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Topic: Extratropical cyclone

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	Cyclone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cyclones are responsible for a wide variety of different meteorological phenomena such as tropical cyclones and tornadoes.
		Extratropical cyclones (or low-pressure cells) lie somewhere in between tropical cyclones and mid-latitude cyclones, drawing a portion of their energy through the evaporation and condensation of ocean water, and some through horizontal temperature gradients in the atmosphere.
		On April 27, 1999, a rare cyclone 1,100 miles in diameter was detected by the Hubble Space Telescope in the northern polar region of Mars.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cyclones (1047 words)

	Extratropical cyclone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Extratropical cyclones lie somewhere in between tropical cyclones and mid-latitude cyclones, drawing a portion of their energy through the evaporation and condensation of ocean water, and some through horizontal temperature gradients in the atmosphere.
		In an extratropical transition, poleward displacement of the cyclone occurs and the cyclone's primary energy source converts from the release of latent heat of condensation to a baroclinic process.
		Extratropical cyclones are generally mild storms with surface winds of 7-15 knots.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Extratropical (475 words)

	Encyclopedia: Extratropical cyclone
		The 1959 Mexico Hurricane was a devastating tropical cyclone that impacted the Pacific coast of Mexico in October 1959, and is the strongest known landfall by an East Pacific hurricane.
		Tropical cyclones (also known as tropical storms, hurricanes and typhoons) are cyclones which form over warm ocean waters and draw their energy from the evaporation and condensation of that water.
		Extratropical cyclones lie somewhere in between tropical cyclones and mid-latitude cyclones, drawing a portion of their energy through the evaporation and condensation of ocean water, and some if it through horizontal temperature gradients in the atmosphere.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Extratropical-cyclone (1322 words)

	Subtropical cyclone - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		In comparison to tropical cyclones, such systems have a relatively broad zone of maximum winds that is located farther from the centre, and typically have a less symmetric wind field and distribution of convection.
		A second type of subtropical cyclone is a mesoscale low originating in or near a frontolyzing zone of horizontal wind shear, with radius of maximum sustained winds generally less 30 miles.
		Subtropical cyclones are also somewhat more likely to form outside of a region's designated hurricane season, as was the case with Subtropical Storm Ana (which became Tropical Storm Ana) in mid-April of the 2003 hurricane season.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Subtropical_cyclone (538 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		From fall through the winter and well into spring, extratropical storms dominate the weather across much of the United States and other parts of the globe outside the tropics.
		The extratropical storm's center is an area of low atmospheric pressure with winds going counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, clockwise south of the equator.
		The winds pulls cold air toward the equator from the polar regions and bring warm air toward the poles.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/tg/wstorm/wstorm.htm (178 words)

	Mid-latitude cyclone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A mid-latitude cyclone is a weather phenomenon associated with atmospheric low pressure that takes place in the temperate region between the tropical and polar regions.
		The very cold storms are called subarctic cyclones or low-pressure cells in the Northern Hemisphere and subantarctic cyclones or low-pressure cells in the Southern Hemisphere.
		The reverse transition of a mid-latitude cyclone to a tropical cyclone occurs occasionally.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mid-latitude_cyclone (348 words)

	Harr Topic 4
		Since tropical cyclone formation occurs over data sparse regions, the technology advanced in association with numerical forecasts of midlatitude synoptic conditions may be applicable to monitor sensitive areas over tropical areas that may impact forecasts of environmental conditions that could be favorable for tropical cyclone formation.
		Because of tropical cyclone formation tends to occur over data sparse regions, and the current observational system is not projected to increase in the near future, it is recommended that the utility of current observational data to numerical weather prediction be increased as it applies to forecasts of conditions favorable for tropical cyclone genesis.
		When a tropical cyclone interacts with the midlatitude flow, the nearly symmetric wind and precipitation distributions that are concentrated near the circulation center expand to a broad asymmetric distribution of high winds and waves, and heavy precipitation.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /hrd/iwtc/HarrTopic4.html (4177 words)

