g., thunderstorms or contamination from a dead cat).
	gwbweb.wustl.edu /users/dfs1/erp.html (1350 words)

	Asthma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which closely resembles asthma, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older patient, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration (as measured by spirometry), and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.
		The inflammatory response is responsible for the clinical manifestations of an asthma attack.
		The response to targeting with macrolide antibiotics has been investigated, but the temporary benefit reported in some studies may reflect just their anti-inflammatory activities rather than their antimicrobic action.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Asthma (5044 words)

	NIOSH/National Occupational Research Agenda /Exposure Assessment Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Exposure assessment is a multidisciplinary field central to deciding whether and how to use resources for reducing workplace exposures, and to defining exposure-response relationships in epidemiologic studies.
		Imprecise estimation of exposure is often cited as the major limitation in epidemiologic research, hampering the ability to detect environmental causes of disease.
		During the next 10 years, improved exposure assessment methods will lead to better identification of at-risk workers, better identification of the most cost-effective control and intervention strategies, better understanding of exposure-response relationships, and improved baseline data for standard setting and risk assessment, all of which are central to improving occupational safety and health.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/nrexpo.html (693 words)

	Exposure Response Relationships
		Thus, all cumulative exposure indices used in their analysis were determined for a daily 24-h period.
		(1988a) reported that while none of the exposure indices consistently provided a best fit with the models tested, their analysis indicated that exposure indices that weight peak concentrations of ozone differently than lower concentrations of an exposure regime can be used in the development of exposure-response functions.
		Although the cumulative indices used in the experiment appeared to take into consideration the differences in the length of ozone exposure over the 2-year period, the long-term mean was unable to differentiate between the 71- and 36-day "time-of-exposure" periods.
	www.asl-associates.com /quant.htm (807 words)

	Vinyl Chloride: Still a Cause for Concern Environmental Health Perspectives v.108, n.7, Jul00 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Worldwide occupational exposure to VC still seems to be high in some countries (e.g., averages of approximately 1,300 mg/m3 until 1987 in one factory), and exposure may also be high in others where VC is not regulated.
		Exposure of the general population to VC is possible by several routes: inhalation of air polluted with VC, mainly in the vicinity of VC/PVC plants or waste disposal sites; intake of contaminated drinking water; ingestion of food, beverages, and medicaments packed in PVC; and absorption through skin from PVC-wrapped cosmetics.
		A retrospective investigation of the exposure to VC has been performed in 37 autoclave workers in Split, Croatia, who were maximally exposed to the emission of VC by the nature of their job (emptying and cleaning) in a suspension polymerization plant.
	www.mindfully.org /Plastic/Vinyl-ChlorideJul00.htm (8117 words)

	Emergency Response Program, Exposure Pathways, US EPA
		An exposure pathway refers to the way in which a person may come into contact with a hazardous substance, whether it is a chemical, biological, or some other harmful substance.
		The degree or extent of exposure is determined by measuring the amount of the hazardous substance at the point of contact, whether that contact occurs in the lungs of someone who has breathed in the hazard, the stomach lining of someone who has eaten it, or the skin of someone who has touched it.
		Exposure will occur if people drink contaminated groundwater or surface water, accidentally ingest it while swimming, or if it comes into contact with their skin (e.g., in the shower, while swimming, etc.).
	www.epa.gov /superfund/programs/er/hazsubs/pathways.htm (347 words)

	The Efficacy of Behavioral Therapy with Obsessive-Compulsives
		This is the rationale that underlies exposure and response prevention treatment, and it is presented to patients as an explanation for the success of the treatment.
		Simultaneously with the introduction of exposure, we implement ritual prevention, i.e., patients are requested to refrain from engaging in their rituals.
		Several studies found that long exposure was superior to short exposure for reducing anxiety symptoms in anxiety disordered patients (Chaplin and Levine, 1980; Rabavilis, Boulougouris, and Stefanis, 1976; Stern and Marks, 1973).
	www.apa.org /divisions/div12/rev_est/beh_ocd.html (2044 words)

	Phobias - Treatment - MentalHealthChannel
		Exposure with response prevention is an effective treatment for social phobia.
		There is a wealth of evidence that suggests that exposure and response prevention is the most effective treatment for specific phobias.
		Progressive desensitization is not as effective as exposure and response prevention, but is used in people with specific phobias who have great difficulty facing the object or situation that causes their fear.
	www.mentalhealthchannel.net /phobias/treatment.shtml (661 words)

	Exposure - Response: Asbestos and Mesothelioma Health Effects of Historical Exposures to Asbestos
		The initial build-up of surface mea was much greater, exposure for exposure, with chrysotile than with amphibole, but the ehrysotile was largely cleared from the lung before tumours could develop, whereas amphibole was retained indefinitely.
		Sub-linear response to short durations of exposure may, at worst, be taken as hypothesized by McDonald and McDonald,Is in the light of their Table 4.
		This does not, of course, constitute a proof that exposure for at least three months is a necessary condition for the development of asbestos-related mesothelioma; however, it is evidence that, for short durations, the exposure-response relationship is sub-linear.
	tobaccodocuments.org /pm/2028385514-5528.html (4847 words)

