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Topic: FGM

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	FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION FEMALE (CIRCUMCISION) IN AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND FAR EAST
		As noted above, FGM is a social custom, not a religious practice.
		FGM has probably been performed for at least 1,400 years (some references estimate 2,000 years), and started during what Muslims call "al-gahiliyyah" (the era of ignorance).
		The Health Minister of Egypt, Ismail Sallam, announced the ban on FGM in 1996-JUL. This was upheld by a junior administrative court in Cairo.
	www.religioustolerance.org /fem_cirm.htm (1749 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation - A Human Rights Information Pack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Where FGM is carried out as part of an initiation ceremony, as is the case in societies in eastern, central and western Africa, it is more likely to be carried out on all the girls in the community who belong to a particular age group.
		FGM is often deemed necessary in order for a girl to be considered a complete woman, and the practice marks the divergence of the sexes in terms of their future roles in life and marriage.
		FGM was practised by the minority Ethiopian Jewish community (Beta Israel), formerly known as Falasha, a derogatory term, most of whom now live in Israel, but it is not known if the practise has persisted following their emigration to Israel.
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm1.htm (3243 words)

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		FGM is primarily a social practice, not a religious one.
		For those who suffer infibulation – the severest form of FGM in which all external sexual organs are cut away – the trauma of recutting is repeated with each new birth to allow passage of the baby.
		Usually inflicted on girls aged 4 to 12, FGM is one of the worst violations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
	www.crescentlife.com /psychissues/fgm.htm (893 words)

	FGM Report 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		FGM is the only way to giving birth and that without it you are infertile.
		Within their smaller groups, the facilitators well taught on issue of FGM carefully made it known to the girls that FGM had no value and its end results were dangerous.
		As the year progressed it was important that the families preparing their children for FGM be approached and reached to try and give them information through dialogue hoping that in the process they will see sense and not let their children undergo circumcision.
	www.awomansvoice.org /nl1-2003-1.html (2420 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): Legal Prohibitions Worldwide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		FGM can be performed as early as infancy and as late as age thirty.
		Since FGM involves the removal of healthy sexual organs without medical necessity and is usually performed on adolescents and girls, often with harmful physical and psychological consequences, it violates the rights to non-discrimination, health, and bodily integrity.
		Although FGM is not undertaken with the intention of inflicting harm, its damaging physical, sexual, and psychological effects make it an act of violence against women and children.
	www.crlp.org /pub_fac_fgmicpd.html (742 words)

	United Nations - OCHA IRIN \| Web Special \| Razor's Edge - The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Although it is widely known that FGM can have devastating and harmful consequences for a woman throughout her life, because most communities practising it are very poor and do not have access to modern health facilities, medical emergencies arising from FGM are common, and often lead to death.
		FGM is also increasingly found in North America, Europe, New Zealand and Australia, owing to the large immigrant communities living in those parts of the world.
		FGM is a practice that violates the basic human rights of women and girls and seriously compromises their health.
	www.irinnews.org /webspecials/FGM (4359 words)

	PATH : Female Genital Mutilation – The Facts
		FGM has become an important issue in Australia, Canada, England, France, and the United States due to the continuation of the practice by immigrants from countries where FGM is common.
		Reasons for supporting FGM include the beliefs that it is a "good tradition", a religious requirement(s), or a necessary rite of passage to womanhood; that it ensures cleanliness or better marriage prospects, prevents promiscuity and excessive clitoral growth, preserves virginity, enhances male sexuality, and facilitates childbirth by widening the birth canal.
		FGM is still predominantly performed by "traditional" female circumcisers (91 percent in Côte d'Ivoire, 95 percent in Eritrea, and 88 percent in Mali).
	www.path.org /files/FGM-The-Facts.htm (3609 words)

