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Topic: Extraordinary magistrates

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	Magistratus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Magistratus ordinarii (ordinary magistrates) and Magistrarus extraordinarii (extraordinary magistrates) were two categories of officials who held political, military, and, in some cases, religious power in the Roman Republic.
		The ordinary magistrates were elected annually (except censor) and served for one year.
		By contrast, extraordinary magistrates were elected only in special circumstances and not necessarily with a collegue.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magistratus (118 words)

	THE WEST VIRGINIA JUDICIARY: A COMPARATIVE PORTRAIT
		Magistrate courts garnered fines and remittances of $15.76 millon in FY 1989-90 and gave $3.96 millon of that amount to the state's School Fund, $2.91 million to the recipients of worthless checks, $460,000to county treasuries, and $8.42 million to various state governmental accounts.
		Magistrates can also be removed from office by the circuit court after conviction of a felony, for a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, or for a willful violation of statutory duties or court rules established by the Supreme Court of Appeals that evidences neglect of duty, malfeasance in office, or official misconduct.
		Magistrate court civil dispositions increased from 38,524 in 1978 to 45,460 in FY 1990-91.
	www.polsci.wvu.edu /ipa/par/report_10_1.html (11771 words)

	Roman assemblies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Unlike modern chambers, these representative bodies combined legislative, judicial, and electoral functions, as Magistrates did to - though there was no separation of powers, the intricate balance of 'constitutional' checks and divisions of powers in the Roman republic was remarkably elaborate.
		Only when the principate was established -legally withi the republic, which was never ablished- did the shift of power to the emperor, no longer a 'temporary' strong man as opposed to the dictator, start to embody the state politically, though never in law, and hence incarnate the of Rome.
		The tribal assemblies were left with the election of certain magistrates and the conduct of trials — but no trials could be held unless authorized by senatus consultum.
	www.lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Roman_assemblies (1158 words)

	Magistrate Information Pamplet
		If, after examination of these facts, magistrates are not reasonably sure that the accused will appear for trial, the magistrates, in their discretion, will require the execution of a bail bond with surety in a reasonable amount and may impose such other conditions deemed reasonably necessary to insure appearance at trial.
		Magistrates or judges may issue this order if they find reasonable grounds to believe that a person has committed an assault and battery or an act of family abuse against a family or household member and there is probable danger of further acts of family abuse.
		In this order, the magistrate may: prohibit the abuser from committing further acts of assault and battery; grant possession of the residence to the victim to the exclusion of the abuser; and prohibit all contact between the abuser and the victim.
	www.courts.state.va.us /mag/page1.htm (2007 words)

	[No title]
		In the one case magistrates are chosen from the nobles, or the wealthy, or those who are most experienced in the matters with which their office is concerned.
		Once the magistrate has remonstrated with the prince about the truth of the facts and the import of his orders, he is quit of his duty, and must obey if he is nevertheless required to.
		The magistrate has power to convict or acquit, and take cognizance some of matters concerning property, others concerning property and honour, and yet others of property, honour, and corporal pains exclusive or inclusive of the death penalty, with or without appeal from their decisions.
	www.constitution.org /bodin/bodin_3.txt (12220 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, page 1168 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		triumviri nocturni, were magistrates elected annually, whose chief duty it was to prevent fires by night; and for this purpose they had to go round the city during the night (vigilias circumire).
		triumviri reficiendis aedibus, extraordinary officers elected in the Comitia Tributa in the time of the second Punic war, were appointed for the purpose of repairing and rebuilding certain temples.
		triumviri sacris conquirendis donis-que persignandis, extraordinary officers elected in the Comitia Tributa in the time of the second Punic war, seem to have had to take care that all property given or consecrated to the gods was applied to that purpose.
	ancientlibrary.com /smith-dgra/1175.html (796 words)