	MISR Image Gallery
		Extratropical cyclones are the dominant weather system at midlatitudes, and the term is used generically for regional low-pressure systems in the mid- to high-latitudes.
		In the southern hemisphere, cyclonic rotation is clockwise.
		The center of this cyclone has started to decay, with the band of cloud to the south most likely representing the main front that was originally connected with the cyclonic circulation.
	www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov /gallery/galhistory/2001_nov_07.html (270 words)

	extratropical cyclone -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Cyclonic winds move across nearly all regions of the Earth except the equatorial belt and are generally associated with rain or snow.
		Furthermore, this class of cyclones is the principle cause of day-to-day weather changes experienced in middle and high latitudes and thus is the focal point of much of modern...
		Cyclone which devastated the city of Darwin on the night of Christmas Eve 1974, and was one of the worst natural disasters in Australia's history.
	www.wip.britannica.com /eb/article-9033470 (839 words)

	Mariners Weather Log Vol. 49, No. 1, April 2005
		Cyclones were considered to be HF intensity if winds of 64 kts or greater were observed at any point in their life cycle by QuikSCAT, a ship of opportunity or a buoy.
		HF cyclones were observed in all months from October through April in both oceans with the highest frequency in the North Pacific in December and in the North Atlantic in January.
		In tropical cyclones, HF winds tend to be found close to the center on the periphery of the eye wall.
	vos.noaa.gov /MWL/april_05/cyclones.shtml (1711 words)

	TPC ATLANTIC UNNAMED 1991 PRELIMINARY REPORT
		A rather unusual event, the formation of a tropical cyclone of hurricane intensity within an extratropical low pressure system, was observed in the latter stage of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season.
		By 0600 UTC on 1 November, central convection had increased to the point where a tropical cyclone (estimated to be of tropical storm intensity) could be identified within the central area of the low.
		The cyclone accelerated northeastward, crossing the path previously traversed by the extratropical storm, and made landfall in Nova Scotia very near Halifax, around 1400 UTC on 2 November, as a rapidly weakening tropical storm.
	www.nhc.noaa.gov /1991unnamed.html (1451 words)

	Extratropical Cyclone Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Extratropical cyclone research is currently aimed at reconciling a controversy over the evolution and structure of these systems.
		The stages of the Norwegian cyclone model are: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) and (III) narrowing warm sector, and (IV) occlusion.
		The Shapiro--Keyser cyclone model stages are: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) frontal fracture, (III) frontal 'T-bone' and bent-back warm front, and (IV) frontal T-bone and warm-core seclusion.
	www.atmos.albany.edu /deas/atmclasses/atm335/cyclones.html (358 words)

	FAQ : HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, AND TROPICAL CYCLONES
		Extra-tropical cyclones (also known as mid-latitude or baroclinic storms) are low pressure systems with associated cold fronts, warm fronts, and occluded fronts.
		Tropical cyclones, in contrast, typically have little to no temperature differences across the storm at the surface and their winds are derived from the release of energy due to cloud/rain formation from the warm moist air of the tropics (Holland 1993, Merrill 1993).
		These differences are due to the tropical cyclone being "warm-core" in the troposphere (below the tropopause) and the extra-tropical cyclone being "warm-core" in the stratosphere (above the tropopause) and "cold-core" in the troposphere.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /hrd/tcfaq/A7.html (394 words)

	extratropical cyclone -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Extratropical cyclones present a contrast to the more violent cyclones or hurricanes of the tropics, which form in regions of relatively uniform temperatures.
		Migrating cyclones and anticyclones tend to be distributed around certain preferred regions, known as tracks, that emanate from preferred cyclogenetic regions.
		A modern fairy tale, it tells the story of Dorothy, a Kansas farm girl who is blown by a cyclone to the land of Oz, where she is befriended by such memorable...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9033470 (839 words)

