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Topic: Extra low voltage

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	Voltage sparks and danger -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The difference between high voltage and low (The rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit; expressed in volts) voltage depends on the situation and on the field of science or industry involved.
		Voltages above this range are sometimes capable of producing heart (Muscular twitching involving individual muscle fibers acting without coordination) fibrillation if they produce (A flow of electricity through a conductor) electric currents in body tissues which happen to pass through the (Box with a lid; used for storage; usually large and sturdy) chest area.
		On an everyday scale, voltages higher than a few thousand volts are required in order to create an (A field of force surrounding a charged particle) electric field with a (The property possessed by a line or surface that departs from the horizontal) gradient large enough to produce obvious forces.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/vo/voltage_sparks_and_danger.htm (1433 words)

	High-voltage hazards - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Voltages above this range are capable of producing heart fibrillation if they produce electric currents in body tissues which happen to pass through the chest area.
		Voltages below about 500-700 volts cannot produce easily visible sparks or glows in air at atmospheric pressure, so by this rule these voltages are 'low.' However, under conditions of low atmospheric pressure (such as in high-altitude aircraft), or in an environment of noble gas such as argon, neon, etc., sparks appear at much lower voltages.
		Extra low voltage circuits can produce large sparks or arcs when a previous flowing current is suddenly interrupted, especially when there is significant inductance present in the circuit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/High_voltage_differential (1632 words)

	The Evaluation of Spacings in Electronic Product Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Working voltage is defined in iec 60664 as “the highest rms [root-mean-square] value of the ac or dc voltage that may occur locally across any insulation at rated supply voltage, transients being disregarded,” in open-circuit conditions or in normal use.
		The value of the rated voltage or the upper voltage of the rated voltage range is used for working voltage between a primary circuit and ground, and it is taken into account in determining the working voltage between a primary circuit and a secondary circuit.
		This insulation is used between parts at hazardous voltages and a grounded conductive part or SELV part, between primary and the grounded screen or core of a primary power transformer, and as an element of double insulation.
	www.ce-mag.com /archive/01/Spring/Lamothe.html (2105 words)

	Caravan and Motorhome Books
		Unlike 240 volts (known formally as 'low voltage), no licence is required to work on extra-low voltage installations.
		Voltage drop equals (cable length (in metres) X current (in amps) X 0.017) divided by cable cross-section in mm.sq.
		Voltage drop = Length of conductor in metres x Current in amps x 0.017 divided by conductor cross section is sq.
	www.caravanandmotorhomebooks.com /articles/wiring_woes.htm (2726 words)

	[No title]
		The highest voltage permitted for such systems is 110 V between conductors for both single and three-phase systems, with voltages to earth of 55 V for single-phase and 65 V for three-phase supplies {Fig 7.26}.
		The reduced voltage supply can be taken from a double wound isolating transformer, or from a suitable motor generator set, provided it has the unusual feature of a centre-tapped winding.
		Plugs, sockets and cable couplers in the reduced voltage system must all be provided with protective conductor contacts (earth pins) and must not be interchangeable with those of any other system in use at the same location.
	www.tlc-direct.co.uk /Book/7.16.4.htm (240 words)

	Low voltage lighting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Low voltage lighting is exciting, dramatic and perfect for emphasizing small areas and...
		Low Voltage Light Dimmer: A light dimmer is a means of controling the "brightness" level of a lamp,...
		The low voltage bulb category covers a range of fittings that are used to describe the small,...
	www.agebusiness.com /low-voltage-lighting.html (906 words)

	[No title]
		A Schmitt trigger oscillator (74C14) and MOSFET (IRF510) are used to drive the low voltage side of a small (120/12 volt) power transformer and a voltage doubler arrangement is used on the high voltage side to increase the capacitor voltage to about 340 volts.
		The voltage across the thermistor should be half the supply or about 2.6 volts when the temperature is within the 3 degree range set by the potentiometer.
		The DC voltage is regulated by the 6.2 volt zener and the 150 ohm resistor in series with the line limits the surge current when power is first applied.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/Bill_Bowden/page2.htm (2586 words)

	Resource and Training Kit - Lighting - 2.3 Low voltage bulbs
		The low voltage bulb category covers a range of fittings that are used to describe the small, round, sparkly lamps that are often used in office foyers and lobbies.
		These lamps are in effect a modified incandescent lamp, and generally have a longer life and better efficiency than a standard incandescent bulb.
		"Low voltage", "extra low voltage" and "dichroics" are some of the names used to describe the small round lamps often used in office foyers and lobbies.
	www.greenhouse.gov.au /lgmodules/wep/lights/training/training6.html (332 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While the selection of a Vent-Axia unit from the output tables is a simple matter, it is useful to know fan performance against resistance to airflow, such as ducting and filters, or even sufficient free area for the passage of replacement air into a room from which the unit is extracting.
		A low voltage fan (12V ac) with an integral 12V ac lamp.
		Low Voltage between 50V ac and 1,000V ac between conductors or 600V ac between conductors and earth (1,500V dc or 900 V dc).
	www.vent-axia.com /help/glossary.asp (1442 words)

