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	Exxon Valdez oil spill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Exxon's official position states that punitive damages greater than $25 million are not justified because the spill resulted from an accident, and because Exxon spent an estimated $2 billion cleaning up the spill, and a further $1 billion to settle civil and criminal charges related to the case.
		The Exxon Valdez damages assessment is notably important in the environmental resource in question, an assessment reached with the use of contingent valuation techniques.
		The Exxon Valdez supertanker was towed to San Diego, arriving on July 10 and repairs began in July 30, 1989.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill (1382 words)

	Exxon Valdez Disaster and Class Action Lawsuit
		Exxon argued that federal jurisdiction was necessary to protect the uniformity of federal maritime law, because the state court intended to apply state law, not federal maritime law, to the claims before it.
		Exxon argued that the drop in price was due to increased competition from "farmed salmon" from Norway, Chile and other places, which began flooding the market in 1989; high salmon inventories at the time of the spill; increased supplies of canned salmon; decreased consumer demand; and other non-spill related factors.
		Exxon also trumpeted the remedial measures it had taken since the spill, and countered the financial information by showing that Exxon's profits from operations in the United States and especially in Alaska were not substantial.
	www.lieffcabraser.com /wbh_exxart.htm (11710 words)

	Exxon Valdez disaster- 15 years of lies \| Greenpeace International
		Alaska, United States — It is fifteen years since the devastating Exxon Valdez oil spill, which saw 11 million gallons of oil pouring into a pristine wilderness area in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
		With 500 miles of the coastline covered in oil just within the Sound area, mortality in the aftermath of the spill was particularly high, with sea otter, sea bird and harbour seal populations hit hard.
		ExxonMobil's version of the Exxon Valdez oil spill is a history of lies, a legacy that the company pursues in its activities today.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/news/exxon-valdez-disaster-15-year (722 words)

	Exxon Valdez TED Case Study
		The Exxon Valdez, after receiving 53 million cargo of crude, pulled away from the Valdez pipeline terminal at 9:26 P.M., on its 28th trip out of the sound since its construction in 1986.
		Exxon is still making the claim that this drop in numbers may be due to cyclical changes in ocean temperatures which affect the food supplies of fish.
		Exxon attempted to appease them by compensating them initially with money, flown in groceries, and when native villages began to complain of missing their subsistence foods, Exxon arranged to have seal meat and seaweed shipped in.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/exxon.htm (3027 words)

	Offshore Technology - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
		The Exxon Valdez oil spill was caused when a tanker ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska, creating a spill of more than 11 million gallons of crude oil shortly after midnight on March 24, 1989.
		During the early days of the accident, Exxon appeared more concerned with offloading the remaining oil from the Exxon Valdez than with the oil already contained within the spill that was damaging the immediate environment.
		In the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez disaster, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels and oil tank owners and operators.
	www.offshore-technology.com /contractors/environmental/exxon-valdez.html (643 words)

	Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
		Exxon Corporation mobilized huge quantities of equipment and personnel to initiate the first response to the mishap; however, their crucial first few hours and days (when containment and cleanup efforts are at a premium) were lost.
		Valdez was the most accessible city near the spill, so Exxon quickly transported its recovery headquarters to the small community.
		Exxon employed many people in the Prince William Sound area to transport supplies to the villages in the sound, and to support the cleanup crews throughout the oiled areas.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h2405.html (1500 words)

	Exxon Valdez - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Exxon Valdez, American oil tanker that went aground on a reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, at night on March 24, 1989.
		This report on the Exxon Valdez disaster appeared in The Times on March 27, 1989.
		Maritime accidents and disasters often lead to new and improved regulation of shipping.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Exxon_Valdez.html (105 words)

	EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL: Ten Years Later
		Exxon Valdez oil and studies by government scientists estimated that only 14% of the oil was removed during cleanup operations.
		The Exxon Valdez studies show petroleum hydrocarbons pose higher risks to fish and wildlife than previously known and that there is long-lasting ecological damage.
		The Exxon Valdez was a national wake-up call to failures of our oil spill contingency planning requirements that led to passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
	arcticcircle.uconn.edu /SEEJ/Alaska/miller2.htm (7677 words)

