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Topic: FM broadcasting

	FM Broadcasting History - Various Articles
		The commission's decision to abandon the number-letter FM calls was based on limitations discovered by the FM broadcasters themselves.
		So new broadcasters were assigned letters instead of figure combinations, and except for experimental stations have been receiving them ever since with letter prefixes denoting the countries in which the stations operated.
		With the exception of FM, all the services for which provision is made in today's report have allocations in other parts of the spectrum, and so are not wholly dependent on these final assignments.
	members.aol.com /jeff560/fm5.html (1527 words)

	FM character data multiplex broadcasting signal receiving apparatus - Patent 5740518
		An FM broadcasting signal carrying multiplex character data transmitted from a radio broadcasting station is automatically preset in an FM receiving apparatus.
		An FM broadcasting signal is received, and a frequency information of the received FM broadcasting signal is temporarily memorized in a memory.
		An FM broadcasting signal is supplied to the high frequency amplifier through the antenna 11, and is amplified therein.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5740518.html (4175 words)

	RSM ~ Licensing & Registration ~ General User Licences ~ Low Power FM Broadcasting Short Range Devices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A general user radio licence is granted for the transmission on the frequencies specified in the licence by means of radiocommunication transmitters intended for local-area broadcasting and known as "Lower Power FM Broadcasting Short Range Devices", or LPFM Broadcast, in accordance with the terms, conditions and restrictions of this notice.
		From 1 October 2003, within a 25km radius of any broadcast transmitter there must be no more than one low power FM transmitter broadcasting substantially the same programme (including simulcast or re-transmission) as that broadcast transmitter.
		Broadcast transmitter means a low power FM transmitter or any broadcast transmitter licensed pursuant to sections 48 or 116 of the Radiocommunications Act 1989.
	www.rsm.govt.nz /licensing/gurls/gurl-lpfmbc-2.html (500 words)

	The Boston Radio Archives: John Shepard's FM Stations
		Broadcasting the Yankee Network programs just as W1XOJ did, this new station would be capable of reaching a very underserved area of Northern New England, an audience he estimated at nearly a million people.
		While today we take FM for granted, it is interesting to recall that not so long ago, the jury was still out: people agreed that the sound quality was wonderful, but few realised that one day FM would become dominant and AM would recede in importance.
		We who live in New England are fortunate that we were on the cutting edge as FM grew; and no discussion of those formative years is complete without giving credit to John Shepard 3rd for his vision (and to his dedicated staff of engineers for their persistence in the face of overwhelming odds).
	www.bostonradio.org /essays/shepard-fm.html (1646 words)

	FM broadcasting in the USA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		FM radio, and later stereo FM radio, were both developed in the United States primarily by Edwin Armstrong.
		FM audio for television channel 6 is broadcast at a carrier frequency of 87.75 MHz, and many radios can tune down this low; a few low-power television stations licensed for channel 6 are operated solely for their right to use this frequency and broadcast only nominal video programming.
		FM broadcast zones in the U.S. The U.S. is divided into Zone I (roughly the northeastern quarter of the U.S. mainland, excluding the far northern areas), Zone I-A (California south of 40 degress latitude, U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico), and Zone II (all other locations).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_the_USA (1265 words)

	Sterling Communications, Inc. - Commercial vs. Non-Commercial FM Broadcasting
		Most people do not realize that Non-commercial FM stations are very similar in practice except that all of their income is turned back into the corporation for station growth, upgrades, repairs, salaries, etc. so that the station will never realize a profit.
		Non -comms differ from commercial FM stations primarily in that they are not permitted to accept revenue in exchange for broadcasting "spots" (announcements advertising goods and services), yet they may charge for broadcasting programs.
		The licensee of a non-commercial educational FM station is expected to provide a broadcast schedule that is "non-commercial".
	www.christianradio.com /sterling/answers.html (1280 words)

	Low Power FM Radio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Currently, in most circumstances, commercial FM radio stations will be licensed only if they could operate at a power of 6000 watts without causing interference at the selected location and channel, although in some circumstances stations may be permitted to go on the air with as little as 100 watts
		The FCC’s licensing scheme additionally prevents broadcast operations which may cause interference with other spectrum-based services, and provides a means of insuring that radio station towers and operations do not affect the safety of the nation's air travel.
		As a result, FM stations have a service area within which their signals are "protected" from interference by other stations.
	www.panaxis.com /lpfmfaq.html (2175 words)

