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Topic: FFC Cambridge Process

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	Encyclopedia: Titanium
		Titanium metal is therefore produced commercially by the Kroll process; a complex, and expensive batch process developed in 1946 by William Justin Kroll.
		The FFC Cambridge Process is an electrochemical method in which solid metal compounds, particularly oxides, are cathodically reduced to the respective metals or alloys in molten salts.
		Metallurgy of Titanium and its Alloys, Cambridge University
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Titanium (9856 words)

	Titanium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Titanium metal is therefore produced commercially by the Kroll process; a complex, and expensive batch process developed in 1946 by.
		A newer process called the FFC Cambridge Process may displace this older process.
		It is hoped that the FFC Cambridge Process will render titanium a less rare and expensive material for the aerospace industry and the luxury goods market, and will be seen in many products currently manufactured using aluminium and specialist grades of steel.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Titanium (2210 words)

	The FFC Cambridge Process
		The Fray-Farthing-Chen (FFC) Cambridge Process is a new process for the extraction of metals and alloys from their solid oxides by molten salt electrolysis.
		Titanium produced by the FFC Process may be in the form of a powder or sponge.
		The FFC titanium sponge is also structurally very similar to the Kroll titanium sponge produced by a pyrometallurgical method invented by William J. Kroll in 1940.
	www.msm.cam.ac.uk /djf/FFC_Process.htm (941 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The goal of the study ultimately is to produce oxygen on the moon using the FFC Cambridge process, which uses electrochemical reduction of metal oxides in a molten salt electrolyte.
		He is a co-inventor of the FFC Cambridge titanium electrolytic production process, head of the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy at the U.K.'s University of Cambridge and chief science officer for British Titanium.
		The FFC process will possibly produce lower cost metals on earth, most notably titanium.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=4443 (335 words)

	3i backed Metalysis expansion attracts industry's largest investment in 5 years (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Metalysis is exploiting the FFC Cambridge process, a novel technique for the extraction of metals from their oxide.
		The FFC Cambridge process, patented globally in 1998, is a novel electrolytic method for reducing metal oxide to metal in a molten salt.
		The process economics indicate that some metals can be produced at a fraction of the price, including tantalum, zirconium, beryllium, silicon, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten and niobium.
	www.3i.com /media/pressreleases/metalysis_080305.html (993 words)

	Minerals Engineering International Online - Commodities: Titanium: Latest News
		The process was developed at the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, by Professor Derek Fray, Dr George Chen and Dr Tom Farthing.
		The process uses readily available titanium dioxide as a feedstock to produce a cathode, which is placed in the electrolytic cell and stripped of its oxygen leaving behind titanium sponge.
		The University of Cambridge and its Challenge fund have formed FFC Metals Ltd to develop the process for the extraction of non-titanium metals.
	www.min-eng.com /commodities/metallic/titanium/news/2.html (298 words)

	FFC Cambridge Process -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		GZC was the first to discover in late 1996 that oxide scales on titanium foils can be reduced to the metal by molten salt electrochemistry.
		It is also scientifically interesting because the electrolysis can be carried out on an insulator oxide, such as zirconia and silica.
		This is useful, for example, for generating oxygen gas on the Moon from lunar rocks ((A weakly magnetic fl mineral found in metamorphic and plutonic rocks; an iron titanium oxide in crystalline form; a source of titanium) ilmenite, FeTiO3) to support space travelling and even living by human.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/ff/ffc_cambridge_process2.htm (247 words)

	mwponline.com
		The process is used to extract to extract metals and alloys from their solid oxides by molten salt electrolysis.
		The process has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of titanium metal and dramatically expand its use in a wider range of applications that include lightweight armoured military vehicles, the manufacture of automotive components and components for utility plants, oil and gas drilling, and lightweight and durable consumer goods.
		Engineering studies have already verified the operating costs of Altair's Hydrochloride Pigment Process (AHPP) to be two-thirds to three-quarters that of the standard chloride process, primarily due to the use of low-cost ilmenite feedstocks.
	www.metalworkingproduction.co.uk /story.aspx?uid=69a19964-5499-43b7-84a1-ec98c5e15839&type=features (389 words)