	[No title]
		If a separated extra-low voltage (SELV) system is earthed, or if the insulation of the supply which feeds it does not meet the necessary requirements, it ceases to be a SELV system and becomes a functional extra-low voltage (FELV) system.
		In such a case there is no need for the earth-fault loop impedance of the extra-low voltage circuit to be low enough to prevent danger; compliance of the safety source supply is sufficient.
		In the event of the supply circuit being of the earth-free bonded type {5.8.3} all non-current-carrying metalwork of the FELV system must he connected to the non-earthed protective conductor of the supply circuit.
	www.tlc-direct.co.uk /Book/7.16.3.htm (221 words)

	Low voltage power transformer - Patent 4000483
		Increasingly, modern day appliances are constructed using low voltage transformers for many purposes including as lighting transformers or to supply power to electronic components.
		Thus there are available low voltage power transformers which use a plastic bobbin for the primary winding and a separate plastic bobbin for the secondary winding, and those which include insulating frames which assemble over the wound primary bobbin to increase "creepage" distance.
		However the previous designs of which we are aware require either the use of additional insulation for the core, or of an adequate air space and/or insulation between the transformer core laminations and the metal frame of the appliance.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4000483.html (2877 words)

	Low voltage directive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Low Voltage Directive (short: LVD) has similar safety aims to the Machinery Directive, but is oriented to the dangers created by electrical currents.
		The Low Voltage Directive refers directly to a number of harmonized standards, of which only a few are relevant for servo amplifiers.
		Basically, the Low Voltage Directive (73/23/EEC) applies to all electrical equipment with a rated operating voltage between 50 V and 1000 V AC or 75V and 1500 V DC.
	www.danahermotion.net /englisch/nsr.htm (456 words)

	High-Quality Low-Voltage Audio
		Low voltage usually means portable, and portable always means low current to prolong battery life.
		Low efficiency loudspeakers and headphones are a big obstacle to pristine IA audio.
		Low voltage differential devices are available from a growing number of sources.
	www.rane.com /hilovolt.htm (7112 words)

	[No title]
		circuits of voltages up to and including 250 volts; and "(b) have rated currents of 5, 10, or 15 amperes; and "(c) are referred to in BS 196:1961 or NZS 1989:1965.
		"(3) However, metal may be connected to the neutral if the touch voltages are sufficiently low that shock currents and their duration cannot exceed the IEC shock currents standard." 42 Regulation 85 revoked The principal regulations are amended by revoking regulation 85.
		46 Extra-low voltage installations Regulation 91 of the principal regulations is amended by revoking paragraph (a).
	www.knowledge-basket.co.nz /regs/regs/text/2002/2002413.txt (2427 words)

	Cables and wiring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Because the voltages used in renewable energy genenerating systems are quite low, usually from 12 to 110 volts, the currents (measured in Amps) drawn by various appliances are proportionally higher compared with 240 volt systems (Power = Volts x Amps).
		However, for a 20 metre long circuit (ie, 10 metres to the lights, 10 metres back to the battery), the voltage loss at 10 amps is around 0.6 volts, or 5% of the voltage at 12 volts.
		Another problem with switching extra-low voltage DC is that the considerable greater degree of arcing means that switches and circuit breakers must be designed to cope with this.
	www.suburbia.com.au /~ataandy/basics/bascable.htm (273 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		AlfaTronix voltage converter range is primarily designed for use on the mobile electrical systems fitted to vehicles, vessels and aircraft.
		The PowerMaster converters operate from Low Voltage ac or dc inputs of between 85V to 265V.
		The PowerMaster units have been approved to the European Low Voltage Directive and are CE Marked.
	www.ken-godwin.co.uk /alfatronix_voltage_reducers.htm (416 words)

	IEC 60950 Glossary
		The actual values required depend on the working voltage to which the insulation is subjected, as well as other factors.
		Persons having the appropriate technical training and experience necessary to be aware of the hazards to which they are exposed in performing a task and of measures to minimise the danger to themselves or other persons.
		A circuit in the equipment to which the accessible area of contact is limited and that is so designed and protected that, under normal operating and single fault conditions, the voltages do not exceed specifying limiting values.
	www.i-spec.com /IEC_60950/glossary.html (1082 words)

	ePanorama
		When working with mains voltage or higher voltage, make sure that there is someone else in the room and that he or she knows what you are doing.
		Surge voltage: Amplitude of a voltage impulse of short duration with a specified impulse form and polarity that is applied to test insulation paths in device/component.
		Low voltage directive says that the manufacturer must have some sort of quality control system that makes sure that every manufactured device meets the directive and the technical specifications the product is claimed to have.
	www.epanorama.net /links/safety.html (16030 words)

	autotransformer current transformer custom transformers flyback transformer low voltage transformers power transformer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus, a load may operate anywhere around the world, as long as a transformer is available to convert the local voltage to the voltage it requires.
		The IC is a high-efficiency device whose low quiescent current (120µA maximum) is achieved with a CMOS process that limits the absolute maximum voltage to 21V (input to output).
		Essentially an inductor with a center-tap, an autotransformer is often used in power-supply boost-converter applications to achieve a higher output voltage, while limiting the peak flyback voltage seen by the power switch.
	www.dycoelectronics.com /nms_autotransformer.html (1991 words)

