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Topic: Extrajudicial punishment

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Extrajudicial punishment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Extrajudicial punishment is physical punishment without the permission of a court or legal authority, generally carried out by a state apparatus needing to rid itself of a dangerously disruptive influence.
		The idea behind extrajudicial punishment is that governments will break their own legal code when it is necessary for them to do so.
		Extrajudicial punishment is a typical feature of totalitarian and other politically repressive regimes using death squads for this purpose, but even self-proclaimed democracies have been known to use extrajudicial punishment under certain cirumstances.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Extrajudicial-punishment (1513 words)

	Extrajudicial punishment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Extrajudicial punishment is physical punishment without the permission of a court or legal authority, generally carried out by a state apparatus needing to rid itself of a dangerously disruptive influence.
		Although the legal use of capital punishment is generally decreasing around the world, individuals or groups deemed immediately threatening — or even, in times of comparative stability, simply "undesirable" — to a government's ability to govern may nevertheless be targeted for killing extrajudicially by some regimes.
		Extrajudicial punishment is a typical feature of totalitarian and other politically repressive regimes using death squads for this purpose, but even self-proclaimed democracies have been known to use extrajudicial punishment under certain cirumstances.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Extrajudicial_execution (428 words)

	Extrajudicial punishment Information
		One interpretation behind the concept of extrajudicial punishment is that governments will break their own legal code when it is necessary for them to do so.
		Although the legal use of capital punishment is generally decreasing around the world, individuals or groups deemed immediately threatening — or even, in times of comparative stability, simply "undesirable" — to a government's ability to govern may nevertheless be targeted for killing extrajudicially by some regimes or their representatives.
		Extrajudicial punishment is a typical feature of totalitarian and other politically repressive regimes using death squads for this purpose, but even self-proclaimed or internationally recognized democracies have been known to use extrajudicial punishment under certain circumstances.
	www.bookrags.com /Extrajudicial (547 words)

	[No title]
		This means that police now have a wide variety of punishments available to them to deal with young persons found committing an offence, specifically a variety of extrajudicial measures.
		The idea is that after police effect their punishment, the everyday behavior of young offenders will be changed to reflect the norms of society.
		By forcing a certain behavior on youth as punishment for a crime, police are responsible for altering behavior without the use of external force.
	www.arts.ualberta.ca /~martel/Martel/Teaching/soc421/papers/PP3.doc (1490 words)

	1993 Human Rights Report: INDIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Extrajudicial executions were also encouraged by the Punjab government's practice of offering bounties for killed militants.
		The TADA punishes those found guilty of terrorist and disruptive acts or membership in a terrorist gang with no less than 5 years' imprisonment and up to the death penalty for certain terrorist crimes.
		While violations are punishable by imprisonment for up to 3 years, individual state labor departments are responsible for law enforcement, and prosecutions are rare.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/democracy/1993_hrp_report/93hrp_report_sasia/India.html (12119 words)

	Fact Sheet No.11 (Rev.1), Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions
		The "situations of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution" which the Special Rapporteur is requested to examine include all acts and omissions of State representatives that constitute a violation of the general recognition of the right to life embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
		One of the most prevalent targets of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions continued to be persons involved in struggles to secure land rights, to prevent or combat racial, ethnic or religious discrimination or to secure respect for their social, cultural, economic, civil and political rights.
		Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions can only be prevented if there is a genuine will on the part of Governments not only to enforce the safeguards and guarantees for the protection of the right to life of every person, but also to strengthen them further.
	www.ohchr.org /english/about/publications/docs/fs11.htm (5703 words)

	ATTEMPT - LoveToKnow Article on ATTEMPT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Bishops, co io do not exercise but who claim the right to vote in cases of in peachment(q.~.), have a right to vote upon bills of attainder, is Lt their vote is not conclusive in passing judgment upon na e accused.
		First passed in 1459, such bills were employed, b) re particularly dstring the reigns of the Tudor kings, as a at ecies of extrajudicial procedure, for the direct punishment of litical offences.
		they were much used, through a subservient u~,rliament, to punish those who had incurred the kings dis- be easure; many distinguished victims who could not have been sk arged with any offence under the existing laws being by this co eans disposed of.
	65.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AT/ATTEMPT.htm (633 words)

	A/51/457 Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions
		Urgent transmissions were made by the Special Rapporteur in cases that evinced a fear of imminent extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions; these cases included death threats and fear of imminent execution of death sentences in contravention of the limitations on capital punishment set forth in the pertinent international instruments.
		Although capital punishment is not yet prohibited under international law, the desirability of its abolition has been strongly reaffirmed on different occasions by United Nations organs and bodies in the field of human rights, inter alia, the Security Council, 9/ the Human Rights Committee 10/ and the General Assembly.
		One of the most prevalent targets of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions continues to be persons involved in struggles, such as those to secure rights to land or to prevent or combat racial, ethnic or religious discrimination and ensure respect for social, cultural, economic, civil and political rights.
	www.un.org /documents/ga/docs/51/plenary/a51-457.htm (12834 words)

