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Topic: Extracellular fluid

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extracellular fluid

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	Extracellular fluid Summary
		The body fluids found outside the cells, such as plasma (the liquid portion of blood and lymph), and interstitial fluid, are generically termed extracellular fluid.
		The extracellular fluid filtered from the blood vessels (arterial capillaries) into the extracellular matrix flows among the cells transporting nutrients and chemical messengers and receives from cells metabolites, ions, proteins, and other substances, and is then reabsorbed by either the venous or the lymphatic capillaries.
		In humans, the normal glucose concentration of extracellular fluid that is regulated by homeostasis is approximately 5 mM.
	www.bookrags.com /Extracellular_fluid (607 words)

	Ancillary notes on Misc. Topics for VM 551, Small Animal Medicine I
		The third component of fluid therapy is to determine the amount of fluid lost from ongoing disease such as vomiting, diarrhea, or polyuria, pathologic gastrointestinal and urinary tract losses contain electrolytes and water, and are therefore considered isotonic losses of fluid.
		Syringe administration of fluids is most easily accomplished by pulling the lip away from the teeth creating a pouch, slightly tilting back the animal’s head, and pouring the fluid from the syringe into the pouch, allowing it to flow between the teeth into the pharynx.
		Fluids for subcutaneous administration should be sterile and relatively close in tonicity to extracellular fluid.
	www.vetmed.wsu.edu /courses_vm551_crd/notes/fluidrx_text.asp (9414 words)

	Perioperative fluid management in Infants and Children
		Fluid requirements and maturation of the kidney set limits on the type and quantity of intraoperative fluids administered.
		This extracellular water is in the interstitial fluid volume, while plama volume is similar at all ages.
		Fluid and sodium conservation is limited in newborns and infants, while excretion of water and electrolytes is possible even in premature infants.
	anestit.unipa.it /gta/fluids.html (1003 words)

	Serum Sodium
		In addition to the osmolar control of vasopressin release, a sizable contraction of the extracellular fluid volume in the range of 8 to 10% may also trigger release of vasopressin and conservation of water.
		Assessment of the extracellular fluid and intravascular volume is a clinical, not a laboratory, determination, although certain laboratory data (blood urea nitrogen and uric acid level) may be of assistance.
		Extracellular fluid volume is expanded, resulting in sodium excretion in the urine and concentration of the urine (i.e., the urine is hypertonic to plasma and remains so despite additional water ingestion and further hyponatremia).
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=cm.chapter.5466 (2839 words)

	Fluid Balance
		The extracellular fluid is further divided into that which is found as blood plasma within blood vessels, and that which is found in the microscopic spaced between cells called interstitial fluid.
		There are some special fluid and compartments including: lymph; cerebrospinal fluid; synovial; aqueous humour/vitreous body of the eyes; endolymph/perilymph in the ears; pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluid between serous membranes; and glomerular filtrate in the kidneys.
		Potassium is the chief intracellular cation and sodium the chief extracellular cation.
	www.ann.com.au /MedSci/fluid.htm (1296 words)

	Fluid, Electrolyte, and pH Balance (chapter 21)
		Fluid Balance: Average adult male body is about 63% water, female is about 52% (she has more adipose tissue, and thus less water).
		The osmotic pressure between the extracellular and intracellular compartments is at equilibrium.
		It involves the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid and the thirst center in the hypothalamus.
	www.dacc.cc.il.us /~lgarrett/fluid.html (2146 words)

	Choosing the right fluid to counter hypovolemic shock Nursing - Find Articles
		The body has two main fluid compartments: Fluid in the cells is called intracellular fluid; fluid in plasma (intravascular) and interstitial space is called extracellular fluid.
		In a healthy person, the amount of fluid in intracellular and extracellular spaces is relatively constant, but water and solutes, such as electrolytes, move among the compartments to maintain homeostasis.
		The goal of fluid resuscitation is to maintain perfusion to the patient's vital organs, especially the brain and heart, by restoring circulating volume.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3689/is_200403/ai_n9405325 (806 words)

	[No title]
		Fluids in the ECF move continuously between the vascular space and the interstitial space across the capillary endothelium.
		As the fluid leaves along the length of the capillary, the hydrostatic pressure falls and the oncotic pressure increases.
		Fluids with an acetate buffer may be substituted; acetate is also a bicarbonate precursor but it is metabolized in muscle.
	vetsites.vin.com /kidney/BFLUID.doc (2746 words)

	DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID EXCHANGES IN THE BURN PATIENT DURING CONTINUOUS ARTERIOVENOUS HAEMOFILTRATION
		Conditions of fluid overload and/or acute renal failure (ARF) not responding to conventional treatment are not infrequent in the critical bum patient.
		Negative fluid balances are therefore established in volume overload situations by replacing only a greater or lesser part of the fluid lost through ultrafiltration.
		Fluid balance is however usually compensated in acute renal failure situations, and we remove urea, creatinine and other dissolved molecules in les (fluid balance,olurne, interstitial f the system.
	www.medbc.com /annals/review/vol_9/num_1/text/vol9n1p23.htm (2278 words)

