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	Urination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When the external urinary sphincter is relaxed urine will flow from the urinary bladder when the pressure there is great enough to force urine to flow through the urethra.
		Farther along the urethra is a sphincter of skeletal muscle, the sphincter of the membranous urethra (external urethral sphincter).
		It is through the learned ability to maintain the external sphincter in a contracted state that adults are able to delay urination until the opportunity to void presents itself.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urination (3250 words)

	IFESS 20001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Traditionally, coordinated micturition (bladder contractions coupled with a reduction in external urethral sphincter activity) is assumed to require a spinal-brainstem-spinal reflex loop triggered by bladder distention.
		In one experiment, the external urethral sphincter nerve activity was recorded with a bipolar hook electrode.
		Urethral pudendal afferent-evoked bladder and sphincter reflexes in decerebrate and acute spinal cats.
	www.ifess.org /cdrom_target/ifess01/oral2/gustafsonKJ.htm (1598 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Central effects of clozapine in regulating micturition in anesthetized rats
		Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of central administration of clozapine on the bladder and the external urethral sphincter during cystometry and to examine differences in spinal versus supraspinal administration.
		In the anesthetized rat, the external urethral sphincter contracts and relaxes during the expulsion phase in a manner that is complimentary to the high frequency oscillations observed in the bladder pressure record [19] whereas in humans the external sphincter not active during voiding.
		Pharmacological blockade of the external urethral sphincter in the rat resulted in decreased micturition volume and increased residual volume [20-23] suggesting that the activity of the external urethral sphincter contributes to efficient voiding in the rat.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2210/2/6 (5737 words)

	Urethral sphincter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In mammals the flow of urine from the urinary bladder is controlled by a group of muscles collectively called the urethral sphincter, named for their proximity to the urethra.
		Both sexes have at least two areas of muscle: the internal sphincter, or bladder neck; and the external, or distal, sphincter.
		In males the internal and external urethral sphincters are more powerful, able to retain urine for twice as long as females, and are furthermore backed up by the tertiary rings of urethral sphincters along the length of the penis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urethral_sphincter (258 words)

	Sling Procedure - Definition, Purpose, Demographics, Description, Diagnosis/Preparation, Aftercare, Risks, Normal ...
		The urethral sling procedure is effective in the treatment of the severest types of incontinence (Types II and III) by re-establishing the "hammock effect" of the proximal or central point of the urethra during abdominal straining.
		The urethral sling procedure is most often performed as open surgery, which involves entering the pelvic area from the abdomen or from the vagina while the patient is under general or regional anesthesia.
		Severe stress incontinence with intrinsic sphincter deficiency can benefit from bulking agents for the urethra to increase compression, as well as external devices like a pessary that is placed in the vagina and holds up the bladder to prevent leakage.
	www.surgeryencyclopedia.com /Pa-St/Sling-Procedure.html (3010 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Effects of two atypical neuroleptics, olanzapine and risperidone, on the function of the ...
		Olanzapine also reduced the activity recorded from the external urethral sphincter, and the bursting observed during the expulsion phase was abolished by 1.0 mg/kg.
		In addition, clozapine also abolished the high frequency oscillations in the bladder pressure and accompanying bursts in the external urethral sphincter EMG, that are present during the expulsion phase of the micturition profile of the rat [7].
		Blockade of the external urethral sphincter in anesthetized rats results in a disappearance of the HFO from the bladder pressure recording as well as a disappearance of the bursting pattern of the EUS EMG observed during HFO [26-28].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2210/1/4 (5926 words)

	eMedicine - Urological Management in Neurological Disease : Article by Frances M Dyro, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Motor neurons of the urethral rhabdosphincter are in the nucleus of Onufrowicz (Onuf) in the sacral ventral horns.
		External urethral sphincter EMG results were normal, and she had no detrusor hyperactivity.
		Chantraine A: EMG examination of the anal and urethral sphincters.
	emedicine.com /neuro/topic673.htm (5647 words)

	[No title]
		Continence Contributing MusclesInnervationFecalPuborectalis (rectal sling); involuntary External Anal Sphincter; voluntaryInferior Rectal Branch of Pudendal NerveUrinaryExternal Urethral SphincterPerineal Branch of Pudendal Nerve (S2-S4)the external urethral sphincter is incomplete in the female.
		External: Below the pectinate line, the epithelium is innervated somatically (pain, touch, temp.) by branches of the pudendal nerve.
		The sphincter is inhibited by the peristaltic waves and thus does not contribute to fecal continence.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /student/ssn/anatomy/pelviskey04.doc (805 words)