	UNHCR - Awaiting Justice: Torture, Extrajudicial Executions and Legal Proceedings
		Extrajudicial executions are fundamental violations of human rights and an affront to the conscience of humanity.
		The prohibition of extrajudicial executions and the essential safeguards for their prevention must not be suspended under any circumstances, including states of war or other public emergency.
		The prohibition of extrajudicial executions should be reflected in the training of all officials involved in the arrest and custody of prisoners and all officials authorized to use lethal force, and in the instructions issued to them.
	www.unhcr.org /home/RSDCOI/3ae6a9c210.html (8311 words)

	Extrajudicial Executions Working Papers Series
		The Project on Extrajudicial Executions maintains a working paper series showcasing new scholarship on the many aspects of international law on the right to life.
		The paper goes on to describe how the situation as regards the scope and practice of capital punishment has changed since the provision was drafted, necessitating a constant reappraisal of the meaning that should be attached to the concept of 'most serious crimes'.
		He points especially to the persistence of capital punishment in the United States as one of the greatest obstacles to universal acceptance of the view that the death penalty inherently abuses human rights and outline strategies that may overcome this persistence.
	www.extrajudicialexecutions.org /wp (467 words)

	Executions, the Death Penalty, and Impunity
		Concerning impunity, the SR stated that one of the root causes of the occurrence of serious human rights violations, including extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, is the deeply entrenched culture of impunity which continues to plague the legal system in many of the countries struggling with serious human rights problems.
		Under international law, capital punishment is not to be applied to juvenile offenders, expectant or recent mothers, and those suffering from a mental handicap or with extremely limited mental capacity.
		The sixth quinquennial report on capital punishment and the implementation of the Safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty (the Safeguards) was due in 2000 in accordance with ECOSOC resolution 1995/57.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord2000/vol1/execution.htm (4125 words)

	Amnesty International USA: Fair Trials Manual: Chapter 28
		The UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions has stated that in his opinion, Article 6(2) of the ICCPR does not allow for the reinstatement of the death penalty after it has been abolished or for the expansion of the scope of the death penalty.
		The UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions "considers that the term ['intentional'] should be equated to premeditation and should be understood as deliberate intention to kill".
		The UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions has recommended a period of at least six months before a death sentence imposed by a court of first instance can be carried out, so as to allow adequate time for the preparation of appeals to a court of higher jurisdiction and petitions for clemency.
	www.amnestyusa.org /international_justice/fair_trials/manual/28.html (4278 words)

	The Death Penalty: The International Context
		The U.N. Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions is mandated by the U.N. Commission for Human Rights to address instances of executions that violate international standards regarding human rights and the right to life.
		The U.S. record on capital punishment is viewed with some alarm, as is demonstrated by international views of the death penalty in the U.S. Finally, links to selected other human rights sites are provided.
		International Views of the Death Penalty in the U.S. Internationally, capital punishment is widely considered as a human rights issue, and the U.S. record on capital punishment is viewed with some alarm.
	justice.uaa.alaska.edu /death/intl.html (3601 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Political and Other Extrajudicial Killing The number of extrajudicial killings committed by security forces, often in the form of deaths in police custody or staged encounters in which the police shoot and kill the suspects, increased.
		In a few cases of extrajudicial killings, in which allegedly innocent people were targeted, some police officials were suspended and arrested, but their cases are still under trial.
		Likewise, the testimony of a woman is not admissible in cases involving harsher punishments (lashing, amputation, and stoning), and a woman's testimony regarding financial matters is not admissible unless corroborated by another woman.
	www.terrorism.net /Pubs/dosfan-hr/SouthAsia/Pakistan.txt (14042 words)

	Pleading
		The extrajudicial killing of Winston Cabello was not authorized by any court judgment, and was unlawful under the laws of Chile that existed at that time.
		The extrajudicial killing of Winston Cabello caused plaintiffs Elsa Cabello, Zita Cabello Barrueto, and Karin Cabello Moriarty to suffer severe mental anguish.
		As a result of this extrajudicial killing, Winston Cabello was damaged in an amount to be proven at trial by Zita Cabello Barrueto, in her capacity as the personal representative of Winston Cabello.
	www.cja.org /cases/Cabello_Docs/Cabello_Complaint.htm (5221 words)

	Rotten Tomatoes Forums - Ohio Using “scarlet letter” license plates for convicted drunk drivers
		What this seeks to do is to persecute a person long after he has served his time, and to essentially undermine the judicial system as a whole by saying that through act of legislative fiat, extrajudicial punishment is somehow okay or just.
		Punishment is not the only purpose of the criminal justice system, and providing slaps on the wrist is certainly not among it's purposes.
		The crimes for which this punishment is issued come after the "normal" crimes have been punished in the "normal" fashion.
	www.rottentomatoes.com /vine/showthread.php?t=320708 (2325 words)

