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	Extrastriate cortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The extrastriate cortex is the region of the occiptial cortex of the mammalian brain located next to the striate cortex (which is also known as the primary visual cortex).
		In terms of Brodmann areas, the extrastriate cortex comprises Brodmann area 18 and Brodmann area 19, while the striate cortex comprises Brodmann area 17.
		In primates, the extrastriate cortex includes visual area V2, visual area V3, Visual area V4, visual area MT (sometimes called V5), and visual area DP.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Extrastriate (185 words)

	Postnatal development of corticocortical efferents from area 17 in the cat's visual cortex. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In 4- and 8-d-old kittens, other extrastriate areas (19, 21a and the lateral suprasylvian cortex) contained only sparse label, localized in a few solitary axons; these areas were densely labeled in animals aged 12 d or more.
		In each extrastriate region, from the earliest age at which we identified dense cortical innervation from area 17, the terminals were distributed in clusters.
		By 70 d, an adult-like distribution of terminals was found in each extrastriate area: most fibers appeared to end in layers II and III in areas 18, 19, and 21a and centered on layer IV in the medial bank of the middle suprasylvian sulcus in adult cats.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_2918380.html (385 words)

	Microsaccades differentially modulate neural activity in the striate and extrastriate visual cortex.
		The effect of such fixational eye movements on the activity of single neurons was examined in several regions of the visual cortex in macaque monkeys.
		We found that the firing of many neurons in striate and extrastriate cortex is profoundly influenced by saccades much smaller than the neurons' receptive fields.
		Such signals may be necessary for the stable perception of objects and scenes during eye movements, mediating the mapping between central object representations and the constantly changing retinotopic input.
	www.kyb.mpg.de /publication.html?publ=242 (228 words)

	Newsome, William Thomas (1979-08-15) Studies on primate extrastriate visual cortex. I. The interhemispheric connections ...
		Over much of areas DL and DI in the owl monkey, and in the region where the center-of-gaze representations of V2, DL and MT are in close proximity in both the owl monkey and the bushbaby, the pattern of callosal terminals is complex and has little value for determining precise areal boundaries.
		The major result of this study is the demonstration of a striking localization of direction-selective neurons to extrastriate area MT of the owl monkey.
		MT neurons responded maximally to stimuli tuned to a single optimal direction of motion whereas neurons of the medial third tier areas (DM, DI and M) responded maximally to oriented stimuli moving in either of two directions perpendicular to the optimal axis of orientation.
	etd.caltech.edu /etd/available/etd-09152004-141810 (478 words)

	aboitizetal
		This nucleus receives projections from the superior colliculus and projects to the extrastriate visual isocortex, and has been considered to be homologous to the reptilian or avian nucleus rotundus, which receives projections from the optic tectum and sends efferents to the ADVR (see above and Fig.
		Summarizing, two possibilities (not necessarily exclusive) may account for the relative growth of the mammalian dorsal pallium in relation to the IT/VP: one is that the dorsal pallium expanded tangentially, invading territory destined to the lateral pallium, and the latter was displaced into the territory of the IT/VP.
		extrastriate visual and auditory) that perhaps have no specific correspondence in the brains of sauropsids (although they may have emerged from some component present in the reptilian brain, like the dorsal cortex).
	www.bbsonline.org /Preprints/Aboitiz/Referees (18016 words)

	Determinants of Tilt and Motion Illusions and Aftereffects
		In this way, extrastriate areas can simultaneously process specialised characteristics of the scene, colour in V4, motion in MT and so on, keeping the topographic map which each area has inherited from V1.
		We also knew that cells in extrastriate cortex look at huge areas of the visual field and seem to be involved in orientation constancy, the ability to perceive real world tilts correctly despite changing tilts on the retina of the eye as the body tilt changes.
		Since MT where plaid cells reside is well up into extrastriate cortex, we predicted that rivalry would reduce plaid MAEs and it did.
	vision.bhs.mq.edu.au /~peterw/corella/315/levels.html (2875 words)