	MULTIPLEXED FM BROADCASTING
		It is now possible for any FM broadcaster to purchase and install at his transmitter a relatively simple piece of equipment, about the size of a single amplifier panel, which in effect gives his station two completely independent channels.
		The normal FM channel can be used in the regular way to transmit aural programs with complete freedom from interference between that transmission and audio or facsimile modulation on the second channel.
		Multiplex operation unties the hands of the FM broadcaster who is interested in any of these three supplementary aural services, by letting him plan two programs in such a way as to give optimum performance to each group of listeners.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/ggninfo/85.htm (949 words)

	FM antennas and radiation
		In FM the distance to the service contour is controlled mainly by the height of the antenna above ground (elevation above average terrain), ERP and lack of intervening obstacles.
		When small FM radiators are mounted a few feet from the face of a tower the original basically circular pattern of the FM radiator will be distorted by reradiation and reflections from the tower.
		Another point of difference between AM and FM broadcasting is the amount of horizontal real estate required by an FM antenna regardless of whether it is nondirectional or highly directional.
	beradio.com /transmission/radio_fm_antennas_radiation (1096 words)

	Beehive.govt.nz - Further allocations of FM broadcasting frequencies
		By holding on to remaining upper FM frequencies the government has the ability to respond flexibly to broadcasters’ demands once the precise nature and extent of the use by the four priority services is known (the Pacific radio network, National Radio FM frequencies, Concert FM and potential use by a national Maori radio network).
		The government has also agreed that the low power FM band, which is used for local FM broadcasting, will continue to be managed through a general user radio licence.
		However the low power FM broadcasters are not guaranteed exclusivity of use or protection from interference, and the necessary power restriction causes them to have a much lower audience reach than a normal high power service.
	www.beehive.govt.nz /ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=16868 (702 words)

	Audio Division Home Page Broadcast Radio (FCC) USA
		FM Translator and Booster Rules in Part 74 may also be retrieved in this manner.
		For FM or TV allotment rulemaking requests, you can use the FM Query or the TV Query to locate the name of the proponent, then search for that name in the PRM output using the Find or Search-In-Page function of your browser.
		FM commercial and noncommercial educational minor change applications for construction permit will not be accepted during the Auction No. 68 application filing window, November 6 to 13, 2006.
	www.fcc.gov /mb/audio (1792 words)

	FM/AM Stereo receiver - Patent 4388496 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In the RF FM stereo signal, a main carrier of a radio frequency (a frequency in an FM broadcasting frequency band ranging from 88.0 to 108.0 MHz in U.S.A. and 76.0 to 90.0 MHz in Japan) is frequency modulated by a composite stereo signal.
		The IF FM stereo signal and the frequency-multiplied IF AM stereo signal thus selectively provided via the movable contact c of the switch 10 are supplied to a limiter 11 which is similar to that employed in an ordinary FM stereo receiver and amplitude limits an input signal.
		The limiter 11 and the FM demodulator 12 are employed in both cases of reproducing the stereo signal of the FM stereo broadcasting by the FM stereo receiving system and the stereo signal of the AM stereo broadcasting by the AM stereo receiving system.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4388496.html (5734 words)

	FM broadcasting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The frequency of an FM broadcast station (more strictly its assigned nominal centre frequency) is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz.
		A commercially unsuccessful noise reduction system used with FM radio in some countries during the late 1970s, it used a modified 25 µs pre-emphasis time constant and a frequency selective companding arrangement to reduce noise.
		In the early 1960s, several systems to add stereo to FM radio were considered by the FCC, including one submitted by E. Armstrong, the inventor of FM, which avoided many of the problems that have haunted the Zenith-GE pilot tone multiplex system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/FM_broadcasting (2385 words)

	AM and FM Broadcasting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This is frequency modulatiion of the rope (FM).
		Because FM signals can maintain a large amplitude, low volume sounds are not eliminated by static.
		When the radio is a great distance from the station, the complex FM signal is too messed up to receive while the simple AM signal can still be `interpreted.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/phy00/phy00168.htm (500 words)

	FM broadcasting, antennas, radio communications, broadband fm amplifier, stereo coders.
		FM broadcasting, antennas, radio communications, broadband fm amplifier, stereo coders.
		Excellent line of low cost FM stereo transmitters and amplifiers for short and long range applications as well as filters, antennas, power meters and power supplies.
		FM broadcasting, antennas, radio communications, broadband fm amplifier, stereo coders, Excellent line of low cost FM stereo transmitters and amplifiers for short and long range applications as well as filters, antennas, power meters and power supplies.
	www.fmamplifiers.com /m/transmitters.html (258 words)

