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Topic: Eyewall

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	Eyewall Wind Profiles in Hurricanes Determined By GPS Dropwindsondes
		This study is based on a sample of 357 quality-controlled eyewall profiles from the following hurricanes: Guillermo and Erika in 1997; Bonnie, Danielle, Georges, Mitch, Lester, and Madeline in 1998; and Bret, Dennis, Floyd, Gert, Irene, Jose, Lenny, Dora and Eugene in 1999.
		Figure 1 shows the mean eyewall wind speed profile, where the wind at each level has been normalized by the wind speed at 700 mb (taken from the dropsonde profile, if available, or from the aircraft 700 mb flight-level wind at the time of launch, if not).
		) is 0.78 in the outer vortex and 0.91 in the eyewall.
	www.nhc.noaa.gov /aboutwindprofile.shtml (1135 words)

	Encyclopedia: Eyewall
		The eyewall is the region of a tropical cyclone with the strongest winds, the tallest clouds, and the heaviest rain.
		The strongest tropical cyclones have an eyewall that wraps completely around the eye of the storm; storms where the eyewall does not completely wrap around the eye are not as strong or as well-formed.
		A concentric eyewall cycle occurred in Hurricane Andrew (1992) before landfall near Miami: a strong intensity was reached, an outer eyewall formed, this contracted in concert with a pronounced weakening of the storm, and as the outer eyewall completely replaced the original one the hurricane reintensified.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Eyewall (946 words)

	FAQ : HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, AND TROPICAL CYCLONES
		Eventually the outer eyewall replaces the inner one completely and the storm can be the same intensity as it was previously or, in some cases, even stronger.
		A concentric eyewall cycle occurred in Hurricane Andrew (1992) before landfall near Miami: a strong intensity was reached, an outer eyewall formed, this contracted in concert with a pronounced weakening of the storm, and as the outer eyewall completely replaced the original one the hurricane reintensified.
		It was the discovery of concentric eyewall cycles that was partially responsible for the end of the U.S. Governements's hurricane modification experiment Project STORMFURY, since what the scientists had hoped to produce through seeding was happening frequently as a natural part of hurricane dynamics.
	www.aoml.noaa.gov /hrd/tcfaq/D8.html (300 words)

	EYEWALL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Eyewall / Wall Cloud: An organized band or ring of cumulonimbus clouds that surround the eye, or light-wind center of a tropical...
		resulting from the outer eyewall, and the inner eyewall weakens, to be replaced by the outer eyewall.
		Hurricane Katrina eyewall images taken on Sunday, Aug. 28, 2005, during a NOAA P-3 hurricane hunter flight at the time the storm was a Category...
	www.info-venezia.com /Eyewall (409 words)

	EYEWALL REPLACEMENT CYCLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		The intensity weakens due to the gradual erosion of the inner eyewall.
		Although an eyewall replacement cycle tends to reduce the category of a hurricane it also spread the hurricane force winds out over a larger area.
		The inner eyewall weakens and the outer eyewall, which has greater moisture and energy, replaces it.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /habyhints2/412 (415 words)

	A Hurricane Hunter's Photo Album
		This is the eyewall of Super Typhoon Forrest in September 1983.
		This eyewall was about 5 miles wide, which is VERY small.
		A very small eyewall means a VERY strong storm.
	home.att.net /~typhoon1/page13.html (164 words)

	Detailed Product page
		In other cases, the rainfall is concentrated on one side of the eyewall and nearly absent on the other side and is said to be asymmetric.
		Although the rainfall in the hurricane eyewall may surround more than half of the eye, the updrafts that produce the rainfall are concentrated in very small-scale, intense updraft cores that occupy only about 10% of the eyewall area.
		The model simulation suggests that the timing and location of individual updraft cores are controlled by intense, small-scale vortices (regions of rapidly swirling flow) in the eyewall and that the updrafts form when the vortices encounter low-level air moving into the eyewall.
	www.ntis.gov /search/product.asp?ABBR=N20040031848 (285 words)

	portland imc - 2005.09.23 - The eyewall of a hurricane
		portland imc - 2005.09.23 - The eyewall of a hurricane
		At the eyewall, there is rapid movement of air toward the center and upward into the cloud.
		They also explain that the vacuum effect created by the rising air in the eye wall works like a toilet plunger on the ocean, lifting the water surface, and this creates the notorious storm surge, which is where the worst destruction of a hurricane is done.
	portland.indymedia.org /en/2005/09/325404.shtml (459 words)

	4A.4 The mean structure of vertical velocities and radar reflectivities in the hurricane eyewall as they relate to ...
		In recent years, much of the attention in the literature on this problem has been given to the effects of the atmospheric environment, particularly that of vertical wind shear, to the structure and intensity change of the tropical cyclone.
		The purpose of this study is to analyze the precipitation and vertical velocity structure of the hurricane eyewall from a sample of storms of a variety of intensities and affected by a broad range of environmental wind shears.
		In addition to the data from the tail radar, imagery and data from the horizontally-scanning, 5-cm lower-fuselage radar are used to identify asymmetries in the eyewall precipitation structure and to relate these asymmetries to the observed shear and vertical velocity distributions.
	ams.confex.com /ams/26HURR/techprogram/paper_75742.htm (573 words)