	Toward a Science of Consciousness 3: Attending, Seeing and Knowing in Blindsight
		Blindsight may, under some circumstances, be mediated by pathways that reach extrastriate cortical areas without passing through primary visual cortex.
		There are two possible sources, direct projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus to areas V2 and V4 (Cowey and Stoerig 1989) and projections, possibly via the superior colliculus, to the pulvinar and on to areas MT (Standage and Benvenuto 1983) and V4 (Ungerleider and Desimone 1986).
		This aspect of their conclusion is unsurprising since it has been known since the mid 1980s that attention modulates neuronal activity in extrastriate cortex but has little effect on striate cortex (Moran and Desimone 1985).
	cognet.mit.edu /posters/TUCSON3/Weiskrantz.html (3331 words)

	What a difference a decade makes
		The study highlighted two brain regions in left frontal and left extrastriate cortex, which are known to play a key role in language processing and are believed to undergo substantial development between childhood and adulthood.
		Of the six regions examined, two — one in the frontal cortex, one in the extrastriate cortex — revealed differences in brain activity in both the matched and unmatched groups, indicating an age-related effect rather than a performance-related effect.
		The extrastriate region was more active in children than adults, whereas the frontal region was active in adults and not in children.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-05/wuso-wad052102.php (761 words)

	Lecture 9: Visual System III – Cortical Pathways (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Extrastriate Visual Cortex – this is a collection of nearly 30 visual cortical areas that are defined by their locations, connectional anatomy, physiological response properties, and the behavioral effects of damage.
		They are organized into a parallel hierarchy proceeding rostrally from the striate cortex.
		The collection of areas known as extrastriate cortex can be broadly subdivided into two parallel pathways (Figs.
	noca.leaver.org /NPB112/lec09.html (392 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Perrett and colleagues have found cells in the upper bank of the STS which are selective for the orientation of facial stimuli, one obvious functional interpretation of which is that these cells help detect where faces are looking (Perrett et al 1991, 1992; see also Hasselmo et al 1989).
		In humans, functional MRI studies have identified extrastriate cortex as a center of activity in the processing of facial images (Kanwisher et al 1996a, b).
		Both the amygdala and extrastriate cortex are suggested in separate studies.
	www.sfu.ca /neurophilosophy/members/keeley/proposal.htm (2799 words)

	Prefrontal modulation of visual processing in humans - Nature Neuroscience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Electrophysiological deficits consisted of diminished early extrastriate responses to all stimuli (125 ms) together with prominent reductions of post-selection target-related neuronal activity (200−650 ms) in inferior temporal areas of the lesioned hemisphere.
		These electrophysiological deficits in extrastriate processing were accompanied by deficits in detection in the contralesional visual field.
		Early extrastriate ERPs for standards were measured in windows of 110−155 ms for the P1 and 190−210 ms for the N1.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/neuro/journal/v3/n4/full/nn0400_399.html (4155 words)

	Why Aren't We Collaborating? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A number of frontal and extrastriate brain areas showed differences in activation between children and adults(...).
		Specifically, there was less activation in a left frontal region and greater activation in posterior left extrastriate cortex in children than in adults, even after they were matched for performance.
		One possible explanation for these results is the relative maturity of different parts of the brain: the left frontal region might simply be immature in children(...).
	www.comdig.com /print_article.php?id_article=7232 (108 words)

	Enhanced extrastriate activation during observation of distorted finger postures. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Enhanced extrastriate activation during observation of distorted finger postures.
		From about 260 msec onwards, extrastriate occipital areas of both hemispheres were activated more strongly by distorted than natural finger postures.
		We interpret this result as an early top-down effect of emotional valence on the processing of unusual hand shapes in the extrastriate visual cortex.
	www.accelerated-learning-online.com /research/enhanced-extrastriate-activation-observation-distorted-finger-postures.asp (399 words)

