Extinction (psychology)

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Topic: Extinction (psychology)

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	Educational Psychology Interactive: Operant Conditioning
		There are five basic processes in operant conditioning: positive and negative reinforcement strengthen behavior; punishment, response cost, and extinction weaken behavior.
		Notice that in the context of positive reinforcement, this schedule produces a scalloping effect during learning (a dramatic dropoff of responding immediately after reinforcement.) Also notice the number of behaviors observed in a 30 minute time period.
		Postive Reinforcement --the term reinforcement always indicates a process that strengthens a behavior; the word positive has two cues associated with it.
	chiron.valdosta.edu /whuitt/col/behsys/operant.html

	Psychiatry / Psychology : Your Health Encyclopedia
		Behavioural medicine - using treatments borrowed from psychology such as cognitive behavioural therapy - has the potential to reduce pain, argue the authors.
		Exposure therapy, which is commonly used to combat social phobia, relies on extinction to treat the fears underlying the disorder.
		Government health authorities have been trying to allay widely publicized concerns that vaccines containing the mercury-containing preservative thimerosal, which is no longer used, were behind an autism epidemic.
	www.3-rx.com /ab/cat/C52 (1824 words)

	LegacyRefs/Dr. Hedbring - Reinforcement Refs
		Mullins, M., and Rincover, A. Comparing autistic and normal children along the dimensions of reinforcement maximization, stimulus sampling, and responsiveness to extinction.
		Coughlin, R.C. The aversive properties of withdrawing positive reinforcement: A review of the recent literature.
		Foxx, R.M., and Dufrense, D. "Harry": The use of physical restraint as a reinforcer, time out from restraint, and fading restraint in treating a self- injurious man. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 4, 1- 13.
	www.bibliorefs.com /reinf.htm (1824 words)

	Permian - Psychology Central
		This could have in part caused the widespread extinctions of marine species at the end of the period by severely reducing shallow coastal areas preferred by many marine organisms.
		The Permian was named in the 1840s by Sir Roderick Murchison, a British geologist, from the extensive exposures in the region around the city of Perm in Russia.
		Three general areas are especially noted for their Permian deposits: the Ural Mountains (where Perm itself is located), China, and the southwest of North America, where the Permian Basin in the U.S. state of Texas is so named because it has one of the thickest deposits of Permian rocks in the world.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Permian (1065 words)

	Stone Age - Psychology Central
		Near the end of the last ice age, 15,000 to 9,000 years ago, a large scale extinction of large mammals (the mammalian megafauna) occurred in Asia, Europe, North America and Australia.
		This event possibly forced modification in the dietary habits of the humans of that age and with the emergence of agricultural practices, plant-based foods also became a regular part of the diet.
		The fat content of the diet was believed to be similar to that of the present day, but the ratio of the types of fats consumed differed: the Omega-6 to Omega-3 ratio was about 3:1 compared to 12:1 of today.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Stone_Age (3170 words)

	Dept of MCB, Harvard U: Resources - Bio Labs Library
		Neurobiology, neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, psychology, cognitive science sites and information on human neurological diseases are covered.
		Scientists can use BioCyc databases to visualize the layout of genes within a chromosome, of an individual biochemical reaction, or of a complete biochemical pathway.
		It includes terms from the areas of biological and machine vision, visual psychophysics, visual neuroscience and other related fields.
	www.mcb.harvard.edu /Resources/Library (2937 words)

	Profile
		Baylis, G.C., Gore, C.L., Rodriguez, P.D., and Shisler, R.J., Visual extinction and awareness: the importance of binding dorsal and ventral pathways, Visual Cognition, 8(3), 359-379, 2001
		Shisler, R. J., Aphasia and Auditory Extinction: Preliminary Evidence of Binding.
		Tasks such as Double Simultaneous Stimulation tasks to study Auditory Extinction have been the focus for several years.
	myprofile.cos.com /rshisler (574 words)

	Publications
		acquisition and extinction of conditioned responses in terms of the number, latency, and magnitude of eyeblinks.
		Journal of Geriatric Psychology and Neurology, 15, 82-90.
		In M.A. Arbib and J.-P. Ewert (Eds.), Visual Structures and Integrated Functions, Springer Research Notes in Neural Computing, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 381-196.
	www.memory.rutgers.edu /html/publications.html (6423 words)

