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	Manned Maneuvering Unit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) is a rocket pack (propulsion backpack that snaps onto the back of the spacesuit) which has been used on spacewalks (EVAs) from NASA's space shuttle, allowing an astronaut to move independently from the shuttle.
		The propulsion unit was used to retrieve two communication satellites, Westar VI and Palapa B2, that did not reach their proper orbits because of faulty propulsion modules.
		The Skylab AMU was the closest to the Shuttle MMU, but was not used outside of the spacecraft because the EVAs were conducted with the astronuats attached to life support umbilicals, and to prevent damage to the delicate solar arrays on the Apollo Telescope Mount.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manned_maneuvering_unit (1182 words)

	Apollo 15 Mission Report Chapter 8
		Subsequent to recharging the portable life support systems after the first extravehicular activity, the problem associated with the Lunar Module Pilot's water separator was found to have resulted from filling the portable life support system at a 30-degree tilt, and the unit was recharged thereafter while in the proper upright position.
		A comparative analysis of the extravehicular mobility unit parameters indicates that the condition was most likely caused by the cooling water flow running at a low-normal rate.
		Oxygen, feedwater, and power consumption of the extravehicular mobility units during the three extravehicular periods are shown in table 8-1.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /alsj/a15/a15mr-8.htm (1996 words)

	BIOMEDICAL RESULTS OF APOLLO - EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT (Sec.6,Ch.6)
		The extravehicular configuration, shown in figure 3, was worn by the Commander and Lunar Module Pilot.
		The extravehicular glove shell was a multilayered assembly which provided scuff, abrasion, and thermal protection to the pressure glove.
		The full EMU was not used during the Apollo 13 mission, as the mission was aborted and a lunar landing was not made.
	lsda.jsc.nasa.gov /books/apollo/S6CH6.htm (4241 words)

	Apollo Extravehicular Mobility Unit Gallery
		In addition, extravehicular equipment consisting of a lunar extravehicular visor assembly, lunar boots, a liquid cooling garment, and fecal and urinary containment systems were provided to complete the EVA PGA configuration.
		The extravehicular mobility unit and its associated components, the pressure garment assembly, the portable life support system, and the oxygen purge system, were used in various configurations in the Apollo 7 through 17 missions.
		The only EMU system aboard the spacecraft, therefore, was the pressure garment assembly for use as a backup to the pressure and environmental control system and for protection against noise and vibration during launch and reentry.
	www.myspacemuseum.com /emudescript.htm (3998 words)

	LM News Reference: Crew Personal Equipment
		In its extravehicular configuration, the EMU is a closed-circuit pressure vessel that envelops the astronaut.
		During extravehicular operation, the ventilation diverter valves are closed and the entire oxygen flow enters the helmet.
		The extravehicular gloves are made of the same material as the ITMG to permit handling intensely hot or cold objects outside the cabin and for protection against lunar temperatures.
	www.apollosaturn.com /Lmnr/cpe.htm (4379 words)

	NASA Neurolab Web: To Live and Work aboard the Space Shuttle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is what is commonly called the "Space Suit." It is an independent, anthropomorphic life support system that provides environmental protection, life support, mobility and communications to Space Shuttle crewmembers during extravehicular activities or spacewalks.
		All connections between the life support unit and the EMU are inside the suit.
		The EMU suits used on the Space Shuttle are standard sized suits (sizes S, M, L), which are reused for several missions and worn by different astronauts.
	neurolab.jsc.nasa.gov /emusuit.htm (556 words)

	A7L
		The Extravehicular Mobility Unit or EMU configured for Skylab missions, shown in the foreground, is the most current space suit configuration for use in space programs.
		Mobility tests were made with the suit pressurized and a PLSS attached.
		Although several participants objected that training runs using the EMU alone ran greater risk than normal in chamber tests, the decision to conduct the exercises using the all-up flight configuration was reaffirmed.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/a7l.htm (13851 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Advanced Technology for Human Support in Space (1997)
		Mobility of the joints was improved, and the helmet was replaced with a dome-type helmet inside which the head could move freely, which increased the field of view.
		EMU support equipment stays in the Space Shuttle airlock during an EVA; the primary functions of this support equipment are to replenish consumables and to assist the crewmember with donning and doffing the EMU.
		NASA engineers and scientists working on extravehicular activities need to be encouraged to expand their associations with industry and universities, as well as with professional societies, through publication and attendance at national and international meetings.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309057442/html/82.html (5092 words)

	Extravehicular Mobility Unit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is an independent anthropomorphic system that provides environmental protection, mobility, life support, and communications for a Space Shuttle or International Space Station (ISS) crewmember to perform Extravehicular Activity (EVA) in earth orbit.
		The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is an independent anthropomorphic system that provides environmental protection, mobility, life support,...
		The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) provides a Shuttle crewmember with the life support equipment and mobile pressure...
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit.html (1872 words)

