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Topic: Extraocular muscles

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	eMedicine - Extraocular Muscles, Anatomy : Article by Robert H Graham, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The upper division of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) innervates the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae superioris muscles.
		The nerve to the inferior oblique muscle enters the muscle laterally at the junction of the inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscles.
		The tendon of the superior oblique muscle passes through the trochlea (which is located nasally at the superior orbital rim) and is reflected inferiorly, posteriorly, and laterally at an angle of 51° to the visual axis with the eye in primary position.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/topic15.htm (1515 words)

	Eye muscles - 2
		Extraocular muscles are the eye muscles outside the eyeball.
		The muscles of the iris are in the form of smooth muscle bundles, which are in concentric circles.
		The muscles of the iris are sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/our_beautiful_bodies/94444 (399 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Fatigue resistance of rat extraocular muscles does not depend on creatine kinase activity
		The extraocular muscles, responsible for voluntary and reflexive movements of the eyes, are arguably the fastest and most active skeletal muscles [8-10].
		Furthermore, the extraocular muscles are characterized by abundant mitochondria and the presence of developmental and cardiac markers.
		By contrast, the extraocular muscles proved more resistant to DNFB; the changes in force during the fatigue protocol followed almost the same trajectory with and without DNFB, and after 10 min peak forces were not significantly different: control 60 ± 2 and DNFB 57 ± 3% of initial force (figure 3B).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6793/5/12 (4972 words)

	Special Techniques
		muscles, the A-scan is particularly sensitive in indicating thickening or thinning of muscles and in differentiating the underlying pathologies, while the B-scan is very helpful in their topographic evaluation.
		The thickness, internal structure and reflectivity of the normal extraocular muscles vary greatly from person to person (and also depend on the race), but are very similar in the two orbits of the same person.
		inserting tendon of the superior oblique muscle the probe is placed at the 6:00 meridian behind the limbus and the beam is directed toward the posterior portion of the 12:00 meridian between equator and optic nerve.
	www.echography.com /techniques.htm (878 words)

	Yale- Cranial Nerve 3, pg. 4
		The inferior rectus muscle originates from the tendinous ring of the orbit and inserts on the inferior surface of the eye slightly medial to the eyes vertical axis of rotation.
		The inferior oblique muscle originates from the floor of the bony orbit and passes laterally and posteriorly to insert on the posterolateral surface of the eye slightly behind its vertical axis of rotation.
		The actions of the superior oblique and lateral rectus muscles are discussed in the modules on CN IV and CN VI, respectively.
	info.med.yale.edu /caim/cnerves/cn3/cn3_4.html (162 words)

	Extraocular muscles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The extraocular muscles are the six muscles that control the movements of the eye.
		Five of the extraocular muscles have their origin in the back of the orbit in a fibrous ring called the annulus of Zinn.
		The last muscle is the inferior oblique, which originates at the lower front of the nasal orbital wall, and passes under the LR to insert on the lateral, posterior part of the globe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Extraocular_muscles (751 words)

	Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles
		Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) describes rare eye movement disorders, present at birth, that result from the dysfunction of all or part of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) and/or the muscles it serves.
		The superior division innervates the eyelid muscle and the muscle that moves the eyeball upward, both of which are dysfunctional in individuals with classic CFEOM.
		Extraocular (outside of the eye) fibrosis syndromes are grouped under incomitant strabismus and include Duane syndrome, Brown Syndrome, and the congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) syndromes.
	hw.healthdialog.com /kbase/nord/nord1111.htm (1775 words)

	InteRyc - CONGENITAL FIBROSIS OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES (CFEOM)
		It is one of the diseases affecting the extraocular muscles (EOM).
		Engle, E.C. et al: Mapping a gene of congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles to the centrogenic region of the chromosome 12, Nat.
		Engle, E.C. et al: Oculomotor nerve and muscle abnormalities in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles, Ann.
	www.geocities.com /sapatney/chapter41.htm (4086 words)

	Yale- Cranial Nerve 3, pg. 3
		A knowledge of the origins and points of insertion of the extraocular muscles on the eye relative to the axes of motion of the eye is critical to understanding the actions of these muscles.
		The medial rectus muscle originates from the tendinous ring of the orbit and inserts on the medial border of the eye.
		The superior rectus muscle originates from the tendinous ring of the orbit and inserts on the superior surface of the eye slightly medial to the eyes vertical axis of rotation.
	info.med.yale.edu /caim/cnerves/cn3/cn3_3.html (150 words)