	What is a tropical cyclone?
		This ring of cloud, called the eyewall, maybe tens of kilometres thick, while a dense cirrus and altostratus overcast may extend outward several hundred kilometres from the eyewall.
		At the top of the eyewall, most of the air is propelled outward, increasing the air's upward motion.
		The storm surge is experienced as a rapid rise of sea level near that portion of the eyewall associated with onshore winds, sometimes reaching a height of more than 6 metres and accompanied by very large wind-driven waves.
	www.weathersa.co.za /References/Cyclones.jsp (854 words)

	Inside the Storm: eye and eyewall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Eyewall storms contain high winds and heavy rain.
		As shown in the following images, warm, moist air flows into the eyewall from the ocean's surface and rises, spiraling counterclockwise upward to the top of the hurricane.
		Some of this air then sinks downward in the eye, from the upper levels of the hurricane down to the surface.
	www.meted.org /hurrican/strike/text/anatomy4.htm (139 words)

	USATODAY.com - Answers: How hurricanes replace their eyewalls
		An eyewall replacement cycle occurs when the outer eyewall weakens the inner eyewall by robbing it of "needed moisture and momentum," he writes in the National Hurricane Center's Frequently Asked Questions about hurricanes guide.
		The outer eyewall then becomes the dominant eyewall, even though it's larger, and the replacement cycle is nearly complete.
		The final phase of the cycle is for the new, larger eyewall to begin to contract.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/resources/askjack/2003-11-15-eyewall-replacement_x.htm (540 words)

	The Irish Trojan’s Blog » About that eyewall… (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		The eye itself is an area of cloudless calm; the surrounding eyewall is the region where the strongest winds and the most intense rains occur.
		Eyewall replacement cycles can produce temporary weakening, though the extent to which that occurs varies from storm to storm; in this storm, it seems to have been rather mild so far.
		I know this for sure: the processes that govern both eyewall replacement cycles and rapid intensification phases are very poorly understood by meteorologists, and so are almost impossible to predict.
	www.brendanloy.com /archives/014540.html (912 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Just as I thought the location I was at was relatively safe, a large telephone pole landed behind my truck and it had a huge transformer on it that made a really loud crashing sound when it hit the ground.
		The rain was so thick and the wind was blowing so hard I couldn't see more than 30 feet away and I knew this was the eyewall and it probably wouldn't last very long since it was so small and compact and the hurricane was moving in quickly.
		The calm eye only lasted for about 3-5 minutes and I was getting shots from inside the eye when all of a sudden I was caught off guard by the winds and had to take refuge in a bathroom of a half destroyed antique shop that had all it's windows blown in.
	members.lycos.co.uk /yodaandmoody/HURRICANE%20CHARLEY%20PAGE%201.htm (1042 words)

	FOXNews.com - Eyewall of Hurricane Key to Predicting Storm's Intensity, Study Says - Science News \| Current Articles
		The strongest winds of a hurricane occur in the eyewall, a ring of clouds that encircle the relatively calm eye at the center of the storm.
		“So once the eyewall is there, it’s going to contract and become smaller, and as it gets smaller, the storm re-intensifies because the momentum is conserved, and it spins faster.” The phenomenon is much like a skater pulling her arms in.
		When Rita went through replacement, the second eyewall was stronger, so the first eyewall was probably weaker when it first formed than the second one was when it formed.
	www.foxnews.com /story/0,2933,255842,00.html (1039 words)

	Satellite Loops of Tropical Cyclones
		The observational study of fine-scale features in the eye and eyewall of intense tropical cyclones (TC) has been made possible with high temporal and spatial resolution imagery from geosynchronous satellites.
		The models have also suggested that this process is responsible for polygonal eyewalls and in some instances, rapid intensification.
		Satellite imagery has proven valuable in the validation of the model results, indicating that perhaps there is some hope of understanding the inner core of tropical cyclones.
	einstein.atmos.colostate.edu /~mcnoldy/tropics/eyewall (229 words)

	Eyewall - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		It has been suggested that Eyewall Replacement Cycle be merged into this article or section.
		On rare occasions, additional concentric eyewalls will form.
		Eyewall, Eyewall replacement cycles, See also and Articles to be merged.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Eyewall (219 words)

	Software Development - Outsourcing - iStorm ...beyond the limts
		The center, or eye, of a hurricane is relatively calm.
		The most violent activity takes place in the area immediately around the eye, called the eyewall.
		At the top of the eyewall (about 50,000 feet), most of the air is propelled outward, increasing the air's upward motion.
	www.istorm.ro (207 words)

	Hurricane Guide For the Nature Coast on The Newscaster
		The well-developed hurricane consists of an eye, an eyewall, and spiral bands of showers and thunderstorms.
		Surrounding the eye is the eyewall, which contains the most violent winds, and the most intense showers and thunderstorms in the hurricane.
		The eyewall can contain tornadoes, and the winds in the eyewall have the greatest potential for causing a deadly storm surge.
	www.thenewscaster.com /news2.htm (1918 words)