	Emu -- {{Taxobox_begin \| color = pink \| name = Emu}}{{StatusSeeText}} {{Taxo... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae which, in Latin, means "fast-footed New Hollander", referring to Australia, whose old name was New Holland) is the largest bird native to Australia and, after the Ostrich, the second-largest bird that survives today.
		Emus are opportunistically nomadic and follow rain, feeding on grains, flowers, fruit, soft shoots, insects, grubs, and whatever else is available.
		Three different emu species were common prior to European settlement in 1788:
	emu.en.tracking24.net (459 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Spacesuits Work"
		While early spacesuits were made entirely of soft fabrics, the EMU has a combination of soft and hard components to provide support, mobility and comfort.
		All of the layers are sewn and cemented together to form the suit.
		In contrast to early spacesuits, which were individually tailored for each astronaut, the EMU has component pieces of varying sizes that can be put together to fit any given astronaut.
	science.howstuffworks.com /space-suit5.htm (290 words)

	Novel Radiator for a Space Suit
		For NASA, this radiator will reduce the cost of extravehicular activities at the Space Station by reducing the amounts of equipment and materials that must be lofted to outer space, reducing the volume of equipment carried on the wearer's back, and reducing the consumption of battery power.
		The side of the radiator facing the EMU is separated from the EMU by a layer of insulating material to minimize heating of the PLSS in an environment hotter than 80 °F (27 °C) when the radiator is off and to minimize loss of heat in a cold environment at low metabolic load.
		The outer (radiating) surface of the radiator is coated with a low-thermal-absorptance, high-thermal-emittance material to minimize heating in a hot environment and to maximize the rejection of heat by radiation.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Jun01/MSC22813.html (859 words)

	Apollo Program - MSN Encarta
		It was preceded by the manned Gemini program, which engineers used to develop the techniques that would be needed for the ambitious trip to the Moon, and the unmanned Surveyor Program, which scientists used to probe the lunar surface.
		The performance of the astronaut Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was a key element in the success of Apollo.
		The EMU provided oxygen and pressure to sustain life in the vacuum of space; it protected the astronaut from thermal, radiation, and optical effects as well as meteorite impact; and it provided sufficient mobility and dexterity to enable the astronaut to perform useful work on the lunar surface.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564360/Apollo_Program.html (1079 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An additional objective was to perform an extravehicular activity, but problems with the EMU's (extravehicular mobility unit) caused cancellation of this task.
		Unit B was stowed, and the pilot used a headset cable for the rest of the mission.
		The major anomaly of the STS-5 flight involved the EMU (extravehicular mobility unit) that were to be worn during the extravehicular activity.
	members.aol.com /WSNTWOYOU/STS5MR.HTM (5831 words)

	HOBOs in space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The general principle behind the EMU is that the astronaut's metabolism generates thermal energy that is regulated and controlled by the life support system.
		To monitor the temperature of the astronauts' fingers, the gloves of the Extravehicular Mobility Units were equipped with Onset's HOBO Littler temperature loggers.
		The unit were secured between the first and second layers on the glove backs, out of the 100% oxygen environment of the glove interiors.
	www.hobohelp.com /applications/Discovery/4176_space.html (1566 words)

	NASA Quest > Space Team Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The EMU lacks only maneuvering capability, but this capability can be added by fitting a gas jet-propelled Simplified Aid for Extravehicular Activity Rescue (SAFER) over the EMU’s primary life-support system.
		The lower torso also has a waist bearing for body rotation and mobility, and D rings for attaching a safety tether.
		Extravehicular Visor Assembly (EVA) Assembly containing a metallic-gold-covered Sun-filtering visor, a clear thermal impact-protective visor, and adjustable blinders that attach over the helmet.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /space/teachers/suited/5emu2.html (665 words)

	Dover, Delaware - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dover is the capital of Delaware, a state of the United States of America.
		The base houses several airlift wings as well as the military's only mortuary located in the continental United States, which accepts and processes the remains of soldiers killed in battle.
		Dover is the only state capital in the United States with a volunteer fire department.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dover,_Delaware (1244 words)

	Apollo 15 Objectives
		Extravehicular communications with the lunar communications relay unit and ground controlled television assembly.
		To attempt to impact the S‑IVB/instrument unit on the lunar surface within 350 kilometers (189 nautical miles) of latitude 3.65° south, longitude 7.58° west.
		To vent and dump the remaining gases and propellants to safe the S‑IVB/instrument unit.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4029/Apollo_15b_Objectives.htm (253 words)

	Manned Maneuvering Unit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An MMU is a jetpack (propulsion backpack that snaps onto the back of spacesuit) which has been used on spacewalks EVAs) from NASA 's space shuttle allowing an astronaut to move independently from the shuttle.
		When an astronaut backed the unit and snapped the life-support system place the arms were unfolded.
		propulsion unit was used to retrieve two satellites Westar VI and Palapa-B2 that did reach their proper orbits because of faulty modules.
	www.freeglossary.com /Manned_Maneuvering_Unit (650 words)