	Wuseltronik Berlin
		low entrance voltage, therefore higher energy profit when array is partially shaded.
		Therefore all directions for parallel running operation of in-plant generation devices to the utility company’s low voltage grid are fulfilled.
		The installation of the system is made easy because the input voltage is in the area of safety extra-low voltage.
	www.wuseltronik.com /lewr.htm (980 words)

	[No title]
		The safety of this system stems from its low voltage level, which should never exceed 50 V ac or 120 V dc, and is too low to cause enough current to flow to provide a lethal electric shock.
		- it must be impossible for the extra-low voltage source to come into contact with a low voltage system.
		The danger here is that the earthed metalwork of another system may rise to a high potential under fault conditions and be imported into the SELV system.
	www.tlc-direct.co.uk /Book/7.16.2.htm (302 words)

	Electro-Technical Council of Ireland - notes on Publications
		Extra-low voltage (ELV) lighting causes problems that are not normally found in low voltage (230V) installations.
		The scope of this Code of Practice applies to low voltage switchgear assemblies having a rated voltage not exceeding 300v a.c.(Phase to Neutral) and a rated current less than or equal to 250 amps with outgoing circuits not exceeding 125 amps.
		This Code of Practice gives details for the installation of low voltage generator sets which include protection for safety, earthing and bonding, operation, maintenance and verification.
	www.etci.ie /publications/notes.html (1943 words)

	ePanorama
		The rectifier connected to the transformer secondary starts to conduct when the output voltage from the transformer secondary is higher than the voltage in the filtering capacitor.
		It consists of a mains transformer, rectifier and a output voltage filtering capacitor.The ac from the transformer secondary is rectified by a rectifier of some type.
		Universal DC-DC Convertor - This circuit will generate a smaller DC output voltage from a larger DC input voltage.It is quick and simple to make and by changing the value of the zener diode, the circuit can be universally adapted to provide other output voltages.
	www.epanorama.net /links/psu_linear.html (2743 words)

	Circuit Separation for electrical safety of IT equipment
		Examples of creepage distances for 230 Vac working voltages are 5 mm for double or reinforced insulation and 2.5 mm for basic insulation.
		Under normal conditions, the voltage between any two points in SELV circuitry, or between SELV circuitry and earth in Class I equipment, must not exceed 42.4 V peak or 60V dc.
		For fault conditions, the voltage must not exceed these limits for more than 0.2 seconds and must not exceed a limit of 71 V peak or 120 V dc.
	www.i-spec.com /Basics/circuit_separation.html (645 words)

	Low Voltage Select A Light Garden Lighting.
		The Rivada set is complete with 2 low voltage white LED soft lights, a 12v indoor transformer, 15m of cable and can be used with or without the spike supplied.
		The Romosa set is complete with 2 low voltage blue LED soft lights, a 12v indoor transformer, 15m of cable and can be inserted into decking or sunk into the garden using the fittings supplied.
		This low voltage LED recessed garden lighting set is complete with 6 low voltage soft lights, a 12v indoor transformer with.8m of cable, 4.5m of connecting cable per light and can be easily inserted into top or sides of your decking using the fittings supplied.
	www.cmsgardens.co.uk /lightselect.htm (2320 words)

	Pulsar ChromaRange LED fixture Architechural V21 Specification - Pulsar Light of Cambridge Ltd - Color Colour Mixing ...
		The fixture will be an extra low voltage product with 1 x 24 volt DC power input and 3 x 0-10 volt DC control input signals supplied by an external controller.
		The product possess a switched mode power supply that features automatic voltage selection for the electronics between 100-230 volts AC and between 47-63 Hz, connection to the mains supply is made by an IEC panel mounted socket, the product is then protected by a 5 Amp fuse.
		Mains voltage connection is made by a 2m trailing cable to which a connection of choice can be made, the fixture is then protected by a 5 Amp fuse.
	www.pulsarlight.com /V21.htm (2354 words)

	Low voltage landscape lighting, spot lighting, transformers and accessories
		Low Voltage (12-volt): The best choice for a do-it-yourself landscape lighting project, the 12-volt system is the most energy efficient, the least expensive and safest for a non-professional to install.
		Combination Line and Low Voltage: One option is to use a combination of 12-Volt and 120-volt systems.
		Floodlights are excellent for extra security lighting near entrances or mounted in trees to downlight an outdoor deck or backyard.
	www.lighting-fixtures-ceiling-fans.com /landscape_lighting_fixtures.htm (1315 words)

	Specifiers - Glossary of terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Equipment in which protection against electric shock relies on supply from a SELV (separated extra-low voltage) source.
		Equipment in which protection against electric shock relies on supply at SELV and in which voltages higher than those of SELV are not generated.
		An extra-low voltage system which is electrically separated from Earth and from other systems in such a way that a single fault cannot cause electric shock, denoted by:
	www.niceic.org.uk /specifiers/glossary.html (369 words)

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