	Articles - Roman dictator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The dictator was the highest magistrate in degree of precedence (Praetor Maximus) and was attended by 24 lictors.
		The regular magistrates continued to discharge the duties of their various offices under the dictator, but they were no longer independent officers, but were subject to the higher imperium of the dictator, and obliged to obey his orders in every circumstance.
		Neither the magistrate who nominated Sulla, nor the time for which he was appointed, nor the extent or the exercise of his power was in accordance with the ancient laws and precedents, as is the same was the case with the dictatorship of Caesar.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Roman_dictator (1845 words)

	East European Constitutional Review
		The Director of the Magistrates’ School is appointed by the High Council of Justice upon the proposal of the managing board from among well-qualified judges, and prosecutors for a four-year term with the right to be reappointed only once.
		The candidate for magistrate, in this case, with his consent, can be assigned to the position of assistant judge or to a position in the judicial administration until a vacancy occurs.
		The appointed magistrates who, without justifiable reasons, resign or ask for their removal within five years of their appointment, are obligated to pay to the Magistrates’ School the amount of money of the remuneration they received during the theoretical program and the pre-professional internship in proportion to the period of non-fulfilment of their duties.
	www.law.nyu.edu /eecr/bycountryrefs/albaniaMagistratesSchool.html (2604 words)

	Extraordinary Popular Delusions And The Madness Of Crowds -- Chapter 56 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		His first impulse was to denounce Balsamo to the magistrates of the town; but on further reflection he was afraid of the ridicule that a full exposure of all the circumstances would draw upon him: he therefore took the truly Italian resolution of being revenged on Balsamo by murdering him at the first convenient opportunity.
		The consequence was, that the house of Cagliostro was besieged by crowds of the idle, the credulous, and the avaricious, all eager to obtain a sight of the "philosopher," or to share in the boundless wealth which he could call into existence.
		Such was the substance of his extraordinary answer to the charges against him; an answer which convinced those who were before doubtful that he was one of the most impudent impostors that had ever run the career of deception.
	www.litrix.com /madraven/madne056.htm (6245 words)

	DUOVIRI - LoveToKnow Article on DUOVIRI
		Such pairs of magistrates were appointed at various periods of Roman history both in Rome itself and in.
		(1) Duumviri iuri (iure) dicundo, municipal magistrates, whose chief duties were concerned with the administration of justice.
		Sometimes there were four of these magistrates (Quattuorviri).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /D/DU/DUOVIRI.htm (274 words)

	SCOTLAND - Online Information article about SCOTLAND
		The acts follow, to Some extent, the lines of English legislation, but the sheriff and his deputies and substitutes are included in the definition of the court, as are stipendiary magistrates (1897, c.
		magistrates, and to justices of the peace where they have by other statutes power to try offences or enforce penalties.
		All proceedings for summary conviction or for recovery of a penalty must be by way of complaint according to one of the forms in the schedule to the act of 1864.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SAR_SCY/SCOTLAND.html (418 words)

	Appendix B -- Extraordinary Gifts and Officers
		Shortly, I take the word extraordinary here, not for that which ceased with the first age of the Christian church, but for that which is not, neither needs to be, ordinary; and so much of their work.
		There are three extraordinary functions: the office of the apostle, of the evangelist, and of the prophet, which are not perpetual, and now have ceased in the kirk of God, except when he pleased extraordinarily for a time to stir some of them up again.
		In all cases, these occurrences were extraordinary and occasional in other words, the recipients of these revelations obtained a glimpse of particular events in the future, but did not retain the ability to foretell the future throughout their careers.
	www.swrb.com /newslett/actualNLs/PGET_ch3.htm (4439 words)

	Relating to Land Use Board of Appeals; creating new provisions; and amending ORS 2.510, 19.005, 34.102, 40.015, 94.508, ...
		(3) The magistrates of the board shall be subject to the provisions of ORS 1.310 and 238.505 relating to disability and retirement to the same extent and in the same manner as a judge of a circuit court.
		A magistrate shall be subject to the provisions of law relating to retirement for disability and retirement applicable to a state officer or employee.
		Before entering upon the duties of office, the magistrate shall take and subscribe to an oath or affirmation for the faithful discharge of the duties of the office, and the oath shall be filed in the office of the Secretary of State.
	www.leg.state.or.us /01reg/measures/sb0800.dir/sb0863.intro.html (15231 words)