	Urethral Stenosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In the vulvar dystrophies an urethral mucous atrophy occurs current to the low hormonal level, causing a dryness of the urethra and consequently hypervascularization, this sensitive to infections and traumas (previous surgeries), it may cause a stenosis, generally a meatus stenosis
		On the other hand, urinary incontinence (U) may be secondary intrinsic insufficiency of the urethral sphincter in 10% of the cases due to loss of mucous coaptation (Mucosa Seal), resulting from the low level of strogen in menopause and previous surgeries for correction of the IU
		In the present case it was about a patient that presented a urethral meatus stenosis, with obstructive symptoms and urinary incontinence to minimum stress, resulting from an intrinsic from lesion of the external urethral sphincter secondary to trauma because of the continuing attempts of urinary incontinence correction.
	www.jinuf.org.br /volume6/ing/abstract.htm (287 words)

	Short-term timecourse of bilateral pudendal nerve injury on leak-point pressure in female rats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Urethral or vaginal plugs, often supplemented with electrical stimulation [25-27], and/or behavior modification [28] and pelvic floor rehabilitation exercises [29-30] are used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor and prevent SUI [2].
		This effect is minimized by the use of LPP as a urethral functional measure, since it is measured in the absence of voiding.
		Vera PL, Nadelhaft I. Clozapine inhibts micturition parameters and the external urethral sphincter during cystometry in anesthetized rats.
	www.vard.org /jour/05/42/1/ahn.html (3409 words)

	[No title]
		Proximal is medial and distal is lateral.) Onuf’s motor nuerons innervate the external urethral sphincter which is located at the neck of the bladder.
		As the bladder fills, the spinal guarding reflex of the spinal guarding reflex increases the stimulation of the external urethral sphincter to hold in the urine.
		The activity of the external urethral sphincter between the two pressure humps represents when you stop urinating but then you relax the sphincter and contract the bladder to pee the rest out.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /som/students/2003/Lectures/neu40.doc (2158 words)

	Altered Glutamate Receptor Function during Recovery of Bladder Detrusor-External Urethral Sphincter Coordination in a ...
		Holstege G, Griffiths D, de Wall H and Dalm E (1986) Anatomical and physiological observations on supraspinal control of bladder and urethral sphincter muscles in the cat.
		Iwabuchi N (1997) Sacral glutamatergic transmission in the descending limb of the micturition reflex in the cat.
		Pikov V and Wrathall J (2001) Coordination of the bladder detrusor and the external urethral sphincter in a rat model of spinal cord injury: effect of injury severity.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/300/2/421 (4301 words)

	Neuro Diagnosis
		Voluntary toe movement or contraction/relaxation of the anal sphincter are positive indicators for bladder recovery, because they often indicate intact voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter and a coordinated detrusor-sphincter pattern.
		External urethral sphincter EMG documents whether or not the patient can voluntarily contract or expand the external urethral sphincter, upon command and without cutaneous stimulation.
		This study is done by filling the bladder with normal saline to a maximum amount of 500mL, recording the pressure in the bladder and the EMG activity of the external urethral sphincter simultaneously, and observing the patient's response.
	calder.med.miami.edu /providers/MEDICINE/ngdiag.html (1052 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Urinary catheters
		This is often a last resort because of the possible complications associated with continuous catheter usage.
		Complications of catheter use may include: urinary tract or kidney infections, blood infections (septicemia), urethral injury, skin breakdown, bladder stones, and blood in the urine (hematuria).
		Some men have developed urethral injuries due to the balloon being inflated in the urethra.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003981.htm (1718 words)

	Coordination of the Bladder Detrusor and the External Urethral Sphincter in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury: Effect ...
		Fedirchuk B, Shefchyk SJ (1991) Effects of electrical stimulation of the thoracic spinal cord on bladder and external urethral sphincter activity in the decerebrate cat.
		Kruse MN, Noto H, Roppolo JR, de Groat WC (1990) Pontine control of the urinary bladder and external urethral sphincter in the rat.
		Marson L (1997) Identification of central nervous system neurons that innervate the bladder body, bladder base, or external urethral sphincter of female rats: a transneuronal tracing study using pseudorabies virus.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/2/559 (7681 words)

	Micturition (Urination) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The external urethral sphincter surrounds the urethra about 3 centimeters from the bladder, and is composed of voluntary muscular tissue.
		The urination reflex causes the internal urethral sphincter to open and the external urethral sphincter to relax.
		The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (fig.
	www.tpub.com /corpsman/53.htm (338 words)

	Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body - Surface Markings of the Perineum - Yahoo! Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The glans penis, covered by the prepuce, and the external urethral orifice can be examined, and the course of the urethra traced along the under surface of the penis to the bulb which is situated immediately in front of the central point of the perineum.
		The external urethral orifice lies in front of the vaginal opening; the angular gap in which it is situated between the two converging labia minora is termed the vestibule.
		in front of the external orifice of the urethra are the glans and prepuce of the clitoris, and still farther forward is the mons pubis.
	messenger.yahooligans.com /reference/gray/subjects/subject?id=288 (777 words)

