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Topic: Eyespots

In the News (Tue 29 Dec 09)

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Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

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Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Animal Planet :: News :: Butterfly 'Eyes' Intimidating
		Butterflies in the corresponding control group were also painted on the back side of their wings, but closer to the body, leaving the four eyespots intact.
		Finally, to investigate the combined effect of eyespots and sound, a group of butterflies had their eyespots covered, as well as the sound-producing parts of the forewings removed.
		The butterflies in the control group were painted and cut in a way to leave their eyespots and sound-producing structures intact.
	animal.discovery.com /news/briefs/20050620/butterfly_02.html (376 words)

	Eyespot-Assembly Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii -- Lamb et al. 153 (2): 721 -- Genetics
		in the plasma membrane in the region of the pigmented eyespot
		To examine the ultrastructure of the eyespots in the eyespot-assembly
		eyespots are not due to being retained from the parental cell.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/153/2/721 (4047 words)

	IHES PREPRINT M/03/49 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Eyespots are concentric motifs with contrasting colours on butterfly wings.
		Eyespots have intra- and inter-specific visual signalling functions with adaptive and selective roles.
		The model simulates the general structural organisation of eyespots, their phenotypic plasticity and seasonal variability, and predicts effects from microsurgical manipulations on pupal wings as reported in the literature.
	www.ihes.fr /PREPRINTS/M03/Resu/resu-M03-49.html (135 words)

	Nephtyidae - Characters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Prostomial eyespots may be faint, and probably fade in specimens after lengthy periods of preservation.
		Thus eyespots may be useful if present, but their apparent absence may be unreliable.
		Eyespots on anterior segments may be faint or deeply subdermal, and probably fade in specimens after lengthy periods of preservation.
	www.museum.vic.gov.au /poly/nepchars.html (1907 words)

	Female butterflies go for sparkle -- not size -- when choosing to mate
		Instead, females are attracted to the "sparkle" created by the ultraviolet reflectivity of the pupils, the white circles at the center of eyespots, according to new research from University at Buffalo biologists.
		But when the researchers painted the white pupil on the dorsal side with fl paint, thereby eliminating the pupil, these males were much less desirable to females by a ratio of two to one, demonstrating clearly that females preferred the presence of the white pupil.
		Monteiro says her next step is to study the role of eyespots in male mate choice, since females also display them and it is not clear who actually has a chance to observe them, since the female butterfly usually hides them at rest.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-06/uab-fbg062705.php (872 words)

	SDNHM: Visual Basics
		There are two types of simple eyes: eyespots and eyecups.
		Eyespots are light-sensitive cells distributed over an animal's body.
		When its eyespots detect light, it's stimulated to move.
	www.sdnhm.org /kids/eyes/basics-simple.html (118 words)

	Distal-less (Dll) and the formation of eyespots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Eyespots serve many functions which increase the both the individual survival and the reproductive success rates; these include hiding from predators, driving away the predators not fooled by the camouflage, and attracting a mate.
		An eyespot consists of a central focus, corresponding to a circle of pigment, surrounded by concentric rings of increasing diameter.
		These foci have the power to induce the formation of new eyespots when grafted to a new location on the butterfly's wing.
	www.sccs.swarthmore.edu /users/00/jessica/Eyespot.htm (279 words)

	Painted Lady - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In general, the Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui) is a large butterfly identified by the fl and white corners of its mainly orange wings.
		However, its four ventral eyespots are less clearly defined, and it always sports at least three (often four) blue pupil spots on its dorsal hindwing.
		American Painted Lady (Vanessa virginiensis) showing the two ventral eyespots as well as the small white dot within the orange field, both distinguishing features.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Painted_Lady (407 words)

	IBED Seminars on Ecology and Evolution - UvA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Butterfly eyespots provide an ideal opportunity to examine such issues in the context of a modular organisation of traits.
		The formation of eyespots in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana is becoming comparatively well understood from both the genetical and developmental perspec-tives.
		The different eyespots on the wings are serial repeats that share the same developmental process and make up a module.
	www.science.uva.nl /ibed/oldsites/see/abstracts/brakefield.htm (176 words)

	The Xiang
		Below the row of eyespots is a sizeable, beaklike mouth which is surrounded by four small, armlike structures.
		With an amber-colored iris surrounding an hourglass-shaped pupil, the true eyes also differ in color from the eyespots, which are a featureless dark brown in hue.
		No sclera (the "white" of the eye) is visible either on the eyespots or the true eyes.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/Arcade/2303/mag/xiang.htm (5241 words)

	Science News Online - This Week - News Feature - 11/23/96 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As the dry season dawns, the wings lose their eyespots, and the insects soon resemble the brown leaves littering the forest floor.
		By tracking the activity of Distal-less, the team learned that eyespots bloom late in the final stages of growth, just before butterflies emerge from their cocoons.
		By demonstrating that the same gene orchestrates where eyespots appear in butterfly wings, the researchers have shown that what a gene does depends on the animal's stage of development, he says.
	www.sciencenews.org /pages/sn_arch/11_23_96/fob1.htm (516 words)