	Jean Bodin: Six Books of the Commonwealth: Book 3
		The Magistrate [CHAPTERS IV AND V] the sovereign, the magistrate is the chief personage in the commonwealth, for upon him the sovereign devolves his authority and his power of commanding obedience.
		In letters of justice the prince leaves it to the discretion of the magistrate to whom the letters are addressed to act on them or not as his conscience and the demands of equity dictate.
		discussed the family and its members, sovereign power, and magistrates, let us now consider corporate associations and guilds, beginning with their origins, proceeding to their powers and privileges, and concluding by deciding whether their existence is indispensable to the commonwealth.
	www.constitution.org /bodin/bodin_3.htm (12204 words)

	POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
		Extraordinary Magistrates were elected for an exceptional purpose.
		He became the chief magistrate when the consuls were out of the city.
		The interrex was a provisional chief magistrate appointed by the senate to hold consular elections if a vacancy occurred during the year or if civil unrest prevented a regular election.
	www.hoocher.com /politicalinstitutions.htm (1673 words)

	Independence of judges and lawyers - Preliminary report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although the resolution was targeted at a decision by the Milan judges involving one of the high-profile criminal cases, this was seen as a serious provocation and interference with the independence of the judiciary in general.
		The lawyers for the accused argued that the magistrate failed to comply with the ruling of the Constitutional Court.
		The magistrate is of the view that it is for the court to interpret the ruling of the Constitutional Court.
	www.unhchr.ch /Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/2430e07ccd24e06cc1256b91003ecdca?Opendocument (2481 words)

	Articles - Promagistrate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A promagistrate is a person who acts in and with the authority and capacity of a magistrate, but without holding a magisterial office.
		A promagistrate held equal authority to the equivalent magistrate, was attended by the same number of lictors, and generally speaking had autocratic power within his province, be it territorial or otherwise.
		Subsequently, when Pompeius Magnus was given proconsular imperium to fight against Quintus Sertorius, the Senate made a point of distinguishing that he was not actually being appointed a promagistrate: he was appointed to act not in place of a consul (pro consule), but on behalf of the consuls (pro consulibus).
	www.1-helmets.com /articles/Promagistrates (464 words)

	Blind Woman Becomes Judge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		"It would be embarrassing for her and would make the court somehow extraordinary when it shouldn't be." The court would make sure that she was not listed to hear certain types of cases such as those involving video or identification evidence or a large amount of documents, he adds.
		He dismisses the Lord Chancellor's argument that blind magistrates would not be sitting alone but as members of a bench of three which would pool its assessments.
		Secondly, sighted magistrates are not trained in any structured way about reading body language, so arguing that it is an essential element of their decision-making is pretty curious.
	www.accessible-devices.com /judge.html (1228 words)

	The Law Report: 12 October 2004 - Justice Queensland Style; Majority Jury Verdicts
		Magistrates are holding their breath as they wait to see the final chapter in the story of disgraced former Chief Magistrate, Di Fingleton.
		In December last year, Queensland's Chief Magistrate was sentenced to six months in prison after she was convicted of 'retaliating against a witness'.The extraordinary case centred on an email that Fingleton had sent to fellow magistrate, Basil Gribbin.
		Because workplace disputes between magistrates are resolved through a judicial process, Di Fingleton found herself being prosecuted for the equivalent of interfering in court proceedings.
	www.abc.net.au /cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/lawrpt/stories/s1218102.htm (3756 words)

