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	Exxon Valdez oil spill
		The Exxon Valdez oil spill was an oil spill, involving the Exxon Valdez, on March 24 1989.
		The Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker, was departing from the Valdez oil terminal (on its 28th voyage) and heading south, through Prince William Sound, with a full load of oil.
		A trial burn was conducted during the early stages of the spill, in a region of the spill isolated from the rest by a fire-resistant boom.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/e/ex/exxon_valdez_oil_spill.html (1083 words)

	Exxon Valdez Spill, OilSpills.org
		Prudhoe Bay crude oil has an API gravity of 27.0, and a pour point of 0 degrees C. The bulk of the oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez was released within 6 hours of the ship's grounding.
		Exxon conducted successful dispersant test applications on March 25 and 26 and was granted permission on March 26 to apply dispersants to the oil slick.
		To contain oil on the open water, containment boom was towed between two vessels (usually fishing boats) to surround the oil and then the two ends of the boom were drawn together to close the loop and await collection by a skimmer.
	oilspills.org /Exxon_Valdez.htm (4515 words)

	Exxon Valdez, Oil Program, US EPA
		The spill was the largest in U.S. history and tested the abilities of local, national, and industrial organizations to prepare for, and respond to, a disaster of such magnitude.
		A trial burn was conducted during the early stages of the spill.
		In the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which required the Coast Guard to strengthen its regulations on oil tank vessels and oil tank owners and operators.
	www.epa.gov /oilspill/exxon.htm (823 words)

	Exxon-Valdez (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The extent of oil evaporation is a function of the oil composition, the area and thickness of the oil slick, the temperature, and wind speed.
		As Exxon prepared to run four additional test burns, this effort was stymied by the requirement of a permit from DEC due to the smoke irritation experienced by residents of the nearby village of Tatilek.
		Oil that continues to contaminate mussel beds might be implicated in the failure of the Harlequin duck to breed every year since the oil spill -- Harlequins feed on mussels and clams in shallow waters.
	wulfenite.fandm.edu /exxon-valdez.htm (8804 words)

	Exxon Valdez disaster- 15 years of lies \| Greenpeace International
		US oil giant ExxonMobil should come clean about the true state of the site of the spill as new research shows that the Sound is still suffering from adverse effects of the massive oil pollution.
		With 500 miles of the coastline covered in oil just within the Sound area, mortality in the aftermath of the spill was particularly high, with sea otter, sea bird and harbour seal populations hit hard.
		ExxonMobil's version of the Exxon Valdez oil spill is a history of lies, a legacy that the company pursues in its activities today.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/news/exxon-valdez-disaster-15-year (713 words)

	Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
		The lesson made clear to our research group was that efforts to determine the impacts of the oil spill were confounded by limited "baseline" information (the state of the ecosystem prior to the spill) and the lack of control areas for comparison of either direct impacts or cleanup.
		Victims of the oil spill were both human and non-human, but of all communities involved, these native communities undoubtedly felt the violation most deeply, as it was a defilement of their cultural history.
		Oil spills occur with such frequency around the world that they can be considered inevitable for as long as we continue demanding fossil fuels.
	www.conservationinstitute.org /losteden.htm (3246 words)

	Oil Spills
		Oil spills happen when people make mistakes or are careless and cause an oil tanker to leak oil into the ocean.
		If workers have found sea birds that are not dead because of oil, they will take the birds to a cleaning center or captivity where they are kept in a facility because they can not live in the wild on their own.
		Oil spills are one of the many ways killer whales have become endangered.
	library.thinkquest.org /CR0215471/oil_spills.htm (3031 words)

	EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL: Ten Years Later
		Exxon Valdez oil and studies by government scientists estimated that only 14% of the oil was removed during cleanup operations.
		The Exxon Valdez studies show petroleum hydrocarbons pose higher risks to fish and wildlife than previously known and that there is long-lasting ecological damage.
		The Exxon Valdez was a national wake-up call to failures of our oil spill contingency planning requirements that led to passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
	arcticcircle.uconn.edu /SEEJ/Alaska/miller2.htm (7677 words)

	Exxon Oil Spill, Valdez Alaska--Valdez Environment and Oil Spill Recovery.
		The Valdez Exxon oil spill accident, the largest of its kind, has received huge amounts of attention and has been the subject of a number of books.
		The oil spill brought to the attention of the world just how fragile the environment is, and also how it has the power to heal itself.
		Since the Exxon oil spill, the Sound has come back and all visible evidence of the oil spill is gone.
	www.valdezalaska.com /oilspill.html (256 words)

