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| | NewMusicBox |
 | | Extended techniques, as may be inferred, require the performer to use an instrument in a manner outside of traditionally established norms. |
 | | Plucking the string of a violin is not an extended technique, but tapping the body is. Playing a string instrument with a mute is not an extended technique, but attaching tinfoil to the bridge is. In the 18th century, the crescendo itself, called a Mannheimer, was considered an extended technique for the orchestra. |
 | | In the 1960s, Berberian was renowned for her facility with extended techniques and her performances of works by Berio, Cage, Ligeti, etc. defined a genre of experimental vocal music. |
| www.newmusicbox.org /page.nmbx?id=71tp00 (3193 words) |
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