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Topic: Eye tracking

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	SR Research EyeLink \| EyeLink II - Head Mounted System Overview
		The use of corneal reflections in combination with pupil tracking permits very stable tracking of eye position by reducing the errors caused by headband slippage, muscle tremor, or environmental vibration.
		Dark pupil tracking and off-axis illumination allow tracking of subjects with almost all eyeglasses when using the pupil only tracking mode, eliminating the bright reflections that limit the use of other eye trackers.
		Eye camera sensitivity is high enough that even eyeglasses with heavy anti-reflection coatings that block up to 80% of infrared illumination are not a problem.
	www.eyelinkinfo.com /mount_main.php (689 words)

	Eye tracking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eye tracking setups vary greatly; some are head-mounted, some require the head to be stable (for example, with a chin rest), and some function remotely and automatically track the head during motion.
		Eye movements are typically divided into fixations and saccades, when the eye gaze pauses in a certain position, and when it moves to another position, respectively.
		Eye tracking in HCI typically investigates the scanpath for usability purposes, or as a method of input in gaze-contingent displays or gaze-based interfaces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eye_tracking (721 words)

	Eye - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In most vertebrates and some mollusks the eye works by allowing light to enter it and project onto a light-sensitive panel of cells known as the retina at the rear of the eye, where the light is detected and converted into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
		Such eyes are typically roughly spherical, filled with a transparent gel-like substance called the vitreous humour, with a focusing lens and often an iris which regulates the intensity of the light that enters the eye.
		However, the development of the eye is considered by many experts to be monophyletic; that is, all modern eyes, varied as they are, have their origins in a proto-eye believed to have evolved some 540 million years ago (Mya).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eye (5437 words)

	Eye tracking: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Eye tracking is a technique used in cognitive science cognitive science quick summary:
		A camera focuses on one or both eyes and records their movement as the viewer looks at some kind of stimulus.
		Eye tracking in HCI typically investigates the scanpath for usability purposes, EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ey/eye_tracking.htm (383 words)

	Eye Tracking Labs - Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics
		This eye tracking setup is intended to present sequences of textual or graphic stimuli in a special way and to later derive the reading or perception pattern from the data.
		The eye tracking is carried out by measuring the scattered light emitted by an infrared LED and reflected by the iris.
		The hardware setup consists of the eye tracker and two PCs.The master PC controls the experiment and generates the stimuli and the slave PC is samples and maps the data generated by the eye tracker.
	www.mpi.nl /world/tg/eye-tracking/eye-tracking.html (819 words)

	EYE TRACKING IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS
		In head-mounted eye trackers, the IR source, the camera that views the eye, and a second camera that views the observed scene, are all mounted on the head.
		One of the challenges faced in the use of the eye tracker as a mouse-like pointing device is that the human eye does not move in the same calm and controlled fashion as the mouse.
		For the current eye tracking system, stable performance requires that all of the eye tracker parameters like maximum and minimum pupil size, maximum and minimum corneal reflection size etc., have to be accurately adjusted for each user.
	vehand.engr.ucf.edu /handbook/Chapters/Chapter8/Chapter8.html (5198 words)

	Improved Eye Tracking - Success with Visual Disabilities through Vision Therapy System
		I initially noted that her eyes were not tracking and aiming well.
		Michael had a problem with eye tracking and focus.
		We were informed that eye tracking/eye training could be a viable alternative in lieu of wearing glasses.
	www.visiontherapystories.org /eye_tracking_disorders.html (2892 words)

	Optima Eye - Tracking Lasers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Traditionally, the excimer laser beam is centered on the eye in a team approach between the patient and the surgeon.
		Specifically, the patient is coached and encouraged to maintain fixation on a blinking light and the surgeon using a joy stick and subtle manipulations of the patient's head, maintains fixation and centration on the patient's pupil.
		Although the tracking mechanism of the VISX S4 Smooth Scan laser is slightly different, it is also extremely effective in maintaining fixation of the patient's eye during treatment.
	www.optimaeye.com /tracking.html (328 words)

	jameshom.com \| Usability Methods Toolbox \| Eye Tracking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Eye tracking allows testers to identify what participants look at during the course of a usability test.
		Eye tracking equipment uses several different technologies, including skin electrodes, marked contact lenses, image processing cameras, and reflector trackers.
		Instead, a beam of light is projected onto the eye; a sophisticated camera picks up the difference between the pupil refection and known reference points to determine what the user is looking at.
	jthom.best.vwh.net /usability/eyetrack.htm (235 words)

	EYE TRACKING
		Abstract: We describe an experiment in which the eye movements of participants, carrying out tasks using two contrasting graph designs, were recorded by means of a remote eye tracking device.
		The paper demonstrates that this influence is reflected in eye movement patterns, which can be readily monitored by means of a remote eye tracking system, and that a relatively simple temporal analysis of the results can give important insights as to how the usability of visual displays has been influenced.
		Eye tracking measures also indicated the superior usability of the well designed graphs, but, in addition, provided more specific information about the role of different graph areas in the assimilation of data.
	www.lmu.ac.uk /ies/comp/research/isle/eyeTracking/publications.htm (548 words)