	Extrajudicial Measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A sanction is a consequence or a punishment.
		An extrajudicial sanction means that you will get some punishment for your actions, but you will not go through the court system.
		If you participate in an extrajudicial sanction program your parent(s) will be informed, and if the victim makes a request they will be told your name and how the offence was dealt with.
	www.jfcy.org /knowYourRights/xJudicialMeasures.htm (708 words)

	Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions - Individual complaints
		These communications contain specific cases of alleged extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, or death threats, and/or general information about questions related to the right to life.
		Alleged cases of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions are transmitted to concerned Governments in the form of case summaries.
		They are accompanied by letters requesting Governments to provide the Special Rapporteur with information concerning the progress and results of investigations conducted with respect to these cases, penal or disciplinary sanctions imposed on the perpetrators, compensation provided to the family of the victim, as well as with any other pertinent comments or observations.
	www.ohchr.org /english/issues/executions/complaints.htm (476 words)

	Pakistan
		The extrajudicial killing of criminal suspects, often in the form of deaths in police custody or of staged encounters in which police shoot and kill the suspects, is common.
		Despite some cases during the year in which police officers were investigated or charged in connection with abuse of detainees, the failure of successive governments to prosecute and to punish abusers effectively is the single greatest obstacle to ending or reducing the incidence of abuse by the police.
		The punishment for violation of this section is imprisonment for up to 3 years and a fine.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/sa/710.htm (19263 words)

	MFA Press Release Admin Page
		In paragraph 32, the Special Rapporteur states that her "action in response to allegations of the rights of life in connection with capital punishment is strongly guided by the principle of desirability of the abolition of the death penalty".
		In implying that they are morally equivalent, she is effectively accusing law-abiding public servants, such as judges, members of juries, prosecutors, prison officers and police, of committing serious breaches of human rights amounting to murder.
		It is morally and legally unjustified, philosophically untenable and slanderous to suggest that capital punishment and extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions are morally or legally equivalent.
	app.mfa.gov.sg /pr/read_content.asp?View,636, (860 words)

	1996 Human Rights Report: Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The number of extrajudicial killings committed by security forces, often in the form of deaths in police custody or staged encounters in which the police shoot and kill the suspects, increased.
		In a few cases of extrajudicial killings, in which allegedly innocent people were targeted, some police officials were suspended and arrested, but their cases are still under trial.
		Likewise, the testimony of a woman is not admissible in cases involving harsher punishments (lashing, amputation, and stoning), and a woman's testimony regarding financial matters is not admissible unless corroborated by another woman.
	www.usemb.se /human/1996/southasia/pakistan.html (13881 words)

	Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Although capital punishment is not yet prohibited under international law, the desirability of its abolition has been strongly reaffirmed on different occasions by United Nations organs and bodies in the field of human rights, inter alia, the Security Council
		In the same vein, reference to the report of the Secretary-General on capital punishment (E/1995/78 and Add.1 and Add.1/Corr.1), submitted to the Economic and Social Council in 1995, is of relevance.
		Imposition of capital punishment on mentally retarded or insane persons, pregnant women and recent mothers is also prohibited.
	www.unhchr.ch /html/menu2/7/b/execut/exe_issu.htm (2006 words)

	Peru 10.246b et.al. - Merits
		Bacre Waly Ndiaye, who visited Peru in 1993, in paragraph 26 of his report verified the decline in the number of complaints alleging arbitrary executions, as it was found that in the first six months of 1992 there were 74 complaints, and during the same period for 1993 there were 19.
		These documents lead the Commission to conclude that in the period from 1984 to 1993, there was a systematic practice of extrajudicial executions, perpetrated by agents of the Peruvian State and persons linked to it who acted in coordination with the counterinsurgency struggle in their functions and aims.
		Detention is neither registered nor officially admitted, in order to make it possible to employ torture during interrogation and if need be to apply extrajudicial punishment to persons considered to be sympathizers, collaborators, or members of the rebel groups.
	www.cidh.org /annualrep/2001eng/Peru10247b.htm (5110 words)

	Extrajudicial punishment - Definition, explanation
		Extrajudicial execution and extrajudicial punishment are terms to describe death sentences and other types of punishment, respectively, executed without prior proper judicial procedure.
		However, in order to minimise the chance of public criticism of a decision to kill someone, some governments use their security forces to kill people without going through any legal procedure, generally in a secretive way.
		When insufficient information exists to distinguish whether someone has been killed by a government or rather is being secretly held in prison, the person is considered to have disappeared.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/e/ex/extrajudicial_punishment.php (194 words)

	Death squad - Psychology Central
		A death squad is an armed group that carries out extrajudicial assassinations and forced disappearances of activists, dissidents and others perceived as interfering with a social or political status quo, usually in secrecy.
		Death squads are often associated with the violent political repression of dictatorships, totalitarian states and similar regimes, and typically have the tacit or express support of the state (see state terrorism).
		Because the death squads involved were found to have been soldiers of the Salvadoran military, which was receiving U.S. funding and training from American advisors, these events prompted outrage in the U.S., and led to a temporary cutoff in military aid from the Carter administration.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Death_squad (2274 words)

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