	I. Laws/Enforcement in Countries where FGM is Commonly Practiced
		A law prohibiting FGM was enacted in 1996 and went into effect in February 1997.
		FGM was outlawed in the country’s revised Penal Code that went into effect in April 1995.
		FGM is illegal in Guinea under Article 265 of the Penal Code.
	www.state.gov /g/wi/rls/rep/9303.htm (2452 words)

	PRESS RELEASE FGM Selected for Consecutive "Great Places to Work" Awards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		FGM is highlighted in The Washingtonian's November 2003 cover story as one of 50 companies headquartered in the Washington, DC metropolitan area that offer "interesting work, stability, flexible work arrangements, better-than-average benefits, collegial staffs, opportunities for growth and learning, frequent feedback, respect for staff, and open management."
		FGM was "chosen because of its interesting work, good benefits, collegial staff, stability, employee development, and community involvement," wrote Sherri Dalphonse, Washingtonian Senior Editor, in her congratulatory letter to FGM.
		FGM is headquartered in Dulles, Virginia and has offices in Colorado Springs, Colorado; San Diego, California; and Honolulu, Hawaii.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=59211 (465 words)

	"); NewWindow.document.write("IRINnews"); NewWindow.document.write(" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		FGM is also blamed for the high female mortality rates that occur in Africa.
		The most severe form of FGM is infibulation, a practice performed in the Horn of Africa and in parts of southern Egypt, northern Nigeria and Mali, which involves removing the entire genitalia.
		FGM is most widespread in Djibouti and Somalia, with up to 98 percent of women undergoing it.
	www.irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=45980 (1358 words)

	CIRCUMCISION and FGM
		FGM is mostly done in unsanitary conditions in which a midwife uses unclean sharp instruments such as razor blades, scissors, kitchen knives, and pieces of glass.
		Long-term complications include sexual frigidity, genital malformation, delayed menarche, chronic pelvic complications, recurrent urinary retention and infection, and an entire range of obstetric complications whereas the fetus is exposed to a range of infectious diseases as well as facing the risk of having his or her head crushed in the damaged birth canal.
		Some people believe that FGM is a barbaric practice done to girls and women in some remote villages in foreign countries of the world.
	www.bettydodson.com /fgmintro.htm (985 words)

	AAP: MGM vs FGM
		FGM is endemic in poor societies where marriage is essential to the social and economic security for women.
		FGM becomes a physical sign of a woman's marriageability, with social control exercised over her sexual pleasure by clitorectomy and over reproduction by infibulation.
		FGM is most often performed between the ages of 4 and 10 years, although in some communities it may be practiced on infants or postponed until just before marriage.
	www.circumstitions.com /AAP.html (8887 words)

	In Focus: Speaking Out About FGM — teenwire.com
		FGM is performed on girls between the ages of four and 12.
		FGM is an extremely painful procedure that can cause infection and severe bleeding, and even lead to death.
		FGM is seen as a way of ushering a girl into womanhood, and sometimes girls who've gone through FGM look down on other girls who haven't had this "rite of passage." Human rights groups are trying to help communities that practice FGM find a different way to celebrate a girl's womanhood without causing her harm.
	www.teenwire.com /infocus/2003/if-20030401p065-FGM.php?print=yes (667 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation - A Human Rights Information Pack (1998) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		FGM is encouraged by parents and family members, who believe it will have beneficial consequences for the child in later life.
		FGM was recognized as a form of violence against women in the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women and in the UN Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.
		FGM is just one manifestation of gender-based human rights violations which aim to control women’s sexuality and autonomy, and which are common to all cultures.
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm4.htm (1398 words)

	Third World Women's Health: Female Genital Mutilation
		FGM is often associated with Islam, as some societies that practice FGM are Muslim and use religious sayings to support the practice.
		FGM is not practiced by the majority of Muslims, and some Christian, Jewish, and Animist societies do practice FGM.
		FGM, especially as practiced to control a woman's sexuality or to initiate a woman into strictly defined gender roles, is a violent method of socializing women into a subordinate role in society.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~haneydaw/twwh/fgm.html (2106 words)