	6.1 Improved Eye Tracking Techniques
		Jacob (1993) discovered that the tracking precision for the corneal/pupil reflection eye-tracker he was using was nonuniform across the screen, i.e.
		This is based on the assumption that the eye of the EyeCon with its small fl pupil is such an attractive object that a user would not normally look at a point slightly outside the border, but rather straight at the pupil of the eye.
		This concept of combining general tracking (of the face position) with specific tracking (of the eye) seems very promising, because it allows for unobtrusive and fairly movement-insensitive eye-gaze tracking.
	www.diku.dk /~panic/eyegaze/node30.html (1284 words)

	Eye Tracking Demo \| Public news March 2006 \| Stylegala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		meaning that it can register where the user eyes are and based on the measurements of how far the users haed is from the monitor and how large the screen is base where they are looking on the screen.
		thats exactly my point, how do the video camera traslate the video of the person and the eye tracking directly to where they are looking at the moitor if the user is able to move arround and there is is nothing directly linked to the user, there in lies the subjectiveness.
		At alt64.com we are using from more than a year Eye Trackers that are using the reflexion or infrarred light on the user's eye with great results for marketing, web and medical studies.
	www.stylegala.com /news/public200603/1604.htm (869 words)

	Eyetools Eyetracking Research
		The first phase of the study was conducted with 50 people in Eyetools' eye tracking lab in San Francisco, California and presented panel participants with 5 distinct scenarios that would require the use of a search engine.
		The key location on Google for visibility as determined by the eye activity in the study is a triangle that extends from the top of the results over to the top of the first result, then down to a point on the left side at the bottom of the "above the fold" visible results.
		There seems to be a "F" shaped scan pattern, where the eye tends to travel vertically along the far left side of the results looking for visual cues (relevant words, brands, etc) and then scanning to the right if something caught the participant's attention.
	www.eyetools.com /inpage/research_google_eyetracking_heatmap.htm (859 words)

	Eye Tracking System features lightweight optics., Applied Science Laboratories ASL
		Bedford, Massachusetts, USA -- Applied Science Laboratory’s Model 501-O eye tracking system is ideal for sports and outdoor eye tracking applications due to its compact, lightweight, portable design with head-mounted optics, and the unique capability of operating accurately in a bright outdoor environment.
		Eye tracking systems provide an important design evaluation and research tool for computer displays used in aviation, aerospace, defense and industry.
		Eye tracking systems have a wide range of medical research applications and could have significant potential for early detection and treatment of various disorders.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/455324 (1145 words)

	Employee and Personnel Tracking and Locating (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is increasingly true and relevant to be able to track and locate employees, staff or key personnel.
		These tracking and locating pendants also include a button which can be activated manually by the employee to signal a duress or panic alarm situation.
		Employee personnel tracking and locating is accomplished by an infrastructure of wireless locators and repeaters.
	www.employee-personnel-tracking-locating.com /articles/man-movement-tr... (446 words)

	Eye Tracking System offers entry-level, upgradeable solution., Applied Science Labo
		Applied Science Laboratories (ASL), the world’s leading eye tracking technology developer, announces the introduction of an entry-level eye tracking solution that is both comparably inexpensive as an initial investment, and also modular and upgradeable as the need for a more powerful system with more capabilities develops.
		EYE START is an off-the-shelf product designed for customers who want to get into eye tracking but have a limited budget.
		EYE START is unique, however, in that the customer can upgrade, at any time, to include all of the features available in ASL’s extensive product line.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/464278/rss/3288 (965 words)

	Eye-Tracking
		The eye is illuminated with a near-infrared LED.
		Because the lens of the eye protrudes out in front of the sphere of the eyeball, the pupil and reflection move relative to each other as the eye shifts gaze.
		In the second study, we are using the eye tracking instrumentation for two purposes.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /cerf/content/noframe/eyetracking.html (1401 words)

	eye tracking definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		eye tracking definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Search for "eye tracking" in all of MSN Encarta
		tracking what people look at: the following of people's eye movements with an electronic device when they are looking at an advertisement or product packaging to determine what they see
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=561547023 (93 words)

	ISL eye gaze tracking
		Many eye gaze tracking methods rely on intrusive techniques such as measuring the reflection of some light (usually infrared light) that is shone onto the eye, measuring the electric potential of the skin around the eyes or applying special contact lenses that facilitate eye gaze tracking.
		Baluja and Pomerleau have demonstrated that a neural network could accurately estimate the position of the eye gaze on a computer screen given images of the user's eyes as input (see TR), though their system used an active sensing approach by shining light into the user's right eye which causes a problem of user acceptance.
		To make the gaze tracking system more robust to user movement, it would be helpful to also use additional information such as the 3D position of the head relative to the camera to estimate the users gaze.
	www.is.cs.cmu.edu /mie/eyegaze.html (607 words)