	Becky Clausen, "Crude Facts Leak from Exxon Valdez Oil Spill"
		Many recognized the oil cleanup as the PR charade it was, and remained skeptical of rapid recovery announcements that poured out of the Exxon "science" circus.
		The oil industry was well aware of the health hazards of inhalation of various fractions of crude oil and its refined products before the [Exxon Valdez] spill.
		Exxon closed down its cleanup operations in 1992, after barraging the public with PR messages that Prince William Sound had rapidly recovered.
	mrzine.monthlyreview.org /clausen310705.html (989 words)

	Valdez, Alaska > History > 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
		Oil covered over 1200 miles of rocky beaches — the task of cleaning it up was a big one.
		Since Valdez was the most accessible city close to the spill, Exxon mobilized its response headquarters in the community and began a massive cleanup effort.
		Exxon employed many people in the Prince William Sound area to transport supplies to the villages in the Sound, and to support the cleanup crews throughout the oiled areas.
	www.valdezalaska.org /history/oilSpill.html (545 words)

	Bioremediation of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill \| EPA History \| US EPA
		EPA informed Exxon on July 26 that it would support a proposal by the company to use bioremediation to aid in cleaning up the oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound.
		Attached is a copy of EPA's letter to Exxon in which the agency states its support of an Exxon proposal for the use of bioremediation to clean up the Valdez oil spill.
		We believe oil degradation in these areas would be optimized by the application of slow release soluble nutrient formulations in conjunction with the oleophilic fertilizer.
	www.epa.gov /history/topics/valdez/01.htm (955 words)

	Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills
		It was estimated that a spill that would normally take five to ten years for natural conditions to return could be returned to natural conditions in as little as two to five years through the use of bioremediation.
		The path of the oil traveled to the southwest, as shown in map 1, resulting in the biggest oil spill in U.S. history.
		With natural oil degrading populations present it was known that the water was not too cold for the organisms to degrade the hydrocarbon throughout the summer.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Lab/2094/bioremed.html (4874 words)

	CNN - Conference to assess Exxon Valdez oil spill - March 4, 1999
		Exxon was unable to contain the spill during three days of calm weather and smooth seas.
		According to the Rainforest Action Network, however, the injured ecosystem and human communities have not recovered and the spill continues to be the most damaging oil spill in history.
		Legacy of an Oil Spill: Ten Years After the Exxon Valdez is sponsored by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council and the Alaska Sea Grant College Program.
	www.cnn.com /NATURE/9903/04/valdez.enn/index.html (476 words)

	The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Disaster - ExploreNorth
		Exxon is earning $90,000 an hour, about $2 millon a day or nearly $800 million a year, on the same $5 billion as long as the case drags on and the money stays in its coffers.
		Joseph Hazelwood was the captain of the Exxon Valdez the night she ran aground.
		Searching for positive results of the spill requires a creative definition of the term "positive." As a direct or indirect result of the Exxon Valdez disaster, tighter environmental regulations have been imposed on many industries.
	www.explorenorth.com /library/weekly/aa032499.htm (879 words)

	[No title]
		It was ten years ago on March 23 that the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef, leaking 11 million gallons of oil into Alaska's Prince William Sound and creating the most notorious oil spill in US history.
		While the spill was a major disaster, it has provided unusual opportunities for scientific research into the aftermath of a major spill.
		Although the Exxon Valdez spill was far from the biggest oil spill in history, and even though it was only one of dozens of major spills that occur every year, this accident gained notoriety because it was the biggest marine spill in US history and because it occurred in the spectacularly scenic Prince William Sound.
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/pae/es_map/articles/article_32.mhtml (695 words)

	Auke Bay Laboratory Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The ABL has conducted research on the effects of the 1989 oil spill on fish and invertebrates of PWS and has monitored the persistence of oil in the environment.
		Although it has been 14 years since the spill, oil still remains in the impacted area—intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats are still contaminated, some species have not recovered, and the production of the ecosystem appears "out of sync" as major salmon and herring fisheries have not returned to stability.
		EVOS projects at ABL include 1) monitoring the persistence of oil in the environment, 2) developing methods to restore oiled mussel beds which may act as a pathway for oil to enter the food chain to consumer species, and 3) investigating the effects of oil on salmon and herring reproduction.
	www.afsc.noaa.gov /abl/OilSpill/oilspill.htm (272 words)