	Hardy Culver Wilcoxon (1921-1996) - Questia Online Library
		He worked as a research assistant to both Hull and Carl I. Hovland, developing early and lasting interests in learning theory and in comparative psychology.
		This combination of scientific interests is reflected in his first two publications: "Spatial Orientation in the White Rat", which he published with Roland Waters (1948), and "A Preliminary Determination of the Functional Relationship of Effective Reaction Potential to the Ordinal Number of Vincentized Extinction Reactions", published with R. Hays and Hull (1950).
		He continued to pursue work in comparative psychology and learning for the remainder of his career.
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=96504779 (868 words)

	Educational Psychology Interactive: Operant Conditioning
		Extinction--No longer reinforcing a previously reinforced response (using either positive or negative reinforcement) results in the weakening of the frequency of the response.
		There are five basic processes in operant conditioning: positive and negative reinforcement strengthen behavior; punishment, response cost, and extinction weaken behavior.
		They result from combining the two major purposes of operant conditioning (increasing or decreasing the probability that a specific behavior will occur in the future), the types of stimuli used (positive/pleasant or negative/aversive), and the action taken (adding or removing the stimulus).
	chiron.valdosta.edu /whuitt/col/behsys/operant.html (1628 words)

	Educational Psychology Interactive: Operant Conditioning
		Extinction--No longer reinforcing a previously reinforced response (using either positive or negative reinforcement) results in the weakening of the frequency of the response.
		There are five basic processes in operant conditioning: positive and negative reinforcement strengthen behavior; punishment, response cost, and extinction weaken behavior.
		Skinner renamed instrumental as operant because it is more descriptive (i.e., in this learning, one is "operating" on, and is influenced by, the environment).
	chiron.valdosta.edu /whuitt/col/behsys/operant.html (1628 words)

	Extinct birds - Psychology Central
		The extinction of the moa and its main predator, Haast's Eagle Harpagornis moorei, is attributed to the arrival of human settlers around 1000 A.D. Very early European arrivals, ca 1830-40, described seeing birds that might have been the last of the moa but the sightings have never been reliably confirmed.
		Image:Giant Haasts eagle attacking New Zealand moa.jpg Since 1500, over 100 species of birds have become extinct, and this rate of extinction seems to be increasing.
		It was last reliably recorded in 1901 and despite searches, has not been sighted after an unconfirmed record in 1977.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Extinct_birds (3190 words)

	fear.jsp
		A very simple approach to the psychology behind conflict, this article lays out why fear plays a role in conflict.
		Group fears often translate into individual fears, as group extinction is often associated with individual extinction.
		Fear is "an unpleasant and often strong emotion caused by anticipation or awareness of danger."[1] Fear is completely natural and helps people to recognize and respond to dangerous situations and threats.
	www.beyondintractability.org /m/fear.jsp (2768 words)

	Stan Gooch
		Gooch taught in a London grammar school for several years as head of department, during which time he took a degree in psychology at Birkbeck College, London, and was appointed Senior Research Psychologist at the National Children's Bureau.
		For tens of thousands of years he had lived alongside Cro-Magnon man, a separate strain of humanity often accused of causing the extinction of their neighbours, whom they must have come into contact with on a regular basis.
		Stan Gooch was born in 1932 in the slums of London's dockland.
	www.andrewcollins.com /page/conference/speakers/SG05.htm (350 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- MacCorquodale & Meehl (1948)
		In the case of striated muscle reactions, it is stated that latency, resistance to extinction, and probability of occurrence of a response are all functions of reaction potential.
		We propose a linguistic convention in the interest of clarity: that the phrase intervening variable be restricted to concepts of the first kind, in harmony with Tolman's original definition; and that the phrase hypothetical construct be used for those of the second kind.
		These hypothetical constructs, unlike intervening variables, are inadmissible because they require the existence of entities and the occurrence of processes which cannot be seriously believed because of other knowledge.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /MacMeehl/hypcon-intvar.htm (350 words)

	Major Religions Ranked by Size
		Like traditional religions, secular systems (such as Communism, Platonism, Freudian psychology, Nazism, pantheism, atheism, nationalism, etc.) typically have favored spokespeople and typically claim to present a universally valid and applicable Truth.
		Like traditional religions, secular systems are subject to both rapid and gradual changes in popularity, modification, and extinction.
		As is typical with a religious group made up primarily of converts, Baha'is who drift from active participation in the movement are less likely to retain nominal identification with the religion -- because it was not the religion of their parents or the majority religion of the surrounding culture.
	www.adherents.com /Religions_By_Adherents.html (11821 words)