	Visual, Saccade-Related, and Cognitive Activation of Single Neurons in Monkey Extrastriate Area V3A -- Nakamura and ...
		Area V3A is an extrastriate visual area that provides a major input to parietal cortex.
		Topographical organization of cortical afferents to extrastriate visual area PO in the macaque: a dual tracer study.
		Nakamura K, and Colby CL. Updating of the visual representation in monkey striate and extrastriate cortex during saccades.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/84/2/677 (8446 words)

	Category-Sensitive Excitatory and Inhibitory Processes in Human Extrastriate Cortex -- Allison et al. 88 (5): 2864 -- ...
		Allison T, Puce A, Spencer DD, and McCarthy G. Electrophysiological studies of human face perception.
		Puce A, Allison T, and McCarthy G. Electrophysiological studies of human face perception.
		Extrastriate Cortex in Primates, edited by Rockland KS, Kaas JH, and Peters A. New York: Plenum, 1997, p.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/88/5/2864 (2483 words)

	Webvision: Visual Cortex
		Thus, a functional separation in response timing exists in the M and P pathways of the subcortex and V1 and appears to be conveyed to the dorsal and ventral streams of the extrastriate cortex.
		Recent physiological studies have examined whether single cells in striate and extrastriate cortex respond similarly to conventional luminance contours and those defined by illusions (e.g., Grosof et al., 1993; Peterhans and Von der Heydt, 1989; Von der Heydt et al., 1984; Von der Heydt and Peterhans, 1989).
		Barone P, Batardiere A, Knoblauch K, Kennedy H (2000) Laminar distribution of neurons in extrastriate areas projecting to visual areas V1 and V4 correlates with the hierarchical rank and indicates the operation of a distance rule.
	webvision.med.utah.edu /VisualCortex.html (9250 words)

	The cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrate brain probably originated in conjunction with the olfactory bulb, and in the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Furthermore, if the auditory and extrastriate cortices derive from the IT/VP, these areas should be largely negative for Emx-1, which is characteristic of the developing cortex and not of the IT/VP.
		Although an explanation for the evolutionary development of the reptilian DVR is still needed, we suggest that the mammalian isocortex originated in the dorsal pallium by virtue of the relations of the dorsal cortex with the medial/dorsomedial cortex (hippocampus) and the olfactory cortex (Fig.
		Connectional evidence indicating similarity of sensory input in the reptilian ADVR and the mammalian auditory and extrastriate isocortex is weakened by other hodological evidence that suggests different interpretations.
	cogprints.org /132/00/BBS12.html (5804 words)

	Webvision: Regeneration2.html
		Subdivisions of extrastriate areas are from Espinoza and Thomas (1983).
		Espinoza SG, Thomas HC (1983) Retinotopic organization of striate and extrastriate visual cortex in the hooded rat.
		Wagor E, Mangini NJ, Pearlman AL (1980) Retinotopic organization of striate and extrastriate visual cortex in the mouse.
	webvision.med.utah.edu /Regeneration2.html (11732 words)

	Out of sight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The study presents surprising evidence that the brain's visual system is not only responsible for seeing, or perceiving, objects outside the body, but also is involved when individuals sense and manipulate their own bodies.
		Corbetta and his colleagues were trying to determine which parts of the brain are involved in planning an action in space when they discovered unexpected activity in a peripheral part of the visual system known as the extrastriate body area (EBA).
		This region recently had been implicated in the perception of other people's bodies, but there was no evidence that it also was involved in an individual's perception of self.
	news-info.wustl.edu /tips/page/normal/905.html (1105 words)

	Perception: ECVP 2002 abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		We compared responses in striate and extrastriate visual cortex under four conditions: both eyes were stimulated at the same time (binocular condition), each eye stimulated in alternation (monocular condition), or first the one eye then the other eye stimulated (left eye first - right eye trailing, or vice versa).
		These differences are not evident in more remote extrastriate or associational visual areas, although the BOLD response in the stimulation-rest comparison was robust.
		These results suggest that the effect could be related to inhibitory interactions across ocular dominance columns in striate visual cortex.
	www.perceptionweb.com /ecvp02/0530.html (206 words)