	Cambridge discovery threatens to collapse aluminium, stainless steel markets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The revolutionary new titanium extraction process would mean the region's new and planned minerals sand projects would boom, but local stainless steel and aluminium producers could find that their businesses may bomb.
		As one of the world's largest producers of the feedstock required for this process, southern Africa stands to capitalise on the switch to this new generation metal.
		Derek Fray, who discovered the process, said the present price of titanium of more than $20 000 a ton could be cut to as little as $6 000 a ton if the technology was put to work.
	www.dailytenders.co.za /General/News/Article/Article.asp?ID=272 (1239 words)

	esm_brown_chemistry_9\|Electrochemistry\|Current Topics\|Topic 2
		This new process is 7 times as fast as the Kroll process, uses stream instead of batch processing, and is less polluting than the Kroll process.
		The new process is known as the FFC Cambridge process, after its discoverers.
		Discuss why a stream process is likely to be more efficient that a batch process.
	wps.prenhall.com /esm_brown_chemistry_9/0,4647,173564-,00.utf8.html (345 words)

	Metalysis - WINNING METALS
		The Cambridge University spin out company has the licence to exploit the FFC (Fray, Farthing and Chen) Cambridge process developed in the university’s materials department.
		Metalysis, a Cambridge University spin-out company is commercialising a new metal extraction process which could dramatically decrease the cost and environmental impact of producing metals normally difficult and expensive to extract.
		Metalysis, a company set up to commercialise a new metal extraction process which could dramatically decrease the cost and environmental impact of producing metals has received early funding totalling £0.5m and is now moving forward to seek a further £3m of VC funding.
	www.metalysis.com /news.htm (1606 words)

	QinetiQ - challenging out-dated titanium powder processing methods
		After five years of development, QinetiQ is in the process of commercialising a revolutionary new method for producing competitively priced, high quality titanium alloy powders, which will become available for sale in 2004.
		The electrodeoxidation (EDO) powder process, based on the FFC-Cambridge Process, is a revolutionary new method for extracting pure metals by the reverse electrolysis of metal oxide in molten salt.
		In this process the metal oxide (or mixture of oxides) is converted directly into the pure metal (or alloy) by a novel electrolytic procedure.
	www.qinetiq.com /home/newsroom/news_releases_homepage/2003/4th_quarter/qinetiq_-_challenging.html (472 words)

	TITANIUM FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Titanium metal is therefore produced commercially by the Kroll_process; a complex, and expensive batch process developed in 1946 by William_Justin_Kroll.
		This is condensed and purified by fractional_distillation and then reduced with 800 °C molten magnesium in an argon atmosphere.
		This method uses the feedstock titanium_dioxide powder (which is a refined form of rutile) to make the end product which is either a powder or sponge.
	furtrade.com /Titanium (2219 words)

	Titanium
		with magnesium, a process developed in 1946 by William Justin Kroll.
		This is a complex and expensive batch process, but a newer process called the "FFC-Cambridge" method may displace this older process.
		This method uses the feedstock titanium dioxide powder (which is a refined form of rutile) to make the end product which is a continuous stream of molten titanium suitable for immediate use in the manufacture of commercial alloys.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/t/ti/titanium.html (1280 words)

	Rocks to rocket fuel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A Cambridge University spin-out company has been selected by NASA to play a leading role in devising technology that could make it possible to establish permanent manned bases on the moon.
		Professor Derek Fray, Head of the Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge, was instrumental in developing the process being used and will be at the forefront of the project.
		“Cambridge, throughout its illustrious 800 years of history, has been at the forefront of science; we are honoured to be playing a part in man’s greatest journey into the unknown.”
	www.admin.cam.ac.uk /news/dp/2004122301 (329 words)

	University of Cambridge: Cambridge Enterprise
		Cambridge Lab on Chip is developing IP on the pumping and mixing of fluids in micro-fluidic devices which have applications across the chemical, pharmaceutical and medical industries.
		A major biology platform for the company involves the use of zebrafish: one of the premier organisms for biological study over the last few years because they are vertebrates and model human biology closely.
		Exploiting the Fray-Farthing-Chen (FFC) Cambridge Process for the extraction of all metals and metal combinations other than titanium from their solid oxides by molten salt electrolysis.
	www.enterprise.cam.ac.uk /inventions/new_ventures_by_date.htm (1040 words)

	QinetiQ's Titanium Powders manufacturing process set to make lighter aircraft components more competitively
		The QinetiQ process is based on the FFC Cambridge process, converting titanium dioxide, a low cost chemical widely used for a number of applications including paint production, directly into titanium metal via an electrodeoxidation process.
		This process is not confined to producing pure titanium.
		With our new process we should be able to competitively provide significant quantities of high quality titanium alloy powders, growing demand and fulfilling supply.
	www.qinetiq.com /home/newsroom/news_releases_homepage/2004/3rd_quarter/QinetiQ_s_revolutionary_and_affordable_Titanium_Powders_manufacturing_process_set_to_make_lighter_aircraft_components_more_competitively.html (680 words)

