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Topic: Eyak language

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	Eyak
		The Eyak Village is currently located on the Copper River highway on the Malaspina Coastal Plain.
		The Eyak have their own language, which is a branch of the Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit language family.
		The Eyak were always a relatively small group, and the neighboring Tlingits, Chugach and Alutiiqs continuously pressured them, raiding their fishing grounds and more peacefully assimilating the Eyak through intermarriage.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/northamerica/eyak.html (355 words)

	Eyak
		Eyak is a Na-Dené; language that was historically spoken in southcentral Alaska, near the mouth of the Copper River.
		Eyak was also under pressure from its neighbors to the west, the Alutiiq eskimos of Prince William Sound, as well as some pressure from the Ahtna people of the Copper River valley.
		Eyak and Tlingit culture began to merge along the Gulf Coast, and a number of Eyak speaking groups were absorbed by the Gulf Coast Tlingit populations.
	www.governpub.com /Languages-E/Eyak.php (366 words)

	Eyak language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eyak is a moribund Na-Dené language that was historically spoken in southcentral Alaska, near the mouth of the Copper River.
		Today, the language has only one surviving elderly speaker, Marie Smith (born 1918) of Cordova, now resident in Anchorage, and she is also the only surviving full blooded Eyak still living.
		Eyak was also under pressure from its neighbors to the west, the Alutiiq people of Prince William Sound, as well as some pressure from the people of the Copper River valley.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eyak (448 words)

	NATHPO - News
		Languages: As roads, technology and the global economy reach once-isolated areas, old ways of communicating are dying off.
		Eyak is among thousands of languages expected to disappear in the next 100 years, a mortality rate that has linguists rushing to document and save the world's endangered tongues.
		Many Native American languages are near extinction - the Lipon Apache have two or three speakers left - in part because government-run boarding schools punished students for speaking native languages until the 1960s.
	www.nathpo.org /News/Language/News_Native-Languages16.htm (1135 words)

	Alaskool - Many Tongues, Ancient Tales
		A single language, Tlingit is easily intelligible throughout its wide distribution because of a relatively recent expansion from the south, judging from the greater dialectical differences within Southern Tlingit.
		It is a single well-defined language with four dialects diverging from the main one: Egegik (Aglegmuit-Tarupiaq); Nunivak; Hooper Bay-Chevak, diverging in the direction of Pacific Gulf Yupik; and Unaliq in Norton Sound, diverging in the direction of Siberian Yupik or Naukanski in the Soviet Union.
		The languages on the Soviet side, with the definite exception of Yakut and possible exception of some Chukchi, are now spoken by few or none under the age of 20.
	www.alaskool.org /language/manytongues/ManyTongues.html (3421 words)

	The world's languages are shrinking \| Antimoon Forum
		I guess there'll be a mixture of different languages simplified to the greatest extent as a lingua franca and lots of local dialects/languages.
		Different languages develop in the first place when people are isolated from each other; remove the isolation, and the trend reverses, with languages disappearing instead of developing, and everyone converging on the same language (albeit very slowly).
		People are very attached to their languages and often will retain them far beyond the point at which they are more of a hindrance than a help in practical terms.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/2004/5453.htm (1464 words)

	Alaska Native Heritage Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Eyak occupied the lands in the southeastern corner of Southcentral Alaska.
		The Eyak were organized into two moieties, meaning their clan system is divided into two reciprocating halves or “one of two equal parts”.
		The Eyak, Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian are known for a ceremony called the “potlatch” and feasts.
	www.alaskanative.net /38.asp (1869 words)

	Alaska Division of Community and Regional Affairs
		Eyak is on the Copper River highway, 5.5 miles southeast of the Cordova city center, between Eyak Lake and the Cordova airport.
		Eyak is a distinct language, a branch of the Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit language family.
		Eyak is classified as a highway village, it is found in EMS Region 2F in the Prince William Sound Region.
	www.commerce.state.ak.us /dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_Name=Eyak (517 words)

	Classified List of BC Native Languages
		The Athabaskan language family as a whole is fairly closely related to Eyak, a language once spoken in the Cook inlet area of southern Alaska.
		The Apachean languages are spoken in the American Southwest, while the Pacific Coast languages are spoken in various places along the Pacific coast from the far north of California to southern Washington.
		The Tsimshianic languages are spoken on the northwest coast and in adjacent areas of the interior.
	www.ydli.org /bcother/bclist.htm (1153 words)