	Better FM
		Compared to "ancient modulation", FM broadcasting is supposed to suppress static and eliminate heterodynes from adjacent stations.
		These claims may be true, but I’ve consistently experienced problems listening to FM broadcasts in most places I’ve lived.
		Most places I have lived are near population centers, with plenty of stations squeezed into the FM broadcast band.
	home.computer.net /~pritch/betterfm.htm (1854 words)

	FM Broadcasting Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Commercial FM broadcasting is authorized to begin on this date on 42 to 50 MHz (although five frequencies are reserved for educational broadcasting).
		FM magazine reports, "Zenith Radio Corporation, operating W51C, has received a letter from a listener in Monterey, Mexico, telling of daily reception of this station between 3:00 P. and 6:00 P. This is the greatest distance, 1,100 airline miles, from which consistent reception of the 50 kw.
		FM stereo broadcasting is authorized to begin; on this date the FCC received its first notifications of such regular operation, from WEFM Chicago and WGFM Schenectady.
	members.aol.com /jeff560/chronofm.html (3818 words)

	The Hindu : Changes in FM broadcasting policy suggested
		Favouring FDI up to 26 per cent in FM broadcasting — be it news or entertainment — the task force has recommended "safeguards'' akin to those applicable to newspapers and news channels with foreign investment.
		Also, as with newspapers and news channels having foreign investment, the equity held by the largest Indian shareholder group should be at least 51 per cent of the equity excluding the share held by public sector banks and public financial institutions.
		As for revenue sharing — the bane of those running FM stations today — the recommendation is for a telecom-style arrangement wherein four per cent of the gross revenue goes to the Government with the proviso that the quantum that can be reviewed every five years.
	www.hindu.com /2003/11/18/stories/2003111802841300.htm (282 words)

	low power fm,lpfm
		Thousands of people, organizations and public service groups will have an opportunity to apply for, and operate their own FM broadcasting station, serving their local community.
		Since the mandate of the new service is that new broadcasters enter the airwaves, there will be many who know little (if anything) about broadcasting in general, and LPFM in particular.
		Our mission is to make available as much good information as possible, so that you can make an informed decision as to whether to apply for one of these new licenses, and if you get one, how to go about getting it built and how to operate it properly and follow the law.
	www.lpfm.com (448 words)

	FM Broadcasting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		FM techniques had been widely discussed in pre- and wartime years.
		Therefore, they were forced to consider FM (UKW) broadcasting, as no one had put forward any claims in to this direction.
		The British by then had not even decided whether they would utilize FM or AM modulation on their future VHF broadcasting network.
	www.xs4all.nl /~aobauer/fm_broadcasting.htm (131 words)

	DXing.info :: Radio Broadcasting in Cambodia
		Whilst in South Asia, I gained an appreciation of current HF broadcasting in the countries of the region, which continues to show steady decline in favour of more efficient and effective delivery over medium-wave and VHF-FM facilities.
		FM broadcasting is modest, with several private stations in operation in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
		By world standards, radio broadcasting in Cambodia is quite small, and the HF service would appear to be very nearly extinct.
	www.dxing.info /articles/cambodia.dx (1185 words)

	WPSU TV/FM - Penn State Public Broadcasting
		Through WPSU TV and FM, along with the creative services of Media Solutions and the marketing and distribution services of Media Sales, Penn State Public Broadcasting meets its mission and enriches the quality of life for all of its diverse audiences.
		Penn State station WDFM began broadcasting as an FM station on an assigned frequency of 91.1 megacycles with a maximum power of 250 watts.
		Corporation for Public Broadcasting created a separate entity called the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) to manage the interconnection of stations to determine which programs would be sent out nationally.
	www.wpsu.org /about/history.html (975 words)

	"OCTODE" Ltd., FM broadcasting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In accordance with the licences for broadcasting audio programmes (see section "Licences") the Octode Ltd carries out broadcasting on eight frequencies in FM bands.
		The radius of the coverage zone in these bands is about 50 - 70 km that allows to ensure a reliable reception of the broadcasted programmes in Moscow and significant part of Moscow region.
		A list of the Octode Ltd technical facilities for FM broadcasting with operating frequencies and broadcasted programmes is given below.
	www.octode.ru /ENGLISH/BROADCASTING/FMMWDVB/FM.html (232 words)

	iBiquity Digital Corporation - HD Radio
		HD Radio broadcasting is dramatically higher quality audio, far more programming choice and compelling new wireless data services brought to you by your local AM and FM radio stations.
		Today, thousands of radio stations are upgrading their broadcast technology; hundred are currently broadcasting with digital HD Radio technology, with many also offering new HD2 multicast channels.
		And, FM HD Radio stations are starting to “multicast,” offering more than one stream.
	www.ibiquity.com /hd_radio (423 words)

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