	Volume-evoked micturition reflex is mediated by the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in anesthetized rats -- Matsuura ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Cystometrogram, external urethral sphincter-electromyrogram (EUS-EMG), and blood pressure traces during infusion (0.15 ml/min) of the bladder with saline (A).
		In the rat, urethral sphincter activity is low during bladder filling, but during micturition it exhibits brief but intense
		Direct projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to pudendal motoneurons innervating the external urethral sphincter muscle in the rat.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/6/R2049 (3532 words)

	Neuro Etiology
		The primary cause of bladder dysfunction in SCI is an incomplete or complete interruption in the neurocontrol of the external urethral sphincter, which results in an inability of the sphincter to relax, the last of three steps in normal micturition:
		Synergic relaxation of the external urethral sphincter to produce an opening for the urine and decrease intravesical pressure
		The inability of many patients with SCI to relax the external sphincter and voluntarily contract the detrusor muscle causes problems in both retention and expulsion of urine.
	calder.med.miami.edu /providers/MEDICINE/ngeticlas.html (754 words)

	Treatment of external urethral sphincter hypertonicity by pudendal nerve block using phenol solution in patients with ...
		Treatment of external urethral sphincter hypertonicity by pudendal nerve block using phenol solution in patients with spinal cord injury
		We have performed 13 pudendal nerve blocks using a 7% phenol solution in seven patients with spinal cord injury who could not obtain relaxation of the external urethral sphincter with a large postvoid urine residual (150 ml to 600 ml) despite large doses of antispasticity drugs and intermittent catheterisations over three weeks.
		We conclude that pudendal nerve block with a phenol solution as a treatment of external urethral sphincter hypertonicity was effective, easy to perform, and had no complication.
	www.nature.com /sc/journal/v35/n10/abs/3100471a.html (338 words)

	Voiding Dysfunction - My Child Has - Children's Hospital Boston
		During the normal voiding phase, there should be complete relaxation of the external urethral sphincter muscle, so the urine released from the bladder flows smoothly and completely, without interruption, as the bladder empties itself.
		An interupted or intermittent flow of urine or incomplete emptying are causes of voiding dysfunction.
		However, it is more often a learned problem-as in the case where a child continually holds urine in all day--that is difficult to unlearn.
	www.childrenshospital.org /az/Site1836/mainpageS1836P0.html (1322 words)

	Electronic devices
		They produce an electrically stimulated contraction in your pelvic floor and external urethral sphincter.
		In the same year, a Norwegian study supported the use of electronic devices to help women who can't contract the pelvic floor muscles on their own.
		These contractions help to improve the strength and function of your pelvic floor muscles and your external urethral sphincter.
	www.netdoctor.co.uk /womenshealth/sui/devices_005168.htm (785 words)

	Motor evoked potentials from the pelvic floor in patients with multiple sclerosis -- Brostrom et al. 74 (4): 498 -- ...
		the external urethral sphincter, and the abductor hallucis muscles.
		Neurophysiology of the striated urethral sphincter in multiple sclerosis.
		Brostrom S, Jennum P, Lose G. Motor evoked potentials from the striated urethral sphincter: a comparison of concentric needle and surface electrodes.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/74/4/498 (1801 words)

	Foley Catheter Problems
		Antibiotics and anti-spasmodic medications can be considered to treat the frequent cather discomfort.
		Other appoaches include surgical cutting of the external urethral sphincter or endoscopic injection of paralytic agents directly into the external urethral sphincter muscle.
		If those approaches are not feasible, you may want to discuss the option of a suprapubic cathether (an indwelling catheter that is placed directly into the bladder through the abdomen) with your urologist.
	www.medhelp.org /forums/Urology/messages/30546.html (411 words)

	Pudendal
		Pudendal Neuralgia Pudendal neuralgia is pain in the area supplied by the pudendal nerve.
		This includes the external genitals, the urethra, the anus, and the perineum.
		The pudendal nerve carries sensations from the external genitals, the lower...
	neuropathysymptom.marsneuropathy.com /pudendal (691 words)

	Bladder Directory: Urethra
		Abormal Development of the Penis and Male Urethra David A. Hatch, M.D. If the fusion of the urethral folds fail to progress distally on the ventral penis, the urethra will be shortened.
		Prostate - Chat - Prostate is a gland that surrounds the neck of the bladder...
		TRAUMA SCORING ORGAN INJURY SCALE Organ Injury Scaling Urethra Grade Injury Description AIS-90 I Contusion Blood at urethral meatus, urethrography normal 2 II Stretch injury Elongation of urethra...
	www.bladderdir.com /Misc7 (1167 words)

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