	Extraocular Muscles
		The superior oblique muscle, although part of the cone-shaped annulus of Zinn, differs from the recti muscles in that before it attaches to the eye it passes through a ring-like tendon, the “trochlea” (which acts as a pulley), in the nasal portion of the orbit.
		The inferior oblique, which is not a member of the annulus of Zinn, arises from the lacrimal fossa in the nasal portion of the bony orbit and attaches to the inferior portion of the eye.
		Conversely, “adduction” is a horizontal movement toward the nose caused by a contraction of the MR muscle with an equal relaxation of the LR muscle.
	www.tedmontgomery.com /the_eye/eom.html (2013 words)

	The Scientist : Eyes and Muscular Dystrophy
		In the extraocular muscles in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy, this protein is up-regulated, says Porter.
		The extraocular muscles are among the fastest in the body; their saccadic movements go 600-800 degrees per second.
		Autopsy examination of extraocular eye muscles of Duchenne patients is needed to answer that question, he says, but permission to do it is difficult to get.
	www.thescientist.com /article/display/11665 (1313 words)

	Extraocular Muscles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		muscle tendon attachments to the globe not on equator...
		Spindles: Extraocular muscles appear to contain spindles and Golgi tendon organs, yet when recording from oculomotor motoneurons, no stretch response can be seen (no change in discharge if eye is moved passively in the dark).
		As with skeletal muscles contacted by spinal motoneurons, each muscle fiber in an EO muscle is contacted (after a period of development) by only ONE OMN motoneuron axon, and that axon may fan out to 10-100 other fibers, likely all of the same type, FG or SO.
	www.engin.brown.edu /courses/en122/Lcturs/EO_Muscles.htm (606 words)

	Muscles of orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are seven muscles of the orbit; one controls the movement of the upper eyelid, and six others control the movement of the eye.
		The fourth cranial nerve, the trochlear, is so named because the muscle it innervates, the superior oblique, runs through a little fascial pulley that changes its direction of pull.
		All of the other muscles are controlled by the third cranial nerve, the oculomotor, which is so named because it is in charge of the movement (motor) of the eye (oculo-).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muscles_of_orbit (461 words)

	Specific Force of the Rat Extraocular Muscles, Levator and Superior Rectus, Measured In Situ -- Frueh et al. 85 (3): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Extraocular muscles are characterized by their faster rates of contraction and their higher resistance to fatigue relative
		Contractile properties and temperature sensitivity of the extraocular muscles, the levator and superior rectus, of the rabbit.
		Muscles of a different `color': the unusual properties of the extraocular muscles may predispose or protect them in neurogenic and myogenic disease.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/85/3/1027 (3937 words)

	Extraocular muscles - eye anatomy
		The six tiny muscles that surround the eye and control its movements are known as the extraocular muscles (EOMs).
		The primary function of the four rectus muscles is to control the eye's movements from left to right and up and down.
		In addition to the muscles of one eye working together in a coordinated effort, the muscles of both eyes work in unison so that the eyes are always aligned.
	www.stlukeseye.com /anatomy/ExtraocularMuscles.asp (115 words)

	Phenotypic heterogeneity may occur in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles -- Reck et al. 82 (6): 676 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) is an autosomal dominant, non-progressive disorder characterised by
		Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) is an inherited, non-progressive disorder characterised by congenital
		Mapping a gene for congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles to the centromeric region of chromosome 12.
	bjo.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/82/6/676 (1345 words)

	AOJ 53:20 "Intraoperative Surprises I: Extraocular Muscles" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Craig A. McKeown, M.D. Intraoperative surprises involving the extraocular muscles are rather common.
		Intraoperative surprises involving the extraocular muscles usually relate to problems caused by anatomic variation or surgical mishaps.
		Recovery of lost muscles may be best served by a two-tier approach, first employing the sub-Tenon’s route utilized in the original strabismus procedure.
	www.aoj.org /abstracts/53/53_20.html (193 words)

