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	The Moons of Saturn
		Prometheus, the closest moon to Saturn, has rounded the F Ring's tip and is approaching the planet.
		An elongated clump or arc of debris in the F ring is seen as a slight brightening on the far side of this thin ring.
		In various instances now we know that ring structures in the Jovian planets are stabilized by small "shepherd moons" that orbit in or near the rings and stabilize them by their gravitational influences.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/saturn/moons.html (832 words)

	Kinks Seen in Theft of Saturn's Ring Material
		That view is bolstered by an image that appears to show a faint strand of material running from the F ring to Prometheus, presumably lured there by the moons gravity.
		The kinks in the F ring are seen in an animation with 44 panels taken at 3-minute intervals.
		The rings appear to tilt during the sequence because of the spacecraft's movement south and away from the planet during the roughly 2-hour photography session.
	www.space.com /saturn_rings_041203.html (279 words)

	Cassini-Huygens: Multimedia-Images
		Two clumps in particular, one of them extended, is visible in the upper part of the F ring in the image on the left, and in the lower part of the ring in the image on the right.
		The core of the F ring is about 50 kilometers (31miles) wide, and from Cassini's current distance, is not fully visible.
		Among the theories proposed are meteoroid bombardments and inter-particle collisions in the F ring.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /cgibin/gs2.cgi?path=../multimedia/images/rings/images/PIA05382.jpg&type=image (418 words)

	The Alphabet Soup of Saturn's Rings - Explore the Cosmos \| The Planetary Society
		In this viewing geometry the F ring is actually bright as seen from the unlit side, because it is extremely tenuous (so it allows nearly all light through), and its fine dust particles scatter light forward to the observing spacecraft.
		One of the F ring clumps may be a tiny moon that actually passes back and forth through the F ring on each eccentric orbit.
		Observations of the rings with infrared and radio waves have shown that the sizes of the particles in the rings vary, from microscopic particles in the E and D rings, to sand- and pebble-sized particles in the C and F rings, to cobble- and boulder-sized particles in the A and B rings.
	www.planetary.org /explore/topics/saturn/rings.html (2277 words)

	The Rings of Saturn
		Three bright ring features are seen: the F Ring, the Cassini Division, and the C Ring (moving from the outer rings to the inner).
		The evidence indicates that the rings are composed of particles that are mostly ice crystals, with sizes as large as centimeters or meters.
		They found further that the outer ring was kept in place by the gravitational interaction of two small "shepherd moons" lying just inside and outside it, and that at least some of the other rings are kept narrow by similar small shepherding satellites.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/saturn/rings.html (502 words)

	Universe Today - Cassini Scientists Make New Ring Discoveries
		These include new structures in Saturn's diffuse rings, clumps and knots in the F ring - some of which may be small moons - and a completely unexpected spiral ring around the planet in the vicinity of the F ring.
		In examining the intriguing, knotted F ring, imaging team scientists have also discovered that the ghostly ringlets flanking the ring's core are arranged into a spiral structure wound like a spring around the planet.
		These ring results were acquired over the summer as Cassini was in a prime ring-viewing period where the spacecraft's orbit was raised to look down on the rings.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/cassini_reveals_new_rings_nature.html (926 words)

	JPL.NASA.GOV: News Releases
		A new found ring of material, S/2004 1 R, in the orbit of Saturn's moon Atlas has been seen in this view of the region between the edge of Saturn's A ring and the F ring.
		A small object was discovered moving near the outside edge of the F ring, interior to the orbit of Saturn's moon Pandora.
		The width of the ring is estimated at 300 kilometers (190 miles).
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /news/news.cfm?release=2004-222 (893 words)

	Cassini finds Prometheus a sculptor of Saturn's rings
		Cassini images have shown that the gravitational effect of Prometheus appears to produce regular patterns in the ring, including a series of channels or gores in the tenuous ring material interior to the F ring core, and "streamers" of particles that temporarily link the ring to the moon.
		The affected particles do not escape the F ring region; rather, the changes to their orbits produced by Prometheus cause them to oscillate back and forth across the ring.
		One orbital period after the encounter, the effect is visible as a dark channel or "gore" in the interior of the F ring, and drape-like structures between the channels — in excellent agreement with Cassini images.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-10/ssi-cfp102605.php (655 words)

	Cassini reveals more about Saturn's F ring
		The F ring is notorious for exhibiting unusual structures, like "knots," "kinks," and "clumps" that continue to puzzle astronomers.
		There are many features of the F ring that we have yet to explain but at least we have uncovered one of its secrets.
		Each channels is clearly visible across more than 1000km of the ring and is due to the gravitational effect of Prometheus, even though the moon does not enter the F ring.
	www.pparc.ac.uk /Nw/cassini_fring.asp (1068 words)