	The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Disaster - ExploreNorth
		Against strong opposition from many Alaskans, $125 million of the balance was forgiven due to Exxon's cooperation during the cleanup, and upgraded safety procedures to prevent a reoccurrence.
		Exxon is earning $90,000 an hour, about $2 millon a day or nearly $800 million a year, on the same $5 billion as long as the case drags on and the money stays in its coffers.
		Joseph Hazelwood was the captain of the Exxon Valdez the night she ran aground.
	www.explorenorth.com /library/weekly/aa032499.htm (879 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 24 \| 1989: Exxon Valdez creates oil slick disaster
		The Exxon Valdez got into trouble in Prince William Sound when it hit Bligh Reef, splitting its side open and releasing oil, with reports of an eight-mile (1.61km) slick.
		Exxon captain, Joseph Hazelwood, admitted drinking vodka before boarding the vessel, but was subsequently acquitted of operating a ship while intoxicated.
		The Exxon Valdez was repaired and renamed the Sea River Mediterranean and is working in the Atlantic although it is banned from returning to Alaska.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/24/newsid_4231000/4231971.stm (464 words)

	NOAA Fisheries Alaska Office of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Damage Assessment and Restoration
		Memorandum of Agreemement between the State of Alaska and the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, 1993.
		On March 24, 1989 the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling an estimated 11 million gallons of crude oil across 1,300 miles of coastline - a catastrophic event that lead to one of the most thorough examinations of the effects of oil on the environment.
		The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council was established with funds from the legal settlement between the State of Alaska, the Federal Government and Exxon to develop research, restoration and habitat conservation plans for the spill area.
	www.fakr.noaa.gov /oil (514 words)

	BBC News \| From Our Own Correspondent \| Exxon Valdez anniversary
		The previous night, the Exxon Valdez tanker had finished loading with fifty-three-million gallons of oil at Valdez, the terminal at the end of the eight-hundred mile trans-Alaska oil pipeline.
		Three minutes after midnight that night, the Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef as it was heading out of port.
		Since the Exxon Valdez disaster, half of the families have moved away, looking for a more secure life on the mainland.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/from_our_own_correspondent/301097.stm (1125 words)

	Exxon Valdez disaster haunts Alaska 14 years on - smh.com.au
		Oil patches left from the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill are still releasing toxins that harm sea life, United States government scientists say.
		The findings were presented on Tuesday at a conference hosted by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, a federal-state panel overseeing restoration of the region.
		David Page, a biochemist responsible for studies for Exxon Mobil, says that any remaining oil pollution in the sound comes from sources other than the Exxon Valdez, such as abandoned mines, fuel spills from fishing vessels and natural oil seeps.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2003/01/15/1042520672374.html (497 words)

	Exxon Valdez disaster- an ongoing history of lies
		Exxon Valdez disaster- an ongoing history of lies
		On the 15th anniversary of the devastating Exxon Valdez oil spill, which saw 11 million gallons of oil being spilled into a pristine wilderness area in Alaska, Greenpeace demands that US oil giant ExxonMobil comes clean about the true state of Prince William Sound, the site of the spill.
		It has funded research in legal and academic journals that supports the company argument that juries are not competent to rule in punitive damage cases like the Exxon Valdez [5].
	www.politicalsushi.com /Articles/ExxonValdezdisaster-anongoinghistoryoflies.htm (558 words)

	Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills
		The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the largest oil spill in U.S. waters, and it resulted in the largest bioremediation project ever.
		Valdez, population about 4,000 (AAA 1993, p.220), is about 110 miles from Anchorage, Alaska’s largest city and home to half of the state’s population.
		The port of Valdez Alaska, the state’s northernmost ice free port, lies at the southern terminus of the Alyeska pipeline in South Central Alaska.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Lab/2094/bioremed.html (4874 words)