	Phobias and OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) Treatment - Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)
		Abstract: Exposure and response prevention (commonly used for the treatment of phobias) can be effective also in the treatment of OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder).
		One of the most effective cognitive behavioural methods in the treatment of OCD (obsessive-compulsive therapy) is a combination of exposure therapy and response prevention.
		Client exposure to the things (or thoughts) that cause anxiety or catastrophical thoughts is repeated until the client feels a marked relief of the anxiety symptoms.
	web4health.info /en/answers/psy-ocd-erp.htm (444 words)

	Exposure-Response Curves
		Each data point represents a different ozone level and response as a function of the the treatments used in the experiment.
		he three constants, A, B, and C represent (1) the theoretical yield at zero ozone, (2) the scale parameter on ozone exposure and reflects the exposure at which expected response is reduced to 0.37 A, and (3) the shape parameter affecting the change in the rate of loss in expected response, respectively.
		he reason for this prediction is because the ozone exposure under ambient conditions showed infrequent occurrences of the high hourly average concentrations that were present in the original open-top chamber experiments.
	www.asl-associates.com /example4.htm (698 words)

	Environmental Exposure to Crocidolite and Mesothelioma . Exposure-Response Relationships -- HANSEN et al. 157 (1): 69 ...
		Epidemiological studies have shown that occupational exposure to the amphibole varieties of asbestos causes mesothelioma (1).
		household exposure to asbestos and occurrence of pleural mesothelioma.
		exposure, lung fibre burden and pleural mesothelioma in a housewife.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/157/1/69 (4168 words)

	GPCAH Publications
		Endotoxin responsiveness and grain dust-induced inflammation in the lower respiratory tract.
		Pulmonary biomarkers of response to acute and subchronic inhalation of soybean dust.
		Immunologic responses of guinea pigs to subchronic inhalation of soybean dust.
	www.public-health.uiowa.edu /gpcah/pubs.html (3918 words)

	The Use of Biochemical and Molecular Parameters to Estimate Dose-Response Relationships at Low Levels of Exposure
		It may be possible to extend dose-response curves to lower levels of exposure based on theoretical knowledge of the mechanisms of toxicity by using so-called biologically based models or by measuring precursor biochemical or molecular events directly involved in the sequence of events leading to toxicity states.
		These exposure biomarkers can be important in epidemiologic studies for stratifying individuals according to intensity of exposure rather than relying on analysis of work practices or lifestyle factors in creating categories of exposure intensities.
		Because the dose response for carcinogenicity is expected to be nonlinear with contributions from multiple factors, the biomarker dose-response curve at low levels of exposure would provide a conservative estimate of risk.
	www.herc.org /news/mcsarticles/andersen.htm (5461 words)

	Therapy Helps Children with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In exposure and response prevention, children learn strategies to manage obsessional fears and compulsive urges by gradually facing their fears.
		Exposure and response prevention teaches children how to reduce their fears and rituals by thinking and acting in more healthy ways.
		Abramowitz says that more studies are needed to evaluate if the exposure and response prevention therapy could be used together, or in sequence with medication, to reduce symptoms more effectively.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=24011&nfid=rssfeeds (659 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Call and response (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This article is about call and response in communication.
		Call and response is a form of "spontaneous verbal and non-verbal interaction between speaker and listener in which all of the statements ('calls') are punctuated by expressions ('responses') from the listener", as stated by Smitherman [1].
		In West African cultures, call and response is a pervasive pattern of democratic participation -- in public gatherings in the discussion of civic affairs, in religious rituals, as well as in vocal and instrumental musical expression (see call and response (music)).
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Call_and_response (115 words)

	Exposure Response Prevention Treatment (CBT) for Anxiety Related Disorders
		This becomes a trap and a vicious cycle as a belief is reinforced: the avoidance or ritual relieves anxiety and its associated fear.
		Exposure is used to relearn appropriate interpretation and appropriate anxiety coping skills.
		Response Prevention is the intentional non use of maladaptive coping by the patient.
	www.slbmi.com /anxiety_center/exposure_response_prevention.htm (374 words)

	Exposure-response relations among laboratory animal workers exposed to rats -- Nieuwenhuijsen et al. 60 (2): 104 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Allergen exposure, atopy and smoking as determinants of allergy to rats in a cohort of laboratory employees.
		Allergic sensitisation is associated with increased bronchial responsiveness: a prospective study of allergy to laboratory animals.
		Allergen and dust exposure as determinants of work-related symptoms in a cohort of flour-exposed workers; a case-control analysis.
	oem.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/60/2/104 (2981 words)