	Discovery Channel :: News :: New Moon, Ring Found Around Saturn
		While studying the contorted F ring, a region of the planet's rings that mystifies scientists, Carl Murray, imaging team member at Queen Mary, University of London, spied a small object orbiting just at the edge of the ring, according to a NASA press release.
		The ring is located 138,000 kilometers (86,000 miles) from the center of Saturn in the orbit of the moon Atlas, between the A ring and the F ring.
		Cassini team leader Carolyn Porco at the Space Science Institute said: "We have planned many images to search the region between the A and F rings for diffuse material and new moons, which we have long expected to be there on the basis of the peculiar behavior of the F ring.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/briefs/20040906/saturn.html (545 words)

	Moonlets Perturb Saturn's F Ring - Planetary News \| The Planetary Society
		Moonlets Perturb Saturn's F Ring - Planetary News
		The Cassini spacecraft has revealed a never-before-seen level of detail in Saturn's F ring, including evidence for the perturbing effect of small moonlets orbiting in or close to the ring's bright core.
		As the small satellites move close to the F ring core, they leave a gravitational signature.
	www.planetary.org /news/2006/1019_New_Image_Moonlets_Perturb_Saturns_F.html (246 words)

	Voyager Saturn Science Summary
		The edges of the rings where the few gaps exist are so sharp that the ring must be less than about 200 meters (650 feet) thick there, and may be only 10 meters (33 feet) thick.
		Another challenge scientists face in understanding the rings is that even general dimensions do not seem to remain true at all positions around Saturn: The distance of the B-ring's outer edge, near a 2:1 resonance with Mimas, varies by at least 140 kilometers (90 miles) and probably by as much as 200 kilometers (120 miles).
		The innermost satellite, Atlas, orbits near the outer edge of the A-ring and is about 40 by 20 kilometers (25 by 15 miles) in size.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/vgrsat.htm (3246 words)

	Prometheus Steals Ring :: Astrobiology Magazine ::
		As it completed its first orbit of Saturn, Cassini zoomed in on the rings to catch this wondrous view of the shepherd moon Prometheus (102 kilometers, or 63 miles across) working its influence on the multi-stranded and kinked F ring.
		Imaging scientists are not sure exactly how Prometheus is interacting with the F ring here, but they have speculated that the moon might be gravitationally pulling material away from the ring.
		The bizarre formation (middle left) on the inner edge of Saturn's F ring was one of the first great surprises of the Cassini mission.
	www.astrobio.net /news/article1329.html (593 words)

	Ring Structure of Saturn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Three of the rings, A, B and C, are visible from Earth with a telescope.
		Saturn's rings were first discovered by Galileo in the 1600's, although at the time he didn't know what they were.
		In the 1800's a third, faint ring was found and named C. It wasn't until 1979 that we found the E, F, and G rings, when the Pioneer 11 and Voyager spacecrafts flew by Saturn.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/saturn/ring_structure.html&edu=high (403 words)

	Universe Today - How Prometheus Pulls on Saturn's F Ring
		It was originally believed that Prometheus steals ring particles, but it now appears that it just borrows them as it comes past, and they drift back into the ring system after the moon sweeps by.
		The rings around all the giant planets in our Solar System are thought to be stabilised by small 'shepherd moons' that orbit in or near the rings and stabilize them by gravitational influences.
		The narrow F ring of Saturn — which lies just outside the spectacular main rings - is tended by two small shepherds.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/prometheus_saturn_f_ring.html (750 words)

	Prometheus & Pandora
		Prometheus is the inner shepherd satellite of the F ring.
		It is possible that Prometheus's orbit was changed by a recent encounter with the F ring, or it may have a small companion moon sharing its orbit.
		Pandora is the outer shepherd satellite of the F ring.
	www.nineplanets.org /pandora.html (387 words)

	The F Ring’s Spiral Arm
		The spiral strand’s path across the image begins about 350 km inward of the F ring core at about 200 degrees longitude (bottom axis) on the right map, and moves closer to the ring core toward the left, wrapping over onto the map on the left.
		The strand appears to cross the ring core around 100 degrees longitude, after which the distance between the strand and the ring core increases to the left and can be followed, moving even farther outward, wrapping around to the rightmost boundary of the right-hand map and continuing to the left.
		Other spiraling structures seen in the main rings of Saturn, the density and bending waves, are initiated by the gravitational influence of an orbiting moon and move across the rings because of the coherent actions of relatively massive ring particles all exerting a gravitational influence on each other.
	ciclops.org /view.php?id=1403 (385 words)

	Spiral spotted around Saturn's outer ring - space - 06 September 2005 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Once free of the ring, however, Saturn's gravity is thought to sculpt the particles into the spiral shape as the motes nearer the planet move more quickly than those farther away.
		That is because the F ring straddles the planet’s so-called Roche limit.
		The F ring is in a region with a split personality, says Porco.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn7953 (723 words)

	Cell phone ring tone becomes hit single in Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		"Crazy Frog Axel F," inspired by a ring tone based on a 1980s movie theme accentuated with the sound of a man imitating frogs by making the sound of revving mo-peds, was the highest-selling single in the list compiled by The Official UK Charts Company.
		The track is a reworking of Axel F, Harold Faltermeyer's theme to the "Beverly Hills Cop" films, in which actor Eddie Murphy plays a Detroit policeman named Axel Foley.
		Ring tone company Jamster contacted Malmedahl and Wernquist in 2004 for permission to sell the recording as a download for phones, the BBC said.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05150/512668.stm (507 words)