	UTK Speech 310 Persuasion: Saving The Tiger - Exxon Valdez
		Contained is a somewhat brief history of Exxon, a short piece on the Exxon Valdez disaster, and a discussion of how Exxon uses elements of persuasion while trying to bolster their tarnished image.
		After deregulation, Exxon, then known as Esso, bought up 83% of all privately owned gas stations across the country with the vast amount of wealth that the corporation was forced to sit on during the regulation period.
		Even though “Exxon has never tied its support of the arts to any measurable marketing goals”,29 they are quickly discovering the advantages of using their ties with the artistic community as a form of public relations and consumer and industrial marketing.
	www.hellspice.com /tiger (5482 words)

	AlterNet: EnviroHealth: Exxon Valdez Disaster 101
		Originally, it was thought that most seabirds would die quickly in the aftermath of an oil spill, primarily from hypothermia, smothering, drowning or from eating toxins when they preened their feathers.
		But after 15 years, birds in the Exxon Valdez' wake continue to suffer chronic toxic exposure from ingesting contaminated prey or from foraging around sedimentary pools where oil persisits.
		The 15th anniversary of the Exxon Valdez oil spill reminds us that the unspoiled environment that is the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge should remain that way.
	www.alternet.org /envirohealth/18222 (804 words)

	Planet Ark : UPDATE - US court rules $5 bln Exxon Valdez award excessive
		The court's three-judge panel, handing Exxon Mobil a major victory by effectively scrapping what was at the time the largest punitive damage award in U.S. history, said that the jury's 1994 decision was excessive under legal precedent set since the case was first decided.
		The 1989 Exxon Valdez disaster in Alaska's Prince William Sound marked the worst oil spill in U.S. history as some 11 million gallons (50 million liters) of oil fouled local beaches and harmed local fish and wildlife.
		Under these guidelines, punitive damage awards must be assessed in light of the "relative reprehensibility" of Exxon's conduct, earlier penalties imposed for similar misconduct, and the ratio of the award itself to actual harm inflicted on the plaintiffs.
	www.planetark.org /dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/13179/story.htm (1241 words)

	Law.com - The Valdez Gusher
		The Exxon Valdez civil litigation has generated some big numbers: 11 million gallons of oil spilled, 15 years of court proceedings, a $5 billion jury verdict, and more than 7,700 docket entries in Anchorage federal court.
		"Exxon [Mobil Corporation] put up an unflagging, spare-no-expense defense that might have been overwhelming but for the skill and resources of class counsel," the judge wrote.
		In court papers, Exxon called the plaintiffs fee request unreasonable and faulted the plaintiffs for not turning over sufficiently detailed time records.
	www.law.com /jsp/article.jsp?id=1076428430010 (688 words)

	Exxon Valdez, Oil Program, US EPA
		The spill was the largest in U.S. history and tested the abilities of local, national, and industrial organizations to prepare for, and respond to, a disaster of such magnitude.
		Alyeska opened an emergency communications center in Valdez shortly after the spill was reported and set up a second operations center in Anchorage, Alaska.
		In the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels and oil tank owners and operators.
	www.epa.gov /oilspill/exxon.htm (823 words)

	Hard Aground - Supplemental reading list
		The Economics of a Disaster represents a major contribution to the understanding of the economics of liability and damages.
		Based on the Exxon Valdez case, this work provides an interesting framework for practitioners, specialists, and scholars in the fields of business, economics, law, and environmental studies.
		This site is supported by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council and provides information about the impact of the oil spill, the status of recovery of injured resources and services and information about ongoing restoration and research activities.
	www.adn.com /evos/pgs/readinglist.html (701 words)

	America's dependance on oil: Problem- Exxon
		Organization like Greenpeace are trying to get, the company responsible for the disaster, Exxon (today know as Exxon Mobile), to take full responsibility and acknowledge that even after fifteen years since the disaster and clean up efforts (by Exxon) that Prince William Sound is still being affected by the oil spill, (Greenpeace.com, 2004).
		The Exxon Valdez disaster has show the devastating effects that oil can have on the environment.
		Oil can be a gravely dangerous commodity, and the Exxon Valdez disaster has demonstrated just how dangerous it can be to the environment and wild life.
	www.albany.edu /~az7410/exxon.htm (327 words)