	FGM Inc.
		FGM, Inc. ranked #37 by the General Services Administration (GSA) for IT Vendors Top 50 Cooperative Purchasing Sales as published in the URSA Year-end Report for YE2005.
		FGM is a three-time winner of the award and was selected for its excellence in the workplace from more than 225 candidates.
		FGM was awarded a 2-year contract from the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) to design and develop the next version of the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA).
	www.fgm.com /index1.cfm (273 words)

	FGM Fact Sheet
		An extreme form of many traditional practices used around the world to deny women independence and equality, FGM is defended in the cultures where it is practiced as a rite of passage and a social prerequisite of marriage.
		It is generally agreed that to be effective, approaches to ending FGM must be holistic and include education and outreach components as well as measures for legal protection and accountability.
		Laws prohibiting FGM have been passed in many African countries where FGM is practiced, as well as in European, North American and other countries that have immigrant communities from countries where FGM is practiced.
	www.equalitynow.org /english/campaigns/fgm/fgm-factsheet_en.html (456 words)

	FGM: A Reproductive Health Concern; Supplement to Population Reports, Series J, Number 41 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		FGM has traditionally been called "female circumcision." Recognition of its harmful physical, psychological, and human rights consequences, however, has led to use of the term "female genital mutilation," a term that more accurately describes the consequences of the procedure and distinguishes it from the much milder male circumcision.
		FGM is known to be practiced in one form or another in 28 nations in the African continent, in a few countries on the Arab Peninsula, among some minority communities in Asia, and among migrants from these areas who have settled in Europe, Australia, and North America (139, 213, 477).
		FGM also is thought to have been practiced at one time or other in many Western countries (213, 296, 547).
	www.infoforhealth.org /pr/j41/j41fgm.shtml (341 words)

	FGM
		FGM originated in Africa, where it was, and remains, a cultural, not a religious practice.
		FGM is practiced when the girls are young, they are unable to give their informed consent.
		FGM is mostly done in unsanitary conditions in which a midwife uses unclean sharp instruments such as razor blades,
	www.marshall.edu /rst/fgm.htm (3388 words)

	In Africa, FGM Checks into Hospitals
		The passage of laws against FGM made parents more circumspect, but did not necessarily change their minds about upholding the traditional procedure.
		Some of the traditional FGM practitioners who have disavowed the procedure now push for the immediate arrest and prosecution of any who are caught performing it, including physicians.
		Because young women in are increasingly reluctant to undergo the mutilation, the age at which they are forced to undergo the procedure has been dropping to between 6 and 10.
	www.womensenews.org /article.cfm/dyn/aid/2097/context/cover (763 words)

	FGM Distributors - for all your hospitality needs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		FGM Distributors provide quality and service for all your hospitality needs.
		FGM Distributors is a fully owned South Australian Company, with focus on customer service offering a wide range of quality products, from seafood and game to gourmet lines.
		FGM DISTRIBUTORS deliver widely throughout ALL AREAS of South Australia and also the cities of Mildura, Broken Hill and Alice Springs.
	www.fishgame.com.au (331 words)

	PRESS RELEASE FGM, Inc. Achieves CMM Level 2 Goal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		FGM's over 60% growth in both revenue and staff over the last three years makes this achievement particularly significant.
		FGM engineers took a bottom-up institutional development approach to improving software processes over the last two-plus years in concert with corporate goals for Software Process Improvement (SPI) and CMM related to corporate culture, product and process benefits, customer value, and business growth.
		Scott Gessay, FGM CEO said of the distinction, "Achieving CMM Level 2 acknowledges our process improvements to provide the most cost-effective, high-quality products and services in a manner that satisfies both our clients and staff, key elements of our goals to earn our reputation for excellence and to be a great place to work."
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=58754 (465 words)