	Many World Languages Face Extinction
		She is the last known speaker of Eyak, a language native to Alaska and one that is expected to become extinct when the 83-year-old Smith passes away.
		When a language dies, linguists, anthropologists and others lose rich sources of material for their work documenting a people's history, finding out what they knew and tracking their movements.
		Elsewhere, efforts are under way to revive Cornish, the language of Cornwall, England, that is believed to have died around 1777, as well as ancient Mayan languages in Mexico.
	www2.arnes.si /~angro/slo/poklicna_matura/naloge/manyworldlanguages.htm (553 words)

	AsianWeek.com: National News: Death of the Mother Tongue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		She is the last known fluent speaker of Eyak, a language native to Alaska and one that is expected to become extinct when the 83-year-old Smith passes away.
		When a language dies, linguists, anthropologists and others lose rich sources of material for their documentation of a people’s history by finding out what they knew, and tracking their movements.
		Governments can help by removing bans on languages, and children should be encouraged to speak other languages in addition to their native tongues, said Worldwatch’s Sampat, who is fluent in French and Spanish and grew up speaking the Indian languages of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati and Kutchi.
	www.asianweek.com /2001_06_29/news3_languageextinction.html (769 words)

	Alaska Native Languages -- Eyak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Eyak is not an Athabascan language, but a coordinate sub-branch to Athabascan as a whole in the Athabascan-Eyak branch of the Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit language family.
		Eyak was spoken in the 19th century from Yakutat along the southcentral Alaska coast to Eyak at the Copper River delta, but by the 20th century only at Eyak.
		Comprehensive documentation of Eyak has been carried out since the 1960s by Michael Krauss, including his edition of traditional stories historic accounts, and poetic compositions by Anna Nelson Harry.
	www.uaf.edu /anlc/langs/ey.html (102 words)

	Eyak Preservation Council \| About Us
		The Eyak Nation was the last Native American tribe to be re-recognized by European Americans in 1930.
		Honorary Eyak Chief Marie Smith Jones, 87 years old, is the last full-blooded Native speaker of the Eyak language.
		The Eyak ancestral homeland runs along 300 miles of the Gulf of Alaska from Prince William Sound, near the fishing village of Cordova, east across the Copper River Delta to the town now known as Yakutat.
	www.redzone.org /pages/about_epc.htm (706 words)

	cbs4denver.com - Warming Up To Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the June 6, 2005 issue of The New Yorker, she chronicled the demise of the Eyak nation in Alaska, and specifically the demise of the Eyak language, which is part of the Athabascan language group that also includes the Navajo and Apache languages.
		Krauss told Kolbert, "each language is a unique repository of facts and knowledge about the world that we can ill afford to lose, or, at the least, facts and knowledge about some history and people that have their place in the understanding mankind.
		In Eyak, Kolbert tells us, one might say: "The grizzly bear a man killed." Now, my people don't have a lot of contact with grizzly bears, at least in the ordinary course of things, but I suspect if they did their narrative would be identical.
	cbs4denver.com /gavel/local_story_164131425.html (966 words)

	American Indian Language Families: Na-Dene Language Family (Athabaskan, Eyak, Tlingit) Index
		Navajo is the most widely spoken language of the Na-Dené family, spoken in Arizona, New Mexico, and other regions of the American Southwest.
		Eyak is spoken in the Alaskan panhandle and today there is only one speaker left.
		According to Joseph Greenberg's highly controversial classification of the languages of Native North America, Na-Dené-Athabaskan is one of the three main groups of Native languages spoken in the Americas, and represents a distinct wave of migration from Asia to the Americas.
	www.aaanativearts.com /nadene_language_family.htm (365 words)

	Sample Speech Outline
		A second reason languages disappear is that political unification and population pressures force people to learn a majority language.
		Once a language dies, it isn’t just the words that are gone forever, it’s an entire history of people who have given just as much to our planet as the speakers of English, Spanish, French or Russian.
		Imagine for a moment that all of Marie’s cultural history is contained inside this balloon, all the richness of her Eskimo heritage, the folklore, the traditions, the story telling but then suddenly it disappears (pop balloon).
	flightline.highline.edu /vropp/speech100/sample_speech_outline.htm (822 words)

	Athapaskan-Eyak — (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Open Language Archives Community (OLAC) is an international partnership of institutions and individuals who are creating a worldwide virtual library of language resources.
		The LINGUIST List is dedicated to providing information on language and language analysis, and to providing the discipline of linguistics with the infrastructure necessary to function in the digital world.
		Its purpose is to create and distribute a free international encyclopedia in as many languages as possible.
	www.rosettaproject.org /archive/Athapaskan-Eyak (186 words)