	Greenpeace : Exxon Valdez disaster - an ongoing history of lies
		A sea otter affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spillage.
		On the eve of the 15th anniversary of the devastating Exxon Valdez oil spill, which saw 11 million gallons of oil being spilled into a pristine wilderness area in Alaska, Greenpeace demands that US oil giant ExxonMobil comes clean about the true state of Prince William Sound, the site of the spill.
		ExxonMobils version of the Exxon Valdez oil spill is a history of lies, a legacy that the company pursues today in its attempts to demolish accepted science on climate change.
	www.greenpeace.org.nz /news/news_main.asp?PRID=670 (658 words)

	Survivors of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
		We are the 40,000-plus victims of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill: the fishers and Native Americans upon whose lives and livelihoods the spill wreaked havoc.
		Contrary to Exxon's ongoing campaign of public misinformation, not only are we victims still suffering, but so is our environment.
		Exxon issues 3/5/99 statement on our efforts to stop the Exxon-Mobil merger, and we refute Exxon's lies.
	jomiller.com /exxonvaldez (423 words)

	Exxon Valdez Disaster: 15 Years of Lies - Knowmore
		Exxon Valdez Disaster: 15 Years of Lies - Knowmore
		Rick Steiner, Marine Biologist, University of Alaska, examines oil left from the Exxon Valdez oil spill 15 years later, at Rua Cove.
		It is fifteen years since the devastating Exxon Valdez oil spill, which saw 11 million gallons of oil pouring into a pristine wilderness area in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
	www.knowmore.org /index.php/Exxon_Valdez_Disaster:_15_Years_of_Lies (556 words)

	Middle East Times
		UNEP said 12,000 tons of leaking oil from the Jiyyeh plant, which was bombed by Israel on July 14 and July 15 a few days into its offensive against Hezbollah in Lebanon, had already polluted more than 140 kilometers (87 miles) of the Lebanese coast and spread north into Syrian waters.
		The Exxon Valdez spilled 37,000 tons of oil into Alaska's Prince William Sound after running aground on a reef on March 24, 1989, causing massive damage from which some scientists argue the area has yet to completely recover.
		UNEP said two environmental experts had arrived in Syria to begin assessing the impact of the Jiyyeh spill, which it said it feared had already affected marine life, particularly tuna and turtles, in the Mediterranean.
	www.metimes.com /articles/normal.php?StoryID=20060809-044705-5660r (500 words)

	Tag Archive for exxon-valdez Greg Palast
		Their chief of operations at the Valdez terminal, Theo Polasek, warned at the meeting that it was ‘not possible’ to contain an oil spill in the centre of the Prince William Sound - exactly where the Exxon Valdez grounded.
		British Petroleum failed to act on warnings of an environmental catastrophe in the run-up to the Exxon Valdez disaster, whose effects are still being felt a decade later, an investigation by The Observer has established.
		Gregory Palast reopens the case of the Exxon Valdez oil disaster and points the finger at BP.
	www.gregpalast.com /index.php?tag=exxon-valdez (1227 words)

	Exxon verdict - 20 August 1994 - New Scientist
		Oil from the Exxon Valdez disaster caused $286.8 million in damage to the Alaskan fishing industry, a jury in Anchorage decided last week.
		The verdict came in the second of three phases of a massive civil trial in which Alaskan fishermen, business owners, land owners and native Americans are suing Exxon, its shipping subsidiary, and the tanker's captain, Joseph Hazelwood, for damages resulting from the accident in March 1989.
		Next week, the same jury will begin to hear the final phase of the trial, which will determine whether Exxon and Hazelwood are liable for punitive damages of up to $15 billion.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=mg14319391.600 (214 words)

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