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	John J. Bauer, MD, FACS - Brachytherapy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		External beam radiotherapy refers to the use of x-rays to treat prostate cancer.
		Complications of external beam radiotherapy include radiation damage to the rectum (radiation proctitis), to the bladder (radiation cystitis), incontinence (the sudden urge to urinate and the inability to stop the bladder from going), impaired or absent erection, and occasionally nausea and a sense of malaise.
		External radiation is very effective for the first five years at addressing the growth of prostate cancer.
	www.urologychannel.com /michuroassoc/brachytherapy.shtml (535 words)

	External beam radiotherapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		External beam radiotherapy otherwise known as teletherapy, is the most frequently used form of radiotherapy.
		The patient sits or lies on a couch and an external source of radiation is pointed at a particular part of the body.
		The shape and intensity of the beam produced by a linac may be modified or collimated by a variety of means.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/External_beam_radiotherapy (664 words)

	Vulva Radiotherapy
		Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the use of ionising radiation as a treatment modality.
		X-rays and electron beams can be of variable energies depending on the generating machine but gamma rays and beta rays produced by the decay of a radioactive isotope are of a fixed and unalterable energy.
		Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are often combined together to improve the therapeutic index of both because of the differing modes of action and side effect profiles.
	www.gcsau.org /qcgc/vulva/radiotherapy.asp (2840 words)

	eMedicine - Prostate Cancer: External Beam Radiation Therapy : Article by Isamettin Aral, MD
		External beam radiotherapy remains one of the primary treatment modalities for patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer.
		Patients undergoing radiotherapy are commonly advised to diminish the consumption of foods that may cause loose stool (eg, excess of fruits or uncooked vegetables).
		The primary purpose of radiotherapy in combination with androgen ablation is to decrease the volume of the prostate (downstaging), to minimize the size of the treatment fields, and to decrease the toxicity to the surrounding normal structures.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3213.htm (7744 words)

	Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer
		Mixed-beam radiotherapy combines the higher therapeutic benefits of the neutron beam with the lower toxicity of the photon beam.
		Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer with either external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), brachytherapy without external beam radiation for localized prostate cancer, or conformal three-dimensional (3-D) radiotherapy is considered medically necessary.
		Mixed-beam (Photon-Neutron) radiotherapy and brachytherapy with external beam radiation for localized prostate cancer for the treatment of prostate cancer are considered investigational.
	www.bcbst.com /MPManual/Radiotherapy-Brachytherapy.htm (932 words)

	External Beam Radiation Therapy and Kidney Cancer: Cancer Treatment Centers of America
		External beam radiation may be used in conjunction with surgery, chemotherapy, and/or a myriad of other weapons in the CTCA arsenal to help you fight cancer.
		External beam radiation therapy uses a linear accelerator, a high-energy x-ray machine, to direct radiation to a tumor.
		External beam radiation therapy poses no risk of radioactivity to you or others with whom you have contact.
	www.cancercenter.com /kidney-cancer/external-beam-radiation.cfm (292 words)

	Cancer Radiotherapy, Radiotherapy Treatment : Dr Christopher Nutting
		Conformal radiotherapy aims to minimise the volume of normal tissue irradiated by shaping the dose distribution to tightly conform to the shape of the tumour reducing the dose to surrounding normal tissues [5].
		This is different from a unmodulated (standard) radiation beam where the fluence is constant, producing a flat isodose profile where each isodose line at the centre of the treatment beam is perpendicular to the central axis of the beam.
		The beams used in the radiotherapy treatment are chosen based on the experience of the treatment planner, and adjusted as necessary until an acceptable radiotherapy treatment plan is obtained.
	www.chrisnutting-oncology.co.uk /cancer-radiotherapy-treatment.htm (6273 words)

	Lung Cancer Treatments - Radiation - brachytherapy, radiotherapy, external beam radiation
		Radiation or radiotherapy uses high-energy rays to kill lung cancer cells, shrink tumors, and prevent cancer cells from dividing and spreading.
		There are two ways in which radiation can be given: external beam radiation and a type of internal radiation called brachytherapy.
		External beam radiation is the most common type of radiation used for the treatment of lung cancer.
	www.lungcancerinfo.net /content/treatments/radiation (719 words)

	CENTIGRAY.COM - Resources for the Radiation Oncology Professional (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The aim of this study was to assess the value of radiotherapy, and especially intraluminal brachytherapy, after resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma by analyzing long-term complications and survival.
		The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of brachytherapy combined with external-beam radiotherapy and repeated arterial infusion chemotherapy in improving stent patency and prognosis in patients with unresectable bile duct cancer as compared with brachytherapy alone.
		The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether external beam radiotherapy (RT) combined with expandable metallic biliary stent (EMS) affects the length and quality of survival of patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinomas.
	www.centigray.com /gb.htm (3981 words)

	Three Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy - East Bay Radiation Oncology Center
		External beam radiotherapy involves a series of daily outpatient treatments to accurately deliver radiation to the prostate.
		Tailoring each of the radiation beams to accurately focus on the patient's tumor allows coverage of the prostate cancer while at the same time keeping radiation away from nearby organs such as the bladder or rectum.
		Proton therapy is administered much the same way as external beam therapy, but it uses protons rather than x-rays to irradiate cancer cells.
	ebroc.com /html/c_prostate.htm (962 words)