	Read about Mid-latitude cyclone at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Mid-latitude cyclone and learn about ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A mid-latitude cyclone or extratropical cyclone is a weather phenomenon associated with
		Hence, they are also known as temperate cyclones, or more rarely, extratropical cyclones.
		The reverse transition of a mid-latitude cyclone to a tropical cyclone occurs less frequently but is not uncommon.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Extratropical_cyclone (226 words)

	IngentaConnect Adjoint sensitivity of an idealized extratropical cyclone with mo... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The larger cyclone deepening rates that occur with the inclusion of moisture are related to latent-heat release from condensation of water vapour in areas of the middle and lower troposphere (the warm-front region) that are strongly sensitive to temperature perturbations in both dry and moist cyclone simulations.
		The effects of diabatic heating on cyclone development are interpreted as a reinforcement of dry baroclinic instability, and not a separate development mechanism (which would have a unique non-baroclinic sensitivity signature).
		Cyclone intensity is very sensitive to the vertical distribution of temperature perturbations, so this feature of diabatic heating is critical to the cyclone forecast.
	api.ingentaconnect.com /content/rms/qjrms/1996/00000122/00000536/art00007 (389 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Extratropical cyclone: A storm that forms outside the tropics, sometimes as a tropical storm or hurricane changes.
		The term "tropical cyclone" is also used in the Indian Ocean and around the Coral Sea off northeastern Australia to describe storms called "hurricanes" and "typhoons" in other areas.
		Subtropical cyclone: A low pressure system that develops in subtropical waters (north of 20 north degrees latitude) and initially has non-tropical features (see table below for a list of tropical features) but does have some element of a tropical cyclone's cloud structure (located close to the center rather than away from the center of circulation).
	www.usatoday.com /weather/hurricane/glossary.htm (827 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It is often associated with possible tropical cyclone development and is also known as a tropical wave.
		Generally considered to be a migratory frontal cyclone found in the middle and high latitudes.
		EYE - The center of a tropical storm or hurricane, characterized by a roughly circular area of light winds and rain-free skies.
	www.mnsu.edu /weather/218labs/glossary/glossary_e.html (841 words)

	Satellite observations of extratropical cyclones
		Extratropical cyclones are low-pressure systems that cause wet and often windy weather.
		Norwegian meteorologists discovered that these cyclones are associated with fronts and that they have a definite life cycle, growing from birth to maturity to death over the course of several days.
		Leaf Stage: During the initial development of an extratropical cycle, the cloud pattern appears in the shape of a leaf.
	profhorn.meteor.wisc.edu /wxwise/satmet/lesson14/Satextracyclone.html (358 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It is most often used to refer to the point of occlusion of an extratropical cyclone where the cold, warm, and occluded fronts meet.
		Generally, it is associated with extensive cloudiness and showers, and may be associated with possible tropical cyclone development.
		This same tropical cyclone is known as a hurricane in the eastern North Pacific and North Atlantic Ocean, and as a cyclone in the Indian Ocean.
	www.mnsu.edu /weather/218labs/glossary/glossary_t.html (2182 words)

	Stratosphere-troposphere exchange in an extratropical cyclone, calculated with a Lagrangian method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In this paper a Lagrangian technique is developed and applied to calculate stratosphere-troposphere exchange in an extratropical cyclone.
		The ratio between the area averaged downward and upward cross-tropopause fluxes increases with increasing strength of the cyclone.
		Since the largest fluxes are shown to occur in the regions with the largest wind shear, where PV-mixing is thought to cause large cross-tropopause fluxes, the results are expected to be reliable, at least in a qualitative sense.
	www.knmi.nl /research/atmospheric_composition/publications/2000/abssigmond.html (205 words)