	I hail from Kerala
		For the past couple of years, I am fascinated by the FFC Cambridge process for the direct reduction of metal oxides by molten salt electrolysis.
		Now I work in the lab where the process was discovered in 1997 and I hope to make some humble contributions to the understanding of the novel molten salt process with my research here.
		Electrochemically induced aluminium chloride intercalation in graphite in the molten
	www.msm.cam.ac.uk /djf/Mohandas.htm (558 words)

	Science & Technology at Scientific American.com: Alchemy of a Supermetal -- Serendipity delivers a process that may ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The FFC Cambridge process converted titanium oxides directly into the pure metal--an astonishing result.
		The U.K. defense ministry soon took notice of the Fray/Farthing/Chen process, which by then had come to be known as the FFC Cambridge method (after the inventors' initials and their employer).
		Fox lists as key the detailed engineering of the cell for operations on a mass scale, the development of process controls, and the manner by which the reactive precursors and final materials are transported in and out of the cell.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?chanID=sa001&articleID=0009E8E9-8896-1F60-905980A84189EEDF&pageNumber=2&catID=2 (589 words)

	PRESS RELEASE Altair Nanomaterials, Inc. Enters Into Agreement With Titanium Metals Corporation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The FFC Cambridge Process has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of titanium metal and dramatically expand its use in a wider range of applications that include lightweight armored military vehicles, the manufacture of automotive components and components for utility plants, oil and gas drilling, and lightweight and durable consumer goods.
		Titanium is expensive only because the current process for refining the ore to metal is a multi-step, high-temperature batch process.
		It is widely believed that a reduction of cost in the manufacturing process will expand the use of titanium metal in a wider range of applications that include lightweight armored military vehicles, the manufacture of automotive components and components for utility plants, oil and gas drilling, and lightweight and durable consumer goods.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=61768 (830 words)

	35858. Extracting elemental titanium from Titanium Dioxide [Kentucky]
		This process is called the Kroll Process and has been around for many years.
		However, there is a newer process called the FFC Cambridge Process, where the titanium salts and oxides are melted at a high tempertaure and the molten mixture is electrolysed to produce titanium metal at the cathode.
		This process was used to weld the train tracks when they built the trans America railroads in the nineteenth century.
	www.finishing.com /358/58.shtml (533 words)

	Advanced Materials & Processes: Program to commercialize Titanium extraction process. (Forming/Processing).@ HighBeam ...
		A program aimed at commercializing the Fray-Farthing-Chen (FFC) Cambridge Process for extracting titanium from ore is to be led by Titanium Metals Corp. (Timet), Denver, Cob., and funded by the U. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
		The FFC Cambridge Process, developed by Dr. Derek Fray and others at the University of Cambridge, represents a potential breakthrough technology.
		The FFC Cambridge Process is a new process for extraction of metals and alloys from their solid oxides by molten salt electrolysis.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:103383575&refid=ink_tptd_mag (168 words)

	Las Vegas SUN: Timet wins funding to explore extracting process
		Researchers at the Henderson Timet titanium manufacturing plant have received $12.3 million in federal funding to determine if a laboratory process for extracting titanium from titanium-bearing ores can be industrialized, a newspaper reported Friday.
		But what Sanderson does know is that the Cambridge process trims some of the intermediate steps in titanium production and that should make the metal less expensive to produce.
		Steve Fox, director of corporate research for Timet, will attempt to commercialize the process for titanium extraction developed by the researchers at the University of Cambridge in Great Britain.
	www.lasvegassun.com /sunbin/stories/consumer/2003/apr/21/514974940.html (615 words)

	US Developing Lightweight Electromagnic Armor - Defence Talk - Defence Forum
		One is the electromagnetic field type, and the other one is a kind of "shape-memory" alloy, that is thin and lightweight until a charge is applied, at which point it increases in thickness to resist penetration.
		At cambridge theyve developed a Way to Remove Titanium by applying a Occilating Feild and passing a charge throguh the ore and removing Titanium from it, the MEthod has been patented by the US and the Brit Gov. the Electromegnetic thingi Highsea mentioned could be linked to this.
		Titanium produced by the process may be in the form of metal powder or sponge.
	www.defencetalk.com /forums/showthread.php?p=39990 (1571 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The principle reason for the great expense of titanium is that it is not refined electrolytically like aluminium but thermochemically.
		Known as the FFC Cambridge Process, it produces large quantities of cheap titanium powder.
		The aim of this project is to use this new powder to develop alloys for automotive applications so that the full potential of the new titanium reduction technologies can be realised.
	www.eng.uq.edu.au /thesispopup.asp?thesisid=328 (247 words)

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