	External Beam Radiotherapy treatment for prostate cancer
		Radiotherapy planning involves the determination of the area within the body that requires treatment and the calculation of radiotherapy dosage that is to be applied to the treatment area.
		These beams will be directed at the prostate from different directions and the planning information acquired at the planning CT scan allows this process to be optimised.
		as monotherapy), external beam conformal radiotherapy is used in conjunction with brachytherapy - the perceived advantage of this being that there is a slightly wider field of coverage from the external beam component but still the great big 'oooomph' of radiatio therapy to the central disease from the brachytherapy component .
	www.prostatecancertreatment.co.uk /treatment-options/radiotherapy (846 words)

	Radiation therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells (not to be confused with radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis).
		Radiotherapy has a few applications in non-malignant conditions, such as the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, severe thyroid eye disease, pterygium, prevention of keloid scar growth, and prevention of heterotopic bone formation.
		Radiotherapy is commonly used for the treatment of malignant tumors (cancer), and may be used as the primary therapy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Radiotherapy (2583 words)

	Prostate cancer - Radiotherapy
		Radiotherapy is the use of high energy rays, usually x-rays, to kill cancer cells.
		It should be noted that external beam radiotherapy is often used as a follow-on treatment in cases where surgery or other treatments have not been totally successful (e.g.
		Radiotherapy is sometimes used for the treatment of bone pain associated with secondary tumours (palliative treatment).
	www.pcaso.com /Infosheets/RT.htm (728 words)

	Radiotherapy
		Brachytherapy is a form of radiotherapy that involves applying radiation from a very short distance.
		Brachytherapy: a form of radiotherapy in which the source of radiation is applied in or on the patient in one prolonged dose, using surface applicators, needles, seeds or suspensions for use in serous cavities.
		Teletherapy: a form of radiotherapy in which the source of radiation is applied from a distance from the body.
	www.avmi.net /NewFiles/RadioTherapy/Radiotherapy.html (573 words)

	Radiotherapy
		holmium:YAG laser : a laser whose active medium is a crystal of yttrium, aluminum, and garnet doped with holmium ions, and whose beam is in the near infrared spectrum at 2100 nm; used for photocoagulation and photoablation.
		Overall, only about 50% of those who receive radiotherapy in the hope of a cure are actually cured, partly due to the fact that in the aftermath of radiation treatment, tumour cells produce cytokines that promote the growth of new blood vessels to replace those killed by the radiation treatment.
		curative or radical radiotherapy : when there is a likelihood > 20-30% to eradicate all cancer cells capable of cell division in the primary and regional areas; the patient is expected to have a normal life span.
	focosi.immunesig.org /radiotherapy.html (4314 words)

	M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Orlando - Welcome! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		For traditional radiotherapy, radiation oncologists relied mainly on an individual patient's bony pelvic anatomy to determine the areas that needed to be treated.
		Intensity-modulated radiotherapy is the use of two separate entities: a computerized planning system that performs inverse planning and a device that is capable of changing (modulating) the intensity of the radiation beam emanating from the linear accelerator.
		These are leaflets that are introduced in front of the radiation beam for different lengths of time, thereby changing the overall intensity of the beam, increasing the conformality of individual treatments.
	www.mdandersonorlando.org /cancer_care/genit/prostate/treatment.cfm (1966 words)

	Article : Rotational Treatment Planning Versus Conventional Fixed Field Treatment Planning For The Treatment of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Radiotherapy with radical intension is commonly used to treat localized prostate cancer.
		Conformal radiotherapy allows a smaller amount of rectum and bladder to be treated, by shaping the high dose volume to the prostate.
		Presently the application of conformal radiotherapy techniques in localized carcinoma prostate is one of the most exciting areas of clinical research in radiation oncology for safe dose escalation studies as the dose response curve is extremely steep [14].
	www.ijri.org /articles/archives/2002-12-3/radiotherapy_407.htm (3192 words)

	Bay Medical: The Cancer Center: Radiation Oncology
		External beam radiotherapy is the most common way for delivering a relatively high dose of x-rays to the radiotherapy patient.
		X-rays are generated inside the linear accelerator and exit through a collimator to a designated region either inside the patient or on the skin.
		The target volume is determined through a careful evaluation of the patient by the Radiation Oncologist based on a comprehensive consultation including a history, x-rays, pathology reports, CT and/or MRI scans prior to deciding on the appropriate treatment plan for the patient.
	www.baymedical.org /dept/cancer/radiation/beam.php (278 words)