	Speaking With a Single Tongue - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Speaking With a Single ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Eyak language, formerly spoken by a few hundred Indians on Alaska’s south coast, had declined by 1982 to two native speakers, Marie Smith (age 72) and her sister Sophie Borodkin.
		Language extinction is even further advanced in aboriginal Australia, where only 100 of the original 250 languages are still spoken or even remembered, and only 7 have more than 1,000 speakers.
		Each language is indissolubly tied up with a unique culture, literature (whether written or not), and worldview, all of which also represent the end point of thousands of years of human inventiveness.
	www.discover.com /issues/feb-93/features/speakingwithasin177 (4115 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Eyak traditionally occupied the Copper River Delta and the area west to Cordova.
		When de Laguna and Birket-Smith did their ethnography of the Eyak in the 1930s, informants told them that Eyak territory extended from Cordova Bay to the Martine River in the east, and to the Miles and Childs glaciers in the north.
		Traditionally there were four Eyak villages: Alaganik, near Mile 21 of the present day Copper River Highway; Eyak, located near Mile 5.5; an abandoned village site at the Fort, about 800 yards south of Eyak; and Orca located within the boundaries of present-day Cordova.
	www.cordovamuseum.org /historyeyak.html (485 words)

	NaturalHistory.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The date that the Eyak arrived in the Copper River Delta and Cordova areas is not known, but is thought to have been in the early eighteenth century.
		Eyak territory extended from southeast of Yakutat, at the same time, it did not then extend at the other end quite so far northwest as present-day Cordova, but only to the southeastern edge of the Copper River Delta.
		The Eyaks were extending their territory northwestward, across the Copper River Delta to Eyak Lake, while at the southeastern end they were rapidly losing ground to the Tlingits, who were expanding northwest to Yakutat and beyond, to Kaliakh and Bering River.
	www.uvm.edu /~mgetz/nr260/NaturalHistory.html (734 words)

	Preserve Indian Languages
		To researchers, the reasons to rescue vanishing languages are self-evident.
		Language, after all, is a vessel of information.
		vocabulary is missing in languages that quit evolving almost a century ago.
	jeffnet.org /~mlenk/karuk/preserve_language.html (1657 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ancient Tongues Fade Away; Languages: As Roads, Technology And The Global Economy Reach Once-Isolated Areas, Old Ways Of Communicating Are Dying Off.
		Words come, languages go The death of a language is nothing new.
		Some languages saved Efforts to save languages are as varied as the languages.
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/Art2553.txt (1152 words)

	Oneida Nation Cultural Heritage
		The Oneida Language Revitalization Program began in the spring of 1996 in response to a national crisis, a state of emergency, in which a survey of Elders indicated there were only 25-30 Elders left who learned to speak Oneida as their first language.
		Learning the language creates many positive feelings such as: learning about being proud to be Oneida, working with our Elders, really learning listening skills, seeing the joy on the learners' faces, and feeling a connection with Oneida people in Canada and New York.
		A generation ago, 90 percent of Navajo children entering school spoke their language; today, the reverse is true - 90 percent of Navajo children entering school speak English, but not Navajo.
	language.oneidanation.org /about/history (628 words)

	Whole Earth: Just Speak Your Language
		As a result, when they criticize or make fun of a person trying to speak one of our languages they are taken very seriously, and some people will not even try to speak the language once they have been criticized by a respected elder of that tribe.
		They must learn to speak the Cheyenne language in just the same way they would have to go about acquiring Greek or German or Swahili, especially since for almost all of them English is now their first language.
		Everybody who works with languages should learn about second-language acquisition and the theories buttressing it, and be able to apply those theories in whatever subject area they are teaching.
	www.wholeearthmag.com /ArticleBin/326.html (1672 words)

	Chugach Alaska Corporation - History & Culture
		The Eyak (pronounced "EE-yak") are of Indian decent.
		The Eyak peoples have inhabited a position in the Cordova area for millennia, acting as trade partners and buffers to the upland Ahtna and marine Chugach Eskimos.
		There is only one full-blooded Eyak alive today, a woman in her 80s, who speaks the Eyak language.
	www.chugach-ak.com /historypeople.html (319 words)

	CNN.com
		At a tree-planting ceremony, they asked the chief to offer a prayer in their native Eyak tongue, even though they would not be able to understand.
		KRAUSS: She's the last speaker of Eyak, but she is in lots of company, I'm afraid, when it comes to being the last speaker of many languages on earth, which are disappearing now at an unprecedented and horrifying rate.
		The Eyak language and others are now being drowned out by dominant languages such as English, through television.
	transcripts.cnn.com /TRANSCRIPTS/0212/28/smn.19.html (500 words)

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