	[No title]
		The major cation in extracellular fluids is sodium, and the major anion is chloride; in intracellular fluid the major cation is potassium, and the major anion is phosphate.
		Since all body fluids are in chemical equilibrium, any change in sodium levels causes a compensatory shift in water, affecting plasma volume, blood pressure, and intracellular and interstitial fluid volumes.
		Bicarbonate concentration of the extracellular fluid is closely regulated by the kidneys, and plasma bicarbonate concentrations are controlled by the respiratory system.
	media.pearsoncmg.com /bc/bc_marieb_ap_slim/lec_outlines/Ch25_Outline.doc (1589 words)

	extracellular fluid -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It differs from intracellular fluid (fluid within the cells) in that it generally has a high concentration of sodium and...
		This is filled with a composite material, known as the extracellular matrix, composed of a gel in which are suspended a number of fibrous proteins.
		The pipe carrying the fluid is placed in a magnetic field, and a current is passed crosswise through the fluid.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9033466?tocId=9033466 (797 words)

	American College of Medical Toxicology
		States of extracellular fluid volume overload such as heart failure and cirrhosis are also associated with anti-diuretic hormone release.
		Extracellular fluid volume-depletion should be treated with administration of normal saline, leading to suppression of anti-diuretic hormone and excretion of solute-free water.
		Eextracellular fluid volume depletion, and states of extracellular fluid volume overload such as congestive heart failure and cirrhosis may be associated with low urine sodium concentrations (<10 mEq/L), while syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, a state of sodium balance, should yield higher values (>20 meq/L).
	www.ijmt.net /ijmt/3_5/3_5_30.html (1300 words)

	DISORDERS OF FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
		Fluid and electrolyte disorders are volume related, compositional, or both.
		Isotonic alterations are characterized by fluid movements that maintain equal tonicity throughout the major body compartmen ts and eliminate osmotic gradients.
		When fluid is added or removed from the body, osmotic forces redistribute body water to eliminate osmolar gradients and maintain isotonicity (fl).
	members.tripod.com /lyser/ivfs.html (2572 words)

	ECF (extracellular fluid) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		ECF is the abbreviation often used to indicate extracellular fluid.
		It is the volume of body fluid exclusive of that in the cells (intracellular fluid, ICF).
		Therefore ECF includes fluid in the blood vessels, and in the interstitial space (the space between cells).
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Reference/dictionary/Biologie/E/03.html (61 words)

	[No title]
		Intracellular fluid is approximately two-thirds of the total body water.
		Extracellular fluid has the same ionic composition as intracellular fluid.
		regulate the transport of substances to and from the intracellular fluid compartment.
	physio1.utmem.edu /~thomason/quizzes (794 words)

	Tissue fluid Summary
		Intercellular and extracellular fluids are separated by the membranes of the body's cells.
		An example of such fluids is the fluid inside of blood cells (intercellular fluid) and that outside the blood cells (extracellular fluid).
		The composition of tissue fluid depends upon the exchanges between the cells in the tissue and the blood.
	www.bookrags.com /Tissue_fluid (877 words)

	CHAPTER FOUR
		Among the dissolved constituents of the extracellular fluids are the ions and the nutrients needed by the cells for maintenance of life.
		The extracellular fluid is in constant motion throughout the body, and it is rapidly mixed to near homogeneity by hemolymph circulation and by diffusion.
		For our discussion, the intracellular fluids of all of the different cells of an organism can be considered to be one large fluid compartment: the in environment or the intracellular compartment.
	entomology.unl.edu /ent801/waterbal.html (2436 words)

	Composition & Distribution of Body Fluids; Fluid & Electrolyte Transport Processes
		Ion concentration in fluid bathing cells is increased (hypertonic extracellular fluid), thus cells become crenated.
		Ion concentration in fluid bathing cells is decreased (hypotonic extracellular fluid), thus cells become swollen, and may lyse.
		Since the oncotic pressure (p) in the IVF is always greater than in the ISF, fluid would always move into the capillary in response to this force.
	www.med.uottawa.ca /medweb/demo_site/undergrad/webct/lectures/curriculum_dh/e_dh4_crs_lec01.htm (462 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Extracellular fluid is the fluid outside the cells.
		Fluid in the solution of lesser concentration moves to the solution of greater concentration to equalize the concentration on each side of the membrane.
		Fluid compartments in infants vary significantly from adults — this is due to an expanded extracellular compartment.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /telemedicine/ner/IV_Therapy.doc (2816 words)