	Radiation for Endometrial Cancer, Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The observed morbidity from vaginal vault brachytherapy alone was 4 percent and from external beam therapy, 38 percent.
		External beam radiotherapy plus brachytherapy are recommended for stage IB (grade 3), stage IC (grade 2/3) and stage II patients.
		When external beam therapy is given with the brachytherapy boost, the dose is decreased to a range between 3,000-4,000 cGy.
	www.mayoclinic.org /radiationoncology-jax/radioendo.html (3399 words)

	prostate proton cancer loma linda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		External beam refers to the fact that the radiation therapy is generated and administered by a machine outside of the patients body, as opposed to implants which either temporarily or permanently place radioactive sources within the body.
		Conformal means that it is possible to shape the beam in three dimensions to the shape of a tumor so that the majority of radiation is given to the tumor and not to the surrounding normal tissue.
		It is this unique ability to conform a proton beam to a specific tumor or target which sets PBT apart from other forms of external beam radiotherapy (more on this topic later).
	www.protons.com /ROSSI1.HTM (2022 words)

	Radiotherapy Research Archives: June 2006. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Radiotherapy Research Today is a free monthly online journal that collates and summarizes the latest research about Radiotherapy, including details on cancer treatment, side effects.
		Sequential external beam radiotherapy and high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy in T1 and T2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an evaluation of long-term outcome.
		Effect of radiotherapy fraction size on tumour control in patients with early-stage breast cancer after local tumour excision: long-term results of a randomised trial.
	radiotherapy.researchtoday.net /archive/3/6 (623 words)

	Doctors investigating ‘one stop shop’ radiotherapy at time of surgery
		A new radiotherapy technique that can be carried out at the time of surgery and avoids long drawn out sessions of treatment may prove better at preventing the cancer returning in the breast and also bring breast conservation surgery within the reach of women in developing countries.
		But, although intraoperative radiotherapy appears promising enough to be tested against traditional external beam radiotherapy in some cases, it is still far too early to be advised as standard treatment, Dr Emiel Rutgers told a news briefing at the 3rd European Breast Cancer Conference in Barcelona.
		If implants were given after the course of radiotherapy that meant an extra hospital admission and anaesthesia for placing the needles (although this method had become less popular because of the problem of scar tissue after treatment).
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-03/foec-di031902.php (735 words)

	Radical External Beam Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer in Japan: Preliminary Results of the Changing Trends in the ...
		Distribution of external irradiation doses for prostate cancer in the 1996–1998 and 1999–2001 survey periods.
		Radical external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer in Japan: the preliminary results of the 1999–2001 patterns of care process survey.
		The external radiotherapy with three-dimensional conformal boost after the neoadjuvant androgen suppression for patients with locally advanced prostatic carcinoma.
	jjco.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/34/3/131 (2668 words)

	Northern Cancer Network : What is radiotherapy? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Radiotherapy can be given from outside or inside the body...
		Radiotherapy from outside the body is called external beam radiotherapy.
		A treatment machine aims high energy x-rays at exactly the place where the cancer is. Radiotherapy is carefully planned so that it damages as few normal cells as possible.
	www.cancernorth.nhs.uk /Treatments/Radiotherapy/Whatisradiotherapy (432 words)

	Radical External Beam Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer in Japan: Results of the 1999-2001 Patterns of Care Process ...
		Radical external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer in Japan: preliminary results of the changing trends in the patterns of care process survey between 1996–1998 and 1999–2001.
		Radical external beam radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer in Japan: changing trends in the patterns of care process survey between 1996–1998 and 1999–2001.
		The external radiotherapy with three-dimensional conformal boost after the neoadjuvant androgen suppression for patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma.
	jjco.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/36/1/40 (2754 words)

	External beam radiotherapy - The Doctors Lounge(TM)
		External beam radiotherapy is the most common form of radiotherapy where a patient lies on a couch and an external source of X-rays is pointed at a particular part of the body.
		The difference is because MeV beams (gamma rays) have a single beam type - like a laser has a single color and so the energy can be described as a single number.
		The MV beams of linacs have a spectrum of energies - like a torch and the sun have a spectrum of colors and so the energy can be described as the value of the most energetic X-ray beam.
	www.thedoctorslounge.net /oncology/procedures/xbrt.htm (391 words)

	Prostate Cancer Week -- Your Online Prostate Cancer Newsletter
		In recent years, radical prostatectomy, various forms of external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy have all been promoted as options for treating clinical stage T1 and T2 localized prostate cancer.
		The researchers found that the biochemical failure rates or cure rates were similar among permanent seed implantation, high-dose external beam radiotherapy, combined seed/external beam radiotherapy and surgery for localized prostate cancer.
		Outcomes were significantly worse for patients treated with low-dose external beam radiotherapy.
	www.prostatecancerweek.org /members/Vol4/News/040201.htm (311 words)

	False beliefs contribute to prostate cancer radiotherapy avoidance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		False beliefs regarding the potentially harmful effects of radiotherapy can lead prostate cancer patients to avoid such treatment, despite studies that show it is just as safe and effective as other treatments for the disease, say researchers.
		Prostate cancer patients often need to choose between external beam radiotherapy, radiation "seed" implants and surgery to treat their disease.
		External beam radiotherapy involves directing X-rays through the skin to the tumour to kill the cancer.
	www.prostateline.com /prostatelinepat/6096_24525_2_0_0.aspx (371 words)

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