	Final Rule: Saint Francis Satyr Butterfly, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		These eyespots are dark maroon-brown in the center, reflecting a silver cast in certain lights.
		The border of these dark eyespots is straw-yellow in color, with an outermost border of dark brown.
		The eyespots are usually round to slightly oval and are well developed on the forewing as well as on the hind wing.
	endangered.fws.gov /r/fr95574.html (3538 words)

	How2TOPICS-Butterflies
		Eyespots look like eyes, but they are “decorative” and do not function as eyes.
		Eyespots are an adaptation that helps an organism survive by tricking predators in several ways.
		In addition, because eyespots tend to be located away from an organism’s head where an attack may be fatal, the eyespots draw a predator’s attack away from the head, increasing its chances for survival.
	www.how2science.com /how2_butterflies.htm (898 words)

	Evolution: Library: Tale of the Peacock
		Looks are certainly important for the peacock, with his absurdly bright, burdensome train that he shows off to attract a female.
		Experiments show that offspring of males with more eyespots are bigger at birth and better at surviving in the wild than offspring of birds with fewer eyespots.
		This way of choosing a mate is just one type of sexual selection: members of one sex mating in disproportionate numbers with members of the opposite sex that possess some "showy" feature.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_09.html (365 words)

	Nephtyidae - Taxa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Description Prostomium with antennae and palps; not strongly produced anteriorly; with one pair of eyespots, or with two pairs of eyespots (red, near posterior margin of prostomium).
		Eyespots absent from anterior setigers, or present between setigers 2 and 3 (may be faint or apparently absent).
		Description Prostomium with antennae and palps; with pronounced anterior projection between antennae; lacking eyespots, or with one pair of eyespots (indistinct, near posterior margin of prostomium).
	www.museum.vic.gov.au /poly/nepitems.html (3585 words)

	The Butterfly Conservancy: Buckeye Photographs
		Forewing with 2 orange cell bars and 2 eyespots; part of white subapical band appears in the largest, lower eyespot.
		Hindwing has 2 eyespots; upper one is largest and contains a magenta crescent.
		Underside of hindwing is brown or tan in the wet season (summer) form and rose-red in the dry season (fall) form.
	www.butterflywings.com /s-buckeye.html (295 words)

	Pax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		I was wondering if someone could point me to the Britannica article or another source which demonstrates that the latest common ancestor of molluscs, insects, flatworms, and nemerteans had eyespots.
		Now, the only question left would be whether this hypothetical flatworm had eyespots and carried the Pax-6-like gene.
		I haven't the foggiest idea whether this is correct or not, but it would seem odd to me for a claim to have ever been made that eyes evolved _independently_ in the phyla where they occur if in fact those phyla were known to have all descended from a common ancestor with eyespots.
	www.nevarts.com /pax (1009 words)

	News in Science - Butterfly beauty is all in the genes - 13/07/2004
		Butterflies and moths owe their beautiful and diverse wing patterns to genes that were switched on at critical times as the creatures evolved, U.S. researchers have shown.
		The researchers compared eight species of butterflies and moths, looking at the mechanism behind their so-called intervein wing patterns, known as eyespots, ellipses and midlines.
		They found that alterations in the timing of the expression of these two genes marked an early event in the development of eyespots and other intervein patterns in many species.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s1153010.htm (566 words)

	Zoology: With Peacocks, the Eyespots Have It (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Research has shown that peahens choose their mates based on the quality of their plumage - the size and distribution of "eyespots." But until now, scientists did not know whether that choice had any positive effect for the birds and their offspring, especially because the males do not help raise the brood.
		The offspring of the males with the most eyespots, Petrie found, were generally larger at 84 days of age than the others.
		Then, the peacocks were released into the relative wilds of nearby Whipsnade Park, where such predators as foxes thinned the population to 41 percent of its original size within two years.
	www.feathersite.com /Poultry/Peafowl/WhyPeacocks.html (228 words)

	BM Galleries - Why do some animals pretend to have eyes?
		A survival adaptation that evolved in many lines of butterflies and moths is the presence of false eyespots on the wings.
		The presence of false eyespots in some species is related more to success at creating offspring than to success at fooling and escaping from predators.
		Scientists think that the abundance of conspicuous false eyespots in some groups of tropical fish, is related both to sexual selection and natural selection.
	ebiomedia.com /gall/eyes/pretend.html (488 words)

	Phylum Tardigrada summary for Zoology 6207, Spring 1982, WR Elsberry
		Definition of the phylum: Microscopic, protostomous coelomates displaying limited metamerism; possessing a chitinous cuticle, a distinct head, four pairs of ventral legs, a pair of stylets, a sucking pharynx, and a pair of Malpighian tubules.
		Head: Bluntly rounded, contains mouth, carries eyespots, and may be equipped with sensory cirri.
		Eyespots: a pair of red or fl pigment cups on the head.
	www.rtis.com /nat/user/elsberry/taxa/tardigra.html (896 words)