	HM Revenue & Customs: First Exposure Draft: Response
		As we said in the Exposure Draft commentary, the purpose of 3.1.1 is not so much to impose a charge as to identify one of the subjects of charge.
		A number of responses asked why this clause was restricted to rents for electric, telegraphic or telephonic wires and cables.
		The overall response to this clause was favourable.
	www.hmrc.gov.uk /rewrite/exposure/first/response.htm (9148 words)

	Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Reduces Breathing Response Of Newborns
		Exposure to nicotine the equivalent of smoking two packs of cigarets a day produced complicated, abnormal breathing development during the first 18 days of newborn rats, University of Arizona researchers report.
		Ralph Fregosi, presenting the results at three American Physiological Society sessions at Experimental Biology, said his team "found that the required increase in breathing in response to reduced oxygen supply was lower in nicotine-exposed animals compared to the controls over their first nine days.
		In the current study the team studied how prenatal nicotine exposure affected neonate's ability to respond to decreased levels of blood oxygen, and/or low oxygen combined with elevated carbon dioxide.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=41139&nfid=rssfeeds (772 words)

	Exposure-response relations for work related respiratory symptoms and sensitisation in a cohort exposed to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Persons with exposure to flour in a previous job were excluded.
		Allergen and dust exposure as determinants of work-related symptoms and sensitization in a cohort of flour-exposed workers; a case-control analysis.
		Exposure assessment of high molecular weight sensitisers: contribution to occupational epidemiology and disease prevention.
	oem.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/61/6/551 (1098 words)

	Acrylamlide: Dose Response
		The method most commonly used to determine the effects of low exposure over long periods of time, is to extrapolate from higher exposures over a shorter period of time.
		A NOAEL of 0.2mg/kg bw/day and a LOAEL of 1mg/kg bw/day was established for nerve damage in response to acrylamide dosing.
		It was found that exposure to acrylamide resulted in reduction in sperm counts, decreased fertility and increased premature embryonic death.
	enhs.umn.edu /5103/acryl/dose.html (721 words)

	eMJA: Occupational exposure to HIV: response to a system failure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Occupational exposure coordinators were appointed (one per shift at each site) and attended inservice education about occupational exposure, provided by the infection control unit.
		All high-risk exposures are discussed by the occupational exposure coordinator with the on-call infectious diseases physician to develop an action plan.
		The time from occupational exposure to reporting of HIV results for source patients decreased from a range of 7.5–192 hours to 1.1–23 hours (including any delay in reporting by healthcare workers, as well as laboratory processing time).
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/179_03_040803/coo10812_fm.html (1452 words)

	Quick Response Report #103 - Children's Response to Exposure to Traumatic Events
		The research on childrens' response to exposure to traumatic events clearly documents that children who experience traumatic events are at risk for developing both short- and long-term negative emotional reactions (Swenson et al., 1996; Nader et al., 1990).
		These primary caregivers may be modeling an appropriate response to the traumatic event, or may be unable to provide the assistance or assurance that the child needs.
		Since there is a likely relationship between a parents' and their childrens' response to a traumatic situation, how parents attempt to cope with this situation may also impact how they are able to respond to the needs of their children.
	www.colorado.edu /hazards/qr/qr103.html (2191 words)

	ASAP Dictionary of Anxiety and Panic Disorders
		Physical exercise is typically considered to reduce anxiety through either exposure to symptoms, release of endorphins or, following exercise, by promoting improved relaxation and sleep.
		Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) - a form of exposure therapy.
		Exposure Therapy - a psychotherapy to overcome an anxiety by gradual exposure to the cause of anxiety.
	anxiety-panic.com /dictionary/en-dicte.htm (746 words)

	ScienceDaily: Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Reduces Breathing Response Of Newborns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Between nine and 18 days, the situation reversed, and nicotine-exposed rats' response was actually higher than controls, showing an overall complicated, abnormal breathing development over the 18 days.
		Nicotine Exposure Can Increase Motivation To Respond For Food Weeks After The Last Exposure (September 1, 2005) -- A study provides insight into one of the most vexing issues relating to smoking cessation, one that discourages many people from attempting to quit smoking, the prospect of weight...
		It is often caused by exposure to toxic chemicals or long-term exposure to tobacco...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/04/060406101419.htm (1924 words)

	A COMPARISON BETWEEN COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY AND EXPOSURE WITH RESPONSE PREVENTION IN THE TREATMENT OF BULIMIA ...
		Exposure with response prevention (ERP) is an alternative treatment approach designed to treat patients with bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa with the purging sub-type.
		role of exposure with response prevention in the cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa.
		H., Katz, R., Neitzert, C. S., Ralevski, E., and Mendlowitz, S. Exposure with response prevention treatment of anorexia nervosa-bulimic subtype and bulimia nervosa.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /AnS/psychology/health_psychology/KatieD.htm (2919 words)

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