	Psychological Science Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The findings show that reflexively oriented attention produces modulations in early sensory analysis at the same extrastriate neural locus as the earliest effects of voluntarily focused attention.
		As time passes between the initial attention-capturing event and subsequent stimuli, the extrastriate effect reverses, and the enhancement of higher order processing subsides.
		These findings indicate that reflexive attention is able to affect perceptions of the visual world by modulating neural processing as early as extrastriate visual cortex.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /abstract.asp?ref=0956-7976&vid=9&iid=6&aid=83&s=&site=1 (303 words)

	Organization of the Visual Cortex in Human Albinism -- Hoffmann et al. 23 (26): 8921 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		abnormal representation: 16 and 3% in striate and extrastriate
		Data are given for striate cortex and for extrastriate cortex that includes V2 and V3.
		of the nasal and temporal retina is superimposed in early extrastriate
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/26/8921 (6964 words)

	Kalanit Grill-Spector: Links
		This is a standard method of localizing object regions, and highlights the large extent of these object-selective areas.
		The computations being performed across these stretches of extrastriate cortex are not well understood, and form the focus of our lab's research.
		This image is taken from a recent publication reviewing the function of different extrastriate regions in relation to object perception.
	www-psych.stanford.edu /~kalanit/links.htm (200 words)

	Network analysis of brain activations in working memory: behavior and age relationships. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		An expanse of areas, involving the inferior frontal, parietal, and extrastriate cortex, was active in response to stimuli during both the encoding and recognition periods.
		Results indicated that better memory performance outside the scanner was associated with higher activity at specific sites within the frontal and, additionally, the medial temporal lobes.
		Analysis of age effects revealed that younger subjects tended to activate more than older subjects in areas of extrastriate cortex, medial frontal cortex, and the right medial temporal lobe; older subjects tended to activate more than younger subjects in the insular cortex, right inferior temporal lobe, and right inferior frontal gyrus.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_11002354.html (357 words)

	Updating of the visual representation in monkey striate and extrastriate cortex during saccades -- Nakamura and Colby ...
		Updating of the visual representation in monkey striate and extrastriate cortex during saccades -- Nakamura and Colby 99 (6): 4026 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		We have found that visual signals are updated in extrastriate visual cortex.
		The properties of visual neurons in striate and extrastriate cortex have been studied primarily during fixation or under anesthesia.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/6/4026 (4932 words)

	Analysis Of Retinotopic Maps In Extrastriate Cortex - Sereno, McDonald, Allman (ResearchIndex)
		An arrow diagram (vectors indicating receptive field centers placed at cortical coordinates) provides a more compact and understandable representation of retinotopy than does a standard receptive field chart (accompanied by a penetration map) or a double contour map (e.g., isoeccentricity...
		Sereno, M.I., McDonald, C.T., and Allman, J.M. Analysis of retinotopic maps in extrastriate cortex.
		1 Organization of extrastriate cortex in the owl monkey (context) - Sereno, McDonald et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /sereno94analysis.html (849 words)

	Journal of Vision - Functional selectivity of human extrastriate visual cortex at high resolution, by Baker, Knouf, ...
		Previous functional imaging studies have isolated a number of regions within human extrastriate visual cortex that appear to be specialized for the processing of different visual stimuli, including the FFA (faces), PPA (scenes), LOC (objects), and EBA (body parts).
		However, it is unclear whether these regions reflect the processing of specific types of visual stimuli in separate and discrete regions of cortex, or whether they are simply part of a more distributed representation.
		To address this issue, we investigated the functional selectivity within human extrastriate visual cortex at high resolution using an 8-channel phased-array surface coil.
	www.journalofvision.org /4/8/88 (368 words)

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