	FGM going 'mainstream'
		"There is medicalisation of FGM (female genital mutilation) in the region, and this is jeopardising efforts to phase out FGM," Efua Dorkenoo, a public health officer and FGM activist from Ghana, said at a press conference.
		FGM involves the cutting away of part or all of a girl's genitalia.
		According to Amnesty International, the severest form of FGM is infibulation, where the clitoris and other parts of the anatomy are removed - and the remaining surfaces stitched together to leave a small hole for passing urine and menstrual blood.
	www.news24.com /News24/Africa/Features/0,6119,2-11-37_1539891,00.html (724 words)

	Network for Good :: FGM
		FGM is an invasive and painful surgical procedure that is usually performed without anesthetic on adolescent girls and under less than hygienic conditions.
		FGM has been practiced for several thousand years in almost 30 African and Middle Eastern nations.
		Because FGM is practiced when girls are young, they are unable to give their informed consent; thus, the international community recognizes FGM as a violation of fundamental human rights.
	www.networkforgood.org /hbo/fgm (437 words)

	Harmful Health Practices: Program Examples
		Its FGM eradication program began with research on FGM practices in Gambia; the results were used to create a curriculum for a restructured rite of passage ceremony called "Initiation Without Mutilation." Circumcisors and their assistants were trained to use the new curriculum.
		FGM was discussed not as a sexuality issue, but rather from the perspective of human rights and health, the latter quickly emerging as the most salient topic.
		Although efforts to stop FGM date back to efforts by the British Government of Uganda in the 1930s, intense work did not begin until the 1980s, when a cross-section of community members began to voice their concerns about the practice.
	www.rho.org /html/hthps_progexamples.htm (7117 words)

	SA-FGM
		FGM single axis fluxgate magnetometers are rugged, accurate, highly sensitive portable hand held instruments for measuring DC magnetic fields from 1 gamma (1 nTesla) to 2 Gauss.
		The wide frequency response of DC to 100 Hz (optional DC to 400 Hz) of the analog output allows the user to monitor fast moving magnetic signals and measure 50/60 Hz powerline fields.
		The superior stability, linearity, and accuracy of the FGM compared to Hall effect devices make it the only choice for precision high quality low-level magnetic field measurement and the best choice for general purpose magnetometer applications.
	www.walkerldjscientific.com /Products/Product_Lines/Magnetic_Measuring/Magnetometers/SA-FGM/sa-fgm.html (343 words)

	FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION
		Fran P. Hosken, who was temporary advisor on FGM to the WHO Seminar documents in The Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females case histories from most African countries where FGM is practiced, including the South of the Arab Peninsula.
		Recently FGM has been prohibited in Kenya by President arap Moi, and by leaders of many West African countries - but no preventive actions followed, except in Burkina Faso which started a national campaign in 1988.
		Most European countries have taken steps to prevent FGM which is classified as criminal child abuse in most of the world and cited as a human rights violation.
	www.feminist.com /resources/artspeech/inter/fgm.htm (849 words)

	Harmful Health Practices: Links
		Included in their website is a detailed "fact sheet" outlining the types of FGM, its global prevalence, complications, cultural insights, statistics, legislation, and references (www.path.org/resources/fgm_the_facts.htm).
		Project descriptions of "alternative rituals" to FGM and other project work in Kenya also are reported (www.path.org/resources/fgm_the_facts.htm).
		This government agency addresses women's issues, including FGM, within the context of "broader U.S. strategic, economic and diplomatic goals." Hence, this website includes a general report about FGM, U.S. government policy on the issue, and international ramifications of the practice, as well as 22 country-specific overviews, including information on relevant asylum cases and local organizations.
	www.rho.org /html/hthps_links.htm (1760 words)

	FGM Donor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The French registry for bone marrow transplants, FGM (France Greffe de Moelle), was founded in 1987.
		FGM received from the French Ministry of Health the mission to develop and manage a registry of voluntary donors linked to all the international donor registries for the benefit of national and international patients.
		Your registration on the FGM file is a voluntary and altruistic decision which can give a real hope of recovery to a patient.
	www.fgm.fr /6a1-WhyDevenirdonneur.htm (299 words)

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