	Who knew he was the alpha male?
		As well as causing the ‘fight or flight’ response, adrenaline results in fl eyespots developing behind the lizards’ eyes.
		In a fight, the male who develops these eyespots fastest is dominant and usually wins.
		When the researchers painted artificial fl signals onto a male lizard, they found that other lizards became subordinate to the animal with fake eyespots.
	www.innovations-report.com /html/reports/life_sciences/report-27442.html (336 words)

	Karger Publishers
		Aggressive approaches to the mirror were inhibited in males viewing a reflection with darkened eyespots, and increased in males viewing a reflection without eyespots (hidden).
		Noradrenergic turnover in the raphe and locus ceruleus were greatest in test subjects that viewed a reflection with eyespots hidden by green paint.
		Perception of darkened eyespots stimulated greater serotonergic turnover in raphe, locus ceruleus and substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA).
	content.karger.com /ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstract&ProduktNr=223831&Ausgabe=227471&ArtikelNr=47250&ContentOnly=false (339 words)

	Walter Sweadner and the Wild Silk Moths of the Bitteroot Mountains
		Sweadner believed the moths he studied in the Bitterroot Mountains were natural hybrids, formed as their parent species reinvaded the Northwest after the Ice Age from their southern refuges in the Sierra Nevada of California, and from the southern Rocky Mountains.
		The West Coast species, known as the Ceanothus Silk Moth, is a bright red-brown with long, comma-shaped eyespots on its hind wings.
		Sweadner carefully measured the shape of these eyespots and recorded the wing colors, and plotted out figures and charts showing that the Bitterroot moths were intermediate between these two species for these characters.
	www.carnegiemuseums.org /cmag/bk_issue/1997/janfeb/feat2.htm (2254 words)

	Butterfly Eyespots
		Butterfly wings were preserved in plastic and students were able to measure traits with a ruler.
		Possible characters include the width of the various eyespots, the distance between spots, the distance from a spot to the edge of the wing etc.
		For a character to be heritable, it must be genetically variable.
	faculty.virginia.edu /evolutionlabs/Butterfly_Eyespots.html (613 words)

	Olympus MIC-D: Butterfly Wing Scale Gallery - Small Apollo
		Small apollo butterflies demonstrate various means of defense to increase their chances of survival.
		Although the species lacks the visually distracting hind wing extensions characteristic of its family, Papilionidae, the undersides of their hind wings feature pairs of false red eyespots.
		When threatened, the butterflies spread their wings wide to display the eyespots, make convulsive movements with their wings, and create a scratching sound by rubbing their hind legs against the undersides of the wings in hopes of deterring predation.
	www.olympusmicro.com /micd/galleries/butterfly/smallapollor2.html (439 words)

	Butterflies of Utah -- Cercyonis sthenele
		Forewing of male has 2 small eyespots, with the upper one larger; female has 2 large eyespots of about the same size.
		Eyespots are of equal distance from the outer edge of wing.
		Dark basal half of hindwing underside is separated from lighter outer half by an irregular dark line.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/distr/lepid/bflyusa/ut/99.htm (188 words)

	Reflective properties of iridophores and fluorescent eyespots' in the loliginid squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo ...
		Reflective properties of iridophores and fluorescent eyespots' in the loliginid squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris -- Mäthger and Denton 204 (12): 2103 -- Journal of Experimental Biology
		Reflective properties of iridophores and fluorescent ‘eyespots’ in the loliginid squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris
		To measure fluorescence from the fluorescent layers of the ‘eyespots’,
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/204/12/2103 (8237 words)

	Keys.abs
		In order to address the developmental changes which must underlie the evolution of such diversity, we are investigating the mechanisms which produce these patterns.
		Eyespots are determined using a prepattern, which creates potential eyespots in every veined compartment, and location specific signals, which produce foci in a subset of these positions.
		Homologs of hedgehog and decapentaplegic are transcribed in patterns correlating with the prepattern.
	www.mbl.edu /CASSLS/Keys.abs.html (198 words)

	Creation Moments - Radio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When birds see an insect with an eyespot, they avoid it because they know it tastes bad.
		Balloons with eyespots painted on them have been successfully used in Japan as scarecrows to keep birds out of crops.
		In the year after the eyespots were introduced, only one bird struck a plane.
	www.creationmoments.com /radio/transcript.asp?track_id=373 (334 words)

	polyphemus moth
		It has a small, mostly yellow eyespot on each forewing (front wings), and larger blue, fl, and yellow eyespots on the hindwings.
		Besides looking like dead leaves or bark when their wings are folded, these moths will open their wings suddenly, revealing the large eyespots.
		These eyespots mimic an owl's eyes, and can surprise a predator, such as a squirrel or bird.
	www.fcps.k12.va.us /StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/polyphemus_moth.htm (558 words)

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