	What is Eye-Tracking Good For?
		Eye trackers bounce infrared light off a user’s eyes and follow the reflections to determine where the eyes are looking.
		But with the eye tracker, observers can tell whether users are looking at anything while they’re waiting for a web page to load.
		Users can aim their eyes at an area for a short time without any result they are aware of.
	www.uie.com /articles/eye_tracking_benefits (540 words)

	Eye Tracking Portal
		Eye tracking is a technique used in cognitive science, psychology (notably psycholinguistics), human-computer interaction (HCI), advertising, medical research, and other areas.
		However, eye tracking setups vary greatly; some are head-mounted, some require the head to be stable (for example, with a chin rest), and some automatically track the head as well.
		Eye tracking in HCI typically investigates the scanpath for usability purposes, or as a method of input in gaze-contingent displays or gaze-based interfaces.
	www.eye-tracking.info (1399 words)

	Alex Poole - Book Chapter - Eye tracking
		The aim of this paper is to do what no other article in eyetracking has accomplished: to provide a comprehensive listing of eye tracking metrics and what they mean in the context of HCI and usability.
		Eye-movement tracking is a method that is increasingly being employed to study usability issues in HCI contexts.
		First, we introduce the reader to the basics of eye-movement technology, and also present key aspects of practical guidance to those who might be interested in using eye tracking in HCI research, whether in usability-evaluation studies, or for capturing people's eye movements as an input mechanism to drive system interaction.
	www.alexpoole.info /academic/bookchapter.html (242 words)

	Eye Tracking - Etre
		Eye Tracking technology allows you to climb inside their heads and see your website through their eyes.
		Our eye tracking equipment then records the path of users' eyes and what they fixate on.
		Our eye tracking equipment uses small video cameras to capture and monitor the movements of users' eyes - so they don't need to wear anything special during the sessions.
	www.etre.com /usability/eyetracking (541 words)

	Eyetrack III - What You Most Need to Know (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The eyes most often fixated first in the upper left of the page, then hovered in that area before going left to right.
		Dominant headlines most often draw the eye first upon entering the page -- especially when they are in the upper left, and most often (but not always) when in the upper right.
		Their eyes may fixate on an interesting headline or a stand-out word, but not on other content.
	www.poynterextra.org /eyetrack2004/main.htm (2984 words)

	Demystifying Usability : Eye-Tracking studies- Usability holy grail?
		Eye tracking usability data appears to be more valuable or empirical since it is recorded using technology and gaze capture instruments.
		Eye tracking vendors are not necessarily experts in interpreting usability research.
		The researchers found that both styles of eye tracking studies must be adopted if eye-tracking is to become a routine usability methodology.
	experiencedynamics.blogs.com /site_search_usability/2004/12/eyetracking_stu.html (1863 words)

	Usability Tests and Eye Tracking With Morae \| scoreberlin GmbH
		This was not possible with common eye tracking systems before due to their low head motion tolerance (which is one of the reasons for using eye tracking as a single method for pure quantitative testing).
		Computer A (eye tracker) broadcasts the gaze positions together with the screen contents to the Morae computer B. On computer B Morae is recording the synchronized screen contents, system events, and the test participant via webcam.
		As a relevant evaluation factor eye tracking is undoubtedly closing the big gap in the usability method's mix, especially in combination with classical methods like user tests and expert evaluations.
	www.scoreberlin.de /usability-artikel/usability-tests-eyetracking-en (1361 words)

	Eye Exercises to Improve Learning and Visual Attention
		There are three main types of oculomotor skills: fixation is the ability to maintain steady visual attention on a target; saccades is the ability to quickly and accurately make eye jumps from one target to another; and pursuits is the ability to smoothly follow a moving target.
		Your goal is to be able to hold the number chart within three inches of your nose and still keep the numbers clear without double vision and make fast focusing shifts from near to far and back again.
		The ability to use both eyes as a "team," or a single functioning pair, is what allows our brain to fuse the two separate pictures coming in from each eye into a single image.
	www.eyecanlearn.com (2352 words)

	Computing Papers on Eye-tracking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In these immersive and non-immersive display environments, head tracking was added as a variable, giving a total of four conditions: four walls in the CAVE with head tracking, four walls without head tracking, one wall with head tracking and finally, one wall without head tracking.
		The modeling and parameter estimation approach is applied to position error data generated by several tracking algorithms including multi-target multi-sensor joint probabilistic data association and particle lters.
		Contrary to the on-line adaptive training of neural networks, the neural networks are trained by tracking a trajectory multiple times so that the tracking performances of the whole trajectory can be improved through repetition.
	computing.breinestorm.net /eye-tracking (2721 words)

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