	Paradoxical absence of M lines and downregulation of creatine kinase in mouse extraocular muscle -- Andrade et al. 95 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Upregulation of AK4 and AK5 in extraocular muscle.
		Extraocular motor unit and whole-muscle responses in the lateral rectus muscle of the squirrel monkey.
		The sparing of extraocular muscle in dystrophinopathy is lost in mice lacking utrophin and dystrophin.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/95/2/692 (4729 words)

	Extraocular Muscles and the Shape of the Eye (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The following works, two centuries old, provide evidence that accommodation of the eye to different distances is a result of the extraocular muscles changing the shape of the cornea or of the eye as a whole.
		David Hosack, MD. "Observations on Vision." An argument that the extraocular muscles are responsible for accommodation in humans.
		Anatomical and experimental evidence that the cornea changes during the eye's adjustment to different distances; extraocular muscles must be involved.
	www.i-see.org /extraoc.html (327 words)

	Myogenic Potential of Extraocular Muscle Satellite Cells - The Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center at ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		In contrast to normal adult limb muscle, we have demonstrated that even in aged individuals, a population of activated satellite cells in maintained within normal adult extraocular muscles.
		One of the more puzzling aspects of extraocular muscle cell biology is that the extraocular muscles show a distinct propensity for or sparing from various skeletal muscle disorders compared with limb skeletal muscle.
		In particular, the extraocular muscles are spared in patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and continue to function even after most other skeletal muscles in the body have degenerated.
	www.med.umn.edu /mdcenter/research/mcloon.html (405 words)

	Eye muscles – 1
		However, not all skeletal muscles are massive some are quite small and delicate like the muscles of eye.
		I am referring to the muscles outside the eye known as the extraocular muscles.
		Located in the eye socket human eye muscles can not be easily inspected, any one muscle's movement changes the tension and length of the other muscles of eye, and they work together and not in isolation.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/our_beautiful_bodies/94095 (401 words)

	Extraocular Muscles... help - Student Doctor Network Forums
		Concerning the SO muscle: "Contraction results in various combinations of vertical, horizontal and rotary movements, depending on the location of the eye horizontally.
		Concerning the IO muscle: "Contraction results in various combinations of vertical, horizontal and rotary movements, depending on the location of the eye horizontally.
		Because of the muscle's insertion, it's primary, secondary, and tertiary actions are greatest in specific locations.
	forums.studentdoctor.net /showthread.php?t=109725 (624 words)

	Layer-specific differences of gene expression in extraocular muscles identified by laser-capture microscopy -- Budak et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Comprehensive expression profiling by muscle tissue class and identification of the molecular niche of extraocular muscle.
		Evidence for rectus extraocular muscle pulleys in rodents.
		Extraocular muscle is defined by a fundamentally distinct gene expression profile.
	physiolgenomics.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/20/1/55 (6046 words)

	Phylogenetic implications of the superfast myosin in extraocular muscles -- Schachat and Briggs 205 (15): 2189 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Phylogenetic implications of the superfast myosin in extraocular muscles -- Schachat and Briggs 205 (15): 2189 -- Journal of Experimental Biology
		Phylogenetic implications of the superfast myosin in extraocular muscles
		The superfast extraocular myosin (MYH13) is localized to the innervation zone in both the global and orbital layers of rabbit extraocular muscle
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/205/15/2189 (346 words)

	Phylogenetic implications of the superfast myosin in extraocular muscles -- Schachat and Briggs 205 (15): 2189 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The motor sequences were more similar to the adult fast MYH genes, indicative of both the role of the MYH13 gene in the superfast contractions of extraocular muscle and the two regions of exon homology evident in Fig.
		Briggs, M. and Schachat, F. Extraocular myosin is localized near the innervation zone of rabbit extraocular muscle.
		Peachey, L. The structure of the extraocular muscle fibers of mammals.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/205/15/2189 (5104 words)

	Human extraocular muscles in mitochondrial diseases: comparing chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia with ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The anomalous ultrastructural features are the presence of swollen mitochondria which have increased their size two to three times (average median diameter is 0.85 µm as measured on random sample).
		Extraocular muscles: basic and clinical aspects of structure and function.
		Ultrastructural analysis of extraocular muscle in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/89/7/825 (1779 words)

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