	ESCI 343
		The wavelength corresponding to this wave number is about 4000 km for a typical atmosphere, which is on the order of the average radius for an extratropical disturbance.
		Baroclinic instability is the instability that leeds to the formation and growth of extratropical cyclones.
		The vertical structure of extratropical cyclones in very different from that of tropical cyclones.
	www.atmos.millersville.edu /~adecaria/ESCI343/esci343_lesson02_et_cyclones.html (530 words)

	P1.16 Warm-seclusion extratropical cyclone development: Sensitivity to the nature of the incipient vortex (2005 - ...
		During this extratropical transition, the TC evolves from an axisymmetric warm-core system into an asymmetric cold-core extratropical cyclone.
		In particular, the development of an intense low-level jet of winds in the SW flank of the cyclone core remains poorly understood and requires model simulation (Browning 2004).
		Although a warm-seclusion can develop with or without a tropical cyclone remnant, it remains unclear whether the presence of a TC remnant vortex will trigger or accelerate the frontal fracture and tropopause fold necessary for this development.
	ams.confex.com /ams/WAFNWP34BC/techprogram/paper_95003.htm (356 words)

	Hurricane Michael - Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Early on the 17th, the wind pattern is very symmetrical, relatively small, and the maximum winds surround the hurricane eyewall.
		The end result is a system that looks more like a large, mature mid-latitude low, including darker areas of drier, subsident air behind the cold front and curling into the low.
		The IR image indicates that the areas of heaviest clouds and rain are shifting to the left side of the extratropical storm's path.
	www.meted.com /norlat/ett/michael/summ02.htm (248 words)

	The Effect of 300 mb Divergence on Surface Cyclogensis - Storming Media
		Abstract: Quantitative predictions of surface extratropical cyclone development are correlated to the degree of upper-level forcing from 500 mb vorticity advection and 300 mb divergence.
		The divergence field partitioned into the longitudinal (alongstream) and transverse (cross-stream) components approximately estimates the effect of curvature and jet streaks on cyclone intensification.
		Verification of the Eta model indicated not significant difference in the mean central pressure to a confidence level of 95%, and verification of the 300 mb divergence was very similar to the 500 mb vorticity advection.
	www.stormingmedia.us /84/8495/A849503.html (246 words)

	Significant Extratropical Tornado Occurrences in Florida During Strong El Nino and Strong La Nina Events
		Hagemeyer (1998) presented results of a study of significant tropical and hybrid cyclone tornadoes.
		Tornadoes associated with ET cyclones in the dry season (November - April) have been responsible for 65% of tornado deaths.
		Peak ET tornado activity generally occurs from January through April with a sharp decrease in early May. Fifty-eight percent of tornado deaths have occurred in January through April, and these months are considered the primary severe weather season in Florida.
	www.srh.noaa.gov /mlb/sls19paper10-1.html (2427 words)

	ATM OCN 100 (Summer 2004) - Midlatitude Systems - Extratropical Cyclones
		To identify the relative size and characteristics of an extratropical cyclone.
		To locate and describe the general temperature-field, the wind regime and the cloud and precipitation pattern associated with a model extratropical cyclone.
		To locate the position and forecast the movement of an extratropical storm by interpreting the sequence of wind direction, pressure change, temperature change and cloud/precipitation type at a station.
	www.aos.wisc.edu /%7Ehopkins/aos100/lectures/s0420xtr2.html (360 words)

	Cyclone Workshop Abstract
		Moreover, jet streaks typically are not isolated, but are embedded in a larger-scale jet stream, which may have a zonally varying or wavelike character.
		We examine the behaviour of vortex dipoles in background flows representative of the extratropical upper troposphere in an attempt to explain the observed jet-streak attributes cited above and to investigate jet-streak life cycles.
		An analytical solution for a point-vortex dipole in a jet-like zonal background flow with piecewise uniform potential vorticity suggests that the presence of this background flow enhances the anisotropy of the dipole streamfunction.
	www.atmos.albany.edu /student/cunning/cw10abs.html (523 words)

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