	ExxposeExxon \| Broken Promises
		In 2002, the Exxon Valdez Trustee Council (formed to oversee restoration of the injured ecosystem) reported that populations of six different animals - the common loon, cormorants (three species), harbor seal, harlequin duck, pacific herring, and pigeon guillemot - had shown little or no improvement since the spill injuries occurred.
		The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council was formed to oversee restoration of the ecosystem injured by the 1989 oil spill.
		NOAA scientists and spill response experts helped to respond to this spill, and NOAA biologists have been monitoring the long-term effects of the spill and cleanup efforts.
	www.exxposeexxon.com /facts/brokenpromises.html (326 words)

	NOAA Fisheries Alaska Office of Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Damage Assessment and Restoration
		On March 24, 1989 the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling an estimated 11 million gallons of crude oil across 1,300 miles of coastline - a catastrophic event that lead to one of the most thorough examinations of the effects of oil on the environment.
		While the vast majority of the spill area now appears to have recovered, pockets of crude oil remain in some locations, and there is evidence that some damage is continuing.
		The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council was established with funds from the legal settlement between the State of Alaska, the Federal Government and Exxon to develop research, restoration and habitat conservation plans for the spill area.
	www.fakr.noaa.gov /oil (514 words)

	02/28/90 - FEDERAL GRAND JURY INDICTS EXXON[ EV373]
		A second felony count alleges that Exxon failed to make sure that the wheelhouse of the Exxon Valdez was "constantly manned" by competent crew members.
		The Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef shortly after its captain, veteran skipper Joseph Hazelwood, had left the bridge to do paperwork in his cabin.
		Exxon also has been charged with misdemeanor violations including discharging pollutants without a permit and killing migratory birds without a permit.
	www.adn.com /evos/stories/EV373.html (957 words)

	Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Cleanup - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Cleanup - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Workers wash the shoreline on Latouche Island, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in 1989, dumping more than 38 million liters (more than 10 million gallons) of oil into Prince William Sound.
		The resulting environmental damage prompted the United States Congress to pass federal safety requirements for oil tankers and barges and to assign the principal cost of spill cleanup to oil companies.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461538361/Exxon_Valdez_Oil_Spill_Cleanup.html (86 words)

	Restoration Program - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		An excellent summary of the spill can be found at the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council website.
		The Exxon Valdez oil spill remains the largest spill ever in U.S. waters, although it has since dropped from the top 50 largest spills worldwide.
		The Trustee Council states that this spill “is widely considered the number one spill worldwide in terms of damage to the environment, however.
	www.r7.fws.gov /fisheries/contaminants/exxon.htm (273 words)

	The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Efforts to contain the spill were slow and Exxon's response was even slower.
		In regard to addressing the actual problem, which Exxon claimed was its first priority, it took company officials nearly 10 hours after the accident to deploy booms to contain the spill.
		In addition, Exxon was criticized for refusing to acknowledge the extent of the problem, which was due, in part, to the advice of the company's legal counsel.
	iml.jou.ufl.edu /projects/Spring01/Hogue/exxon.html (612 words)

	NOAA's Ocean Service Office of Response and Restoration \| Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
		Photos taken after the tanker Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef in the upper part of Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989.
		Response to the Exxon Valdez Spill Within hours after the tanker Exxon Valdez spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil into Alaska's Prince William Sound on March 24, 1989, a team of NOAA OR&R scientists arrived on-scene.
		Summary Points: 10 Years of Intertidal Monitoring After the Exxon Valdez Spill A short summary of the main findings of NOAA biologists studying the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on intertidal shorelines in Prince William Sound.
	response.restoration.noaa.gov /photos/exxon/exxon.html (242 words)

	Valdez (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Information and updates regarding the 1989 Valdez oil spill.
		Cohen responds to CBS Evening News segment on Exxon Valdez oil spill
		Op-ed - March 18, 2004 - All ahead safe - ExxonMobil has dramatically reduced the risk of oil spills through implementation of a variety of rigorous measures.
	www.exxonmobil.com /Corporate/Newsroom/NewsReleases/Corp_NR_Valdez.asp (75 words)

	Living on Earth Special Report: Exxon Valdez Ten Years Later
		The ecology and economy of Prince William Sound were drastically affected by the spill.
		Six authors, analysts, and activists offer their thoughts about the spill, and the significance for the nation of the tenth anniversary.
		Money paid by Exxon in an out-of-court settlement is being used to protect land and conduct groundbreaking research on the effects of oil in the environment.
	www.loe.org /series/exxon/exxon.htm (286 words)

	More Photos of the 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill cleanup days, Valdez, Alaska - Prince William Sound
		Russia sent a couple of its oil skimmers.
		They were here in about June, 1989; however, with all the political 'wrangling' for 2-3 weeks, their help was refused.
		Exxon bought the patent for Inipol from the French,
	www.valdezlink.com /1989photos.htm (339 words)

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