	Cassini Reveals New Saturn Ring Features
		Saturn's moon Prometheus, along with the F ring and its strands, and a streamer of particles that seems to connect the inner part of the ring with the moon.
		Saturn's narrow F ring, which lies just outside the spectacular main rings, is tended by two such small moons: Prometheus (about 100 kilometers or 64 miles in diameter), orbiting just inside the F ring, and Pandora (85 kilometers or 53 miles wide), orbiting just outside the F ring.
		The north pole of Rhea is obscured by part of the A ring and the sharply defined F ring.
	www.saturndaily.com /reports/Cassini_Reveals_New_Saturn_Ring_Features.html (904 words)

	SPACE.com -- New Ring and Possible Moons Found at Saturn
		It is between the outer edge of the A ring and the inner edge of the F ring.
		The first discovery is a wispy arc of ice and rocky material that sits between the A and F rings.
		Astronomers have estimated the width of material in the ring to be 190 miles (300 kilometers).
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/saturn_moonring_040909.html (630 words)

	APOD: 2004 December 17 - Prometheus and the Rings of Saturn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		APOD: 2004 December 17 - Prometheus and the Rings of Saturn
		The dramatic view clearly resolves the potato-shaped moon and multiple strands of the narrow F ring.
		influencing the formation of the gaps and kinks seen in the ring structure.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap041217.html (146 words)

	Astronomy - Prometheus' pull - Andrew Fazekas
		While scientists think these rings are gravitationally corralled and kept in line by neighboring small moons, interactions between one particularly tangled strand known as the F ring and a small moon named Prometheus have remained a puzzle.
		The ribbon-like features along the ring's inner edge are the effects of the small moon Prometheus, upper left, passing by.
		That's when Prometheus will be farthest from Saturn, and the nearby particles of the F ring will be closet to Saturn — and the moon and ring will be closest to each other.
	www.astronomy.com /asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=4115 (746 words)

	New Satellites of Saturn
		Every 15 years, Earth passes through Saturn's ring plane, an event that provides astronomers an opportunity to discover new satellites that are normally lost in the glare of the planet's bright ring system.
		It is apparently a shepherd satellite for the F ring which may account for the ring's braided appearance.
		The brighter object to the left is the moon Epimetheus, which was discovered during the ring-plane crossing of 1966.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/satnew.htm (522 words)

	USATODAY.com - Saturn surprise: One ring is actually a spiral (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The F Ring, an outer thin wisp of icy material orbiting the giant planet, was discovered in 1979.
		Prometheus and Pandora, near the F Ring, have long been seen as playing a shepherding role, keeping ring particles together and tugging out the curious features.
		Saturn's rings were originally spotted by Galileo shortly after the invention of the telescope.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/space/2005-11-28-saturn-f-ring_x.htm (466 words)

	ScienceDaily: Chaos Seen In Movement Of Ring-Herding Moons Of Saturn
		The effects of Saturn's wider A ring, which is just inside the F ring, are even more important in pushing the moons outward.
		So, although the discovery of the shepherd moons fulfilled a scientific prediction explaining the current narrowness of the F ring, it led to more questions about the longer-term history and fate of the ring and shepherds.
		But in proportion to the age of Saturn itself, that would be as if the ring were created in the last three minutes of a 24-hour day, and some scientists believe it unlikely that we would happen to witness such a rare event.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/10/021014072923.htm (1102 words)

	Midi Ring F.A.Q.
		We have come across dozens of sites in other rings that just place links directly to the midi files on our members pages, so that they appear to have a large collection of files on their site while in reality they are just stealing bandwidth and placing an unauthorized load on your server.
		We want people surfing the MIDI Ring to have quick access and choices, if you have a "Bluegrass" site (for example) and someone is looking for "Techno Dance", they should be able to find the ring fragment quickly and move on in the ring if they want.
		You are new to the ring and the stats are based on eight week totals.
	www.ubikmusic.com /midiring/faq.html (1120 words)

	ESA - Cassini-Huygens - A new ring of material found
		The region from the A ring to the F ring spans some 3500 kilometres.
		The image has been enhanced to show the presence of faint ring material just beyond the edge of the A ring and in the orbit of Atlas (indicated by the dotted red line).
		The moon Prometheus (102 kilometres across) can be seen close to the F ring at the lower left of the image.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Cassini-Huygens/SEMYJM0XDYD_0.html (200 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Two F Ring Views
		These views, taken two hours apart, demonstrate the dramatic variability in the structure of Saturn's intriguing F ring.
		In the image at the left, ringlets in the F ring and Encke Gap display distinctive kinks, and there is a bright patch of material on the F ring's inner edge.
		The drapes appear to be caused by successive passes of Prometheus as it reaches the greatest distance (apoapse) in its orbit of Saturn.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=37800 (187 words)

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