	Book Talk - 20/11/2004: On Writing Non-Fiction...
		The investigation into this little business—about where that money came from and what the director was doing with it—led into an extraordinary series of related and ever growing, ever snowballing corruption scandals that undermined the entire Italian business community and Italian industry and the Italian politicians with whom the industrialists and businessmen had been working.
		One was the discovery of this extraordinary network of large-scale corruption that had been underpinning the relations between Italian government and Italian industry, and on the other this exactly contemporaneous discovery of the extraordinarily intense relations that had been going on for 50 years between the Italian government and organised crime.
		It was this that precipitated the fall, and it was so extraordinary to meto the world, but specifically and in a very personal way to me who had been puzzled and upset and extremely intrigued by a number of things that I had followed going on in Italy in the time that I lived there.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/arts/booktalk/stories/s1229750.htm (2622 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Miracle
		In analyzing the difference between the extraordinary character of the miracle and the ordinary course of nature, the Fathers of the Church and theologians employ the terms above, contrary to, and outside nature.
		Thus the miracles of Christ are understood as illustrations of a higher, grander, more comprehensive law than men had yet known, the incoming of a new life, of higher forces acting according to higher laws as manifestations of the spirit in the higher stages of its development.
		Tertullian challenges the heathen magistrates to work the miracles which the Christians perform (Apol., xxiii); St. Paulinus, in the life of St. Ambrose, narrates what he has seen.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10338a.htm (11254 words)

	House of Commons Standing Cttee on Delegated Legislation (pt 1)
		Surely, amateur lay magistrates are in no position to cope with such a work load and an increase of six in the provision of professional magistrates is nowhere near adequate.
		However, the Magistrates Association felt that, given the other changes that were taking place—especially the unification of the stipendiary benches—it was not the right time to seek an increase in the maximum number for provincial stipendiaries to 60.
		It would be extraordinary if the Government—recognising that the nature of the work load is bound to change if their proposals in this year's legislative programme are accepted by the House, which remains a matter for debate—did not acknowledge that there would have to be further changes.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/cm199900/cmstand/deleg2/st991125/91125s01.htm (1413 words)

	The Freeway To Serfdom
		Northumbria Police went to extraordinary lengths to gather evidence against Sarah McCaffery, 23, who had missed breakfast and grabbed the apple to eat on her way to work.
		Magistrates ruled that she had not been in full control of her car.
		There are times when I am left completely and utterly speechless by the "extraordinary lengths" governments will go to to bully their subjects into boneheaded compliance with some legislative edict or another.
	www.jayjardine.blogspot.com /2005/03/how-hell-did-this-slip-past-my-desk.html (438 words)

	Mission of Romania
		The extraordinary appeal by the General Prosecutor was eliminated and a new ground for review was added where the European Court of Human Rights found a breach of human rights.
		After the initial 2 years of uniform training, continuous training seminars for magistrates are held in Bucharest and in other 3 regional centres of the Institute.
		Court clerks are also being trained to be able to perform better their current and future responsibilities, in the context of the reform of the judiciary.
	www.roumisue.org /pr_11February2004a.htm (752 words)

	Articles - Roman Senate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As the embodiment of Rome, it was the official body that sent and received ambassadors on behalf of the city, that appointed officials to manage the public lands -- including provincial governors, that conducted wars, and appropriated public funds.
		The Senate also bore the prerogative of authorizing the city's chief magistrates, the consuls, to nominate a dictator in a state of emergency, usually military.
		If both consuls were absent (usually because of a war), the senior magistrate, most often the Praetor Urbanus, would act as the president.
	www.multisection.com /articles/Roman_Senate (1126 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		On August 28, 1992, the defendant, the authorities of the Province of Corrientes, filed an extraordinary federal appeal.
		This means that the magistrates who must try the case may become direct beneficiaries of their own decision.
		Héctor Hugo Boleso received his remuneration in the usual fashion and under the same conditions as other magistrates in the province while the case was being considered and therefore was not prevented from exercising a protected right.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/cases/1998/argentina39-98.html (1814 words)

	Ming Empire 1368-1644 by Sanderson Beck
		Counties were the basic units of administration with magistrates responsible for tax collection, labor services, care of the aged and indigent, local ceremonies, keeping peace, and administering justice.
		Magistrates, wanting to be promoted, had to make sure taxes were collected and bandits were caught.
		The magistrate admires the writing of his prisoner but cannot make her his son-in-law when he learns she is a woman.
	www.san.beck.org /3-7-MingEmpire.html (23715 words)

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