	NOAA News Online (Story 2496)
		Mike Silah, a P-3 pilot, got to see Hurricane Katrina up close and personal, especially when she was an extremely dangerous Category Five storm in the Gulf of Mexico.
		Hurricane Katrina eyewall images taken on Sunday, Aug. 28, 2005, during a NOAA P-3 hurricane hunter flight at the time the storm was a Category Five hurricane.
		Click NOAA image for larger view of Hurricane Katrina’s large eyewall taken by a NOAA P-3 hurricane hunter pilot on Aug. 28, 2005, when the powerful storm was at it meanest—a Category Five on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale.
	www.noaanews.noaa.gov /stories2005/s2496.htm (496 words)

	Hurricanes Are Getting Stronger, Study Says
		The peak winds of over 100 miles per hour that buffeted New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina could have been much worse had the storm made landfall at a different moment in the cycle of its eyewall.
		The result is collapse of the main eyewall and temporary weakening of the storm.
		on Monday, the weakened eyewall is being further disrupted by interaction with the land surface.
	www.physlink.com /News/050920StrongerHurricanes.cfm (1043 words)

	Hurricane Charley Stock Video - Hurricane Charley Video And Photos
		This arrow also represents the wind direction when the gas station awning was ripped to shreds by winds over 160mph in the northern eyewall.
		This area was devastated as the north-eastern eyewall of Hurricane Charley crossed with a super intense wind gust that lasted for approximately 5 minutes !
		I moved forward a few feet and positioned my vehicle as close to the building as I could, but I knew I was stuck at this location during the eyewall because it was too dangerous to move around now and my truck would just be flipped over if I did.
	www.mthurricane.com /Hurricane_Charley.htm (1179 words)

	Rapid intensification, eyewall contraction, and breakdown of Hurricane Charley (2004) near landfall
		Charley's rapid intensification was accompanied by a contracting eyewall.
		The vortex was unstable (possessed a ring vorticity profile) during the eyewall contraction while the vortex became stable (monopole vorticity profile) after Charley reached its peak intensity.
		Charley's eyewall broke down during the decaying stage after the land fall.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2007/2006GL027889.shtml (233 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		A recent small-scale eruption, and an increased frequency of earthquakes suggest to geologists with the USGS that a significant volcanic eruption of St Helens may be imminent.
		The north eyewall of Hurricane Ivan made landfall in Gulf Shores, MS around 1am CDT Thursday.
		The National Weather Service at State College is investigating a number of blow downs which may have been associated with tornadoes spawned by the remnants of TC Ivan.
	www.atmos.millersville.edu /%7Ejscala/ESCI441 (2295 words)

	Re: Entering the eyewall of Winnie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		In Reply to: Re: Entering the eyewall of Winnie posted by Barbara White on August 18, 1997 at 20:44:33:
		This dry : : air then filters in between the feeder bands and the : : eyewall and gives that appearance of a double clear area.
		The : : wind is not as strong as it is in the eyewall or even the : : other feeder bands close to the eye because of the lack : : of convection or turbulence in the thunderstorms usually : : accompanying the feeder bands.
	www.weather.org.hk /digest/doubleeye.htm (834 words)

	DAAC Study: In the Eyewall of the Storm
		In particular, the ER-2 Doppler Radar (EDOP) aboard the ER-2 provided vastly improved resolution measurements of Bonnie's eyewall, Heymsfield said.
		The aircraft also carried instruments designed to measure moisture and wind fields around the hurricane.
		The eye is surrounded by the eyewall, the zone where surface winds reach their highest speed and where the strongest thunderstorm activity occurs.
	eobglossary.gsfc.nasa.gov /Study/Camex/index.html (1460 words)

	The Irish Trojan's Archived Blog - Isabel's eyewall strikes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		The eyewall of Isabel...where the strongest winds are located...is currently coming ashore along the southern Outer Banks.
		Isabel has a very large eye...and winds within the eye will diminish...before increasing rapidly as the back edge of the eye passes by.
		Please visit my homepage and comment on a more recent post, or email me at tips@brendanloy.com.
	www.brendanloy.com /blog/archives/008475.html (255 words)

	Extra large particle images at 12 km in a hurricane eyewall: Evidence of high-altitude supercooled water?
		Questions about the existence of high-altitude supercooled cloud water cannot be answered with only the instruments aboard the typical propeller-driven aircraft.
		During the summer of 1998, the NASA DC-8 aircraft made penetrations of the intensifying eyewall of Hurricane Bonnie at 12 km MSL, collecting the first truly high-altitude 2-D particle imagery in a hurricane.
		The similarity of the splash images in Hurricane Bonnie to those from raindrops obtained at higher temperatures in other hurricanes suggests that the large images obtained by the DC-8 were soft, low density graupel, rather than hard, high-density graupel particles or frozen raindrops.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2003GL017864.shtml (403 words)

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