	ACVC 2001 - Fluid Therapy for the Companion Animal
		The predominant cations are sodium (extracellular) and potassium, calcium and magnesium (intracellular)
		Fluids remain in the intravascular space as long as the colloidal pressure is greater than that of the tissue.
		When deciding a fluid rate for a patient, maintenance, dehydration and contemporary or ongoing losses need to be considered.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00448.htm (1474 words)

	infec8
		The inflammatory fluid is partly removed by the lymphatic vessels, allowing new fluid to exude from the blood stream.
		Because of this circulation, the composition of the extracellular fluid is in a constant state of flux.
		There they are exposed to the humoral extracellular defenses, to corrosive enzymes spilled from various dead cells on the scene, and possibly to macrophages in a higher state of activation than the first one.
	www.uicomp.uic.edu /Dept/pathology/infec8.htm (4883 words)

	Chapter 27
		Fluid balance means that the various body compartments contain the required amount of water and electrolytes.
		The concentration of electrolytes in the fluids is a major determinant of fluid balance.
		Dehydration stimulates fluid intake by triggering thirst sensations; one mechanism for stimulating the thirst center in the hypothalamus is the renin-angiotensin II pathway, which responds to decreased blood volume.
	www.bakeru.edu /faculty/chenry/bi246L23.htm (850 words)

	DCL-slides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Pulmonary edema = accumulation of fluid in the alveoli, usually as a consequence of left heart failure.
		Edema fluid can be a transudate or an exudate depending on the source and content.
		Lymphatic obstruction: failure of the lymph system to remove excess fluid from the interstitium may occur with impaired drainage, filariasis, lymph node removal.
	www.med.uiuc.edu /m2/Pathology/FLUID.htm (1363 words)

	Fluid Compartments
		Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is the remaining 1/3 of your body's water.
		Transcellular fluid is a set of fluids that are outside of the normal compartments.
		All the body's fluid compartments are in osmotic equilibrium (except for transient changes).
	physioweb.med.uvm.edu /bodyfluids/fluid1.htm (221 words)

	Acid-Base Tutorial - Physiology
		The extracellular fluid is the principal part of the body being treated when alkali (or acid) is administered.
		If the cell membrane were completely impermeable, the extracellular fluid would be the only part of the body treated.
		The intracellular fluid is a complex environment made up specialized regions with different functions.
	www.acid-base.com /physiology.php (752 words)

	LSDA - Experiment
		The objective of this experiment is to further our understanding of the adaptive changes which alter the fluid, electrolyte, renal and circulatory status of humans exposed to the weightless environment of space.
		The major hypothesis is that the inflight loss of extracellular fluid and electrolytes is the result of a complex set of reactions initiated by the rapid headward shift in body fluids.
		Fluid intake and urine volume decreased sharply from preflight values during that time, and the mean intake remained at least 20% below preflight values throughout the mission.
	lsda.jsc.nasa.gov /scripts/experiment/exper.cfm?exp_index=7 (892 words)

	Adult Health Deviations Chap 13
		Membranes that separate fluid compartments of the body and permits movement of water and certain solutes from one compartment to another.
		Extracellular fluids are found in the blood vessels in the form of plasma or serum
		Extracellular fluid is mainly responsible for the transport of nutrients and wastes
	www.mindspring.com /~cy69/adult_health_deviations_chap_13.htm (2355 words)

	Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
		The main fluid in the body is water.
		The extracellular compartment consists of the interstitial area (between and around cells) and the inside of the blood vessels (plasma).
		Sodium chloride is found mostly in extracellular fluid, while potassium and phosphate are the main ions in the intracellular fluid.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/250fluidbal.html (100 words)

	Therapeutics
		The extracellular fluid accumulates the metabolic wastes of all the cells, the waste byproducts of infection and inflammation, and toxic byproducts of poor digestion.
		The fluid must be purified first by the phagocytosing white blood cells, either those in the tissues or those that migrate to the site of infection or inflammation, with the assistance of antibodies.
		Digestive and laxative herbs may improve the health of the bowel, reducing toxic pollution of the extracellular fluid at the source.
	www.medherb.com /Therapeutics/Alteratives_and_bad_blood.htm (449 words)

	EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME HOMEOSTASIS
		Edema is the accumulation of excess interstitial fluid, that is, extracellular fluid (ECF) not in vessels.
		Edema is generated by an alteration in the physical forces described by Starling that determine the movement of fluid across the capillary endothelium.
		In D fluid is trapped within a pathological compartment such as in the peritoneal cavity.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /internalmed/nephro/webpages/Part_C.htm (3805 words)

	C.Dallemagne's Teaching Materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Sodium is mainly found in extracellular fluids, at a concentration of around 140-145 mmol/L; sodium is a cation (positive charge), chloride, an anion (negative charge), accompanies sodium.
		The location of sodium in the extracellular fluid means that total body sodium is tightly linked to extracellular fluid: the more total body sodium, the greater the extracellular fluid volume (keep sodium concentration constant, at around 145mmol/L).
		The tight connection between sodium and extracellular fluid volume means a close relationship between sodium and blood volume.
	www.life.sci.qut.edu.au /dallemagne/182renaltut3answers.htm (538 words)

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