	Psychology Tomorrow - Learning Sites
		Classics in the History of Psychology- Commentary on: "Psychology as the Behaviorist View It" John B. Watson (1913) By Robert H. Wozniak.
		Classics in the History of Psychology- Introduction to: "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it." John B. Watson (1913) by Christopher D. Green.
		Classics in the History of Psychology- CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL REACTIONS By John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner(1920).
	www.usu.edu /psycho101/cyber/cyb_learning.html (325 words)

	HumanKnowledge.txt
		Autocosmology is a synthesis of metaphysical naturalism, ontological materialism, epistemological empiricism and positivism, mental functionalism, theological atheism, axiological extropianism, political libertarianism, economic capitalism, constitutional federalism, biological evolutionism, evolutionary psychology, and technological optimism.
		The purpose of the state is to effect justice, provide aid and sustenance to persons in mortal danger, protect species in danger of extinction, and prevent torture.
		He was secretive and evasive about his special nature [Mk 3:12, 8:30, 4:41; Lk 9:21, 10:22-24; Mt 16:20; Jn 2:24, 8:25-29, 10:24-38, 12:34], and reluctant to have his powers tested [Mk 8:12; Lk 11:29, 23:8; Mt 4:7, 12:39, 16:4; Jn 2:18].
	humanknowledge.net /HumanKnowledge.txt (325 words)

	Holistic Qabala: Sphere 6: TIPHARETH, the Sun
		And just as the beginning of source mysticism extends back into an unknown sphere prior to the emergence of the ego, so does the end of immortality mysticism extend into an unknown realm beyond the extinction of the ego.
		This connection is known in psychology as the "I-Self axis," as termed by Edward Edinger in his book on the subject, Ego and Archetype.
		Since it is the only Sphere which has direct access to all other Spheres of the Tree of Eternal Life, Tiphareth forms its heart, or sacred center.
	zero-point.tripod.com /holistic/sphere6.html (9615 words)

	Inner Eye - May 10, 2001
		Psychology of Anomalous Experiences • Stanley Krippner, Ph.D. Transformation & Extinction • Leslie Gray, Ph.D. and Melissa Nelson, Ph.D. Chaos Theory and Its Implications • Ralph M. Abraham, Ph.D. Relationships in the 21st Century • Seanna McGee & Maurice Taylor
	www.ciis.edu /news/innereye/ie051001.html (9615 words)

	Psychology 387
		Describe extinction as it applies to Pavlovian conditioning.
		Describe the role of the following conditions on the effectiveness of Pavlovian conditioning: (a) effectiveness of the US, (b) timing of the NS and US, (c) number of conditioning trials, (d) intensity-vividness of the CS, (e) Garcia effects, (f) CS pre-exposure, and (g) overshadowing and blocking effects.
		Define and describe the following types of Pavlovian conditioning therapies: (a) counterconditioning, (b) systematic desensitization, (c) in vivo desensitization, (d) aversion therapy, (e) covert sensitization, and (f) flooding and exposure treatment.
	psych.athabascau.ca /html/Psych387/387/unit7sg.shtml (868 words)

	Educational Psychology Interactive: Operant Conditioning
		There are five basic processes in operant conditioning: positive and negative reinforcement strengthen behavior; punishment, response cost, and extinction weaken behavior.
		Where classical conditioning illustrates S-->R learning, operant conditioning is often viewed as R-->S learning since it is the consequence that follows the response that influences whether the response is likely or unlikely to occur again.
		They result from combining the two major purposes of operant conditioning (increasing or decreasing the probability that a specific behavior will occur in the future), the types of stimuli used (positive/pleasant or negative/aversive), and the action taken (adding or removing the stimulus).
	chiron.valdosta.edu /whuitt/col/behsys/operant.html (1628 words)

	The Case Against Immortality
		In the case of immortality, the extinction hypothesis is supported by strong and incontrovertible evidence from the hard experimental data of physiological psychology, whereas the survival hypothesis is supported at best by weak and questionable anecdotal evidence from parapsychology.
		Immortality is related to the mind-body problem and the problem of personal identity in philosophy.
		Immortality is a complex issue dependent on several other philosophical questions which need to be addressed.
	infidels.org /library/modern/keith_augustine/immortality.html#scicase (10279 words)