	Atmos Press
		Previous design of EMU's has shown that, with current and foreseeable technology, their internal atmospheric pressures must be lower than Earth sea-level pressure to allow the crewmember sufficient mobility and dexterity to perform useful work.
		EMU pressure could later be reduced toward the end of the EVA period to increase crewmember mobility.
		EMU technologies, especially those applicable to the design of higher pressure space suits, gloves, and life support subsystems, should be developed to increase the efficiency with which crewmembers move from habitat to EMU and to increase the capabilities of the suited crewmembers.
	ares.jsc.nasa.gov /HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/DOCS/EIC017.HTML (12261 words)

	s6ch6
		To assure the maximum return of scientific information from the moon, a method was required for collecting samples, deploying retrieving instruments, and performing experiments on the lunar surface and in free space.
		The PGA boot, which was connected to the torso-limb suit, was sized to the individual crewman's foot and had an ankle convolute which permitted ankle extension and flexion movements.
		The helmet was made by a special heat forming process from high optical quality polycarbonate plastic The helmet and necking which attached it to the torso-limb suit are shown in figure 7.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-368/s6ch6.htm (4212 words)

	NASAexplores 9-12 Lesson: Designer Space Suits (Student Sheets)
		The Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), better known as space suits, worn by astronauts represents more than 50 years of development and testing of pressure suits.
		The EMU evolved from the earlier suits tested during the Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Skylab programs.
		One of the biggest advantages of the EMU is that it is reusable.
	www.nasaexplores.com /show_912_student_st.php?id=02122195943 (396 words)

	PRODUCTS
		The Extravehicular Visor Assembly (EVVA) is a heat and light attenuating device (via the visors and eyeshades), which attached to and covers the EMU helmet.
		The units are capable of providing 730 psi oxygen @ 4.8 lbs/hr, 15 psi potable water @ 1lb/min, and 20 psi cooling water @ 4lbs/hr.
		The low-torque bearing enables effortless rotational mobility in both pressurized and unpressurized modes, thus minimizing crew member stress and fatique.
	www.airlockinc.com /html/products.html (477 words)

	Space Suits
		Joint mobility at the elbow and knees was provided by simple fabric break lines sewn into the suit; but even with these break lines, it was difficult for a pilot to bend his arms or legs against the force of a pressurized suit.
		One of several extravehicular mobility devices tested by the Skylab astronauts within the spacious station.
		In case of a malfunction, it remained connected by a tether attached to a winch on an EVA mast installed near the Kvant-2 exit hatch of Mir.
	www.astronautix.com /craftfam/spasuits.htm (5953 words)

	XA/EVA Project Office Weekly Activity Report February 8, 2001 \| SpaceRef - Space News as it Happens
		A close call was generated in the B7 EMU lab documenting an operation, which utilized an auxiliary flow meter in a potentially unsafe manner.
		Immediately the EMU on-site processing was suspended for a mandatory "safety day" to focus on safe working practices and processes that could help avoid this type of incident.
		The EVA Project Office requested that a single individual be assigned as the manager of all EMU lab operations, a deficiency that was evident in the initial assessment of the close call scenario.
	www.spaceref.com /news/viewsr.html?pid=2107 (1067 words)

	APOLLO MISSION CONTROL PHOTO PLUS
		In addition to the space suit and bubble helmet, the EMU also includes a portable life support system (PLSS) back pack, an Oxygen Purge System (seen atop the PLSS), and a Remote Control Unit on his chest.
		Engineers are dwarfed as the Apollo 9 command, service and lunar modules are mated to the Saturn V space vehicle's instrument unit.
		Apollo 9 was an Earth orbital mission designed to test docking procedures between the CSM and LM as well as test fly the Lunar Module in the relative safe confines of Earth orbit.
	www.apollomissionphotos.com /index9.html (690 words)

	GPN-2000-001108 - Schweickart On "The Porch" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Astronaut Russell L. Schweickart, Lunar Module pilot, stands in "golden slippers" on the Lunar Module "Spider's" porch during his extravehicular activity on the fourth day of the Apollo 9 earth-orbital mission.
		This photograph was taken from inside the Lunar Module "Spider." The Command/Service Module and Lunar Module were docked.
		Schweickart is wearing an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU).
	grin.hq.nasa.gov /ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001108.html (75 words)

	Howstuffworks "How do astronauts function in their spacesuits for hours at a time?"
		Astronauts who spacewalk outside the space shuttle and International Space Station can work for up to 7 hours in the current spacesuit, which is also called the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU).
		The EMU is a marvel of technical achievement with a $12 million price tag.
		There is a slot in the hard upper torso (HUT) portion of the EMU for a rice paper-covered fruit and cereal bar.
	electronics.howstuffworks.com /question544.htm (264 words)

	Life Support Sysems: EVA
		The complete system is know as the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) and consists of the Space Suit Assembly (SSA) and the Portable Life Support Subsystem (PLSS).
		For the Apollo moon missions an EMU with an integral life support backpack was used which was capable of supporting six hour EVAs.
		Because the cabin pressure is a 14.7 psia normal atmospheric mixture of nitrogen and oxygen, steps must be taken to minimize the potential for decompression sickness ('the bends') as a result of the EVA.
	oregonstate.edu /~atwaterj/eva.htm (1448 words)

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