	Off the top: Man's power over nature
		He goes on to say that the nearer man gets to extinction, the less power those latter generations will have, as the numbers of their progeny will be so few.
		The final stage is come when Man by eugenics, by pre-natal conditioning, and by an education and propaganda based on a perfect applied psychology, has obtained full control over himself.
		He considers three examples, using them to show that âMan is as much the patient as the possessorâ of power over Nature.
	takeanumberplease.blogspot.com /2005/02/mans-power-over-nature.html (10279 words)

	List of evolutionary biology topics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		ecological selection- endosymbiosis- Error threshold (evolution)- evolution- evolution of sex- evolutionary developmental biology - evolutionary psychology - evolutionary stable strategy - evolutionary tree - experimental evolution- extinction
		This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
		Language - Richard Lewontin - list of gene families - life-history theory
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_evolutionary_biology_topics (327 words)

	Honoré de Balzac
		"Balzac himself always speaks of his characters as of natural phenomena, and when he wants to describe his artistic intentions, he never speaks of his psychology, but always of his sociology, of his natural history of society and of the function of the individual in the life of the social body.
		"...Well, Balzac was politically a legitimist; his great work is a constant elegy on the irreparable decay of good society; his sympathies are with the class that is doomed to extinction.
		Balzac got down to the work with great energy, but also found time to pile up huge debts and fail in hopeless financial operations."I am not deep," the author once said, "but very wide." Once he developed a plan to gain success in raising pineapples at his home at Ville d'Avray (Sevres).
	www.uncg.edu /gar/courses/lixl/380BLS/380Unit3/Lesson3MachineAge_files/BalzacBio.htm (2457 words)

	Honoré de Balzac
		"Balzac himself always speaks of his characters as of natural phenomena, and when he wants to describe his artistic intentions, he never speaks of his psychology, but always of his sociology, of his natural history of society and of the function of the individual in the life of the social body.
		"...Well, Balzac was politically a legitimist; his great work is a constant elegy on the irreparable decay of good society; his sympathies are with the class that is doomed to extinction.
		Balzac got down to the work with great energy, but also found time to pile up huge debts and fail in hopeless financial operations."I am not deep," the author once said, "but very wide." Once he developed a plan to gain success in raising pineapples at his home at Ville d'Avray (Sevres).
	www.uncg.edu /gar/courses/lixl/380BLS/380Unit3/Lesson3MachineAge_files/BalzacBio.htm (2457 words)

	HumanKnowledge.txt
		Autocosmology is a synthesis of metaphysical naturalism, ontological materialism, epistemological empiricism and positivism, mental functionalism, theological atheism, axiological extropianism, political libertarianism, economic capitalism, constitutional federalism, biological evolutionism, evolutionary psychology, and technological optimism.
		The purpose of the state is to effect justice, provide aid and sustenance to persons in mortal danger, protect species in danger of extinction, and prevent torture.
		At the end of this text is a list of some of the references used in writing it.
	humanknowledge.net /HumanKnowledge.txt (2457 words)

	UNR Department of Psychology
		Lerman, D. C., Iwata, B. A., and Wallace, M. Side effects of extinction: Prevalence of bursting and aggression during the treatment of self injurious behavior.
		Iwata, B. A., Kahng, S., Wallace, M. D., and Lindberg, J. The functional analysis model of behavioral assessment.
		Iwata, B.A., Wallace, M.D., Kahng, S., Lindberg, J.S., Roscoe, E.M., Conners, J., Hanley, G.P., Thompson, R.H., & Worsdell, A.S. Skill acquisition in the implementation of functional analysis methodology.
	www.unr.edu /psych/faculty/mwallace.html (2457 words)

	Hesse-Kassel - Psychology Central
		In 1968, the head of the House of Hesse-Kassel became the Head of the entire House of Hesse due to the extinction of the Hesse-Darmstadt line.
		In 1918, Prince Friedrich Karl of Hesse-Kassel, younger brother of the head of the house and a brother-in-law of Kaiser Wilhelm II, was elected by the Finnish pro-German government to be King of Finland, but he never reigned.
		Wilhelm's grandson, Elector Friedrich Wilhelm, sided with Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, and after the Prussian victory his lands were annexed by Prussia, which combined it with Nassau and Frankfurt-am-Main, both also annexed, into the new Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Hesse-Kassel (498 words)

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