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Topic: FM synthesis

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Sound synthesis

Phase distortion synthesis

Casio CZ synthesizers

Physical modelling synthesis

Frequency modulation

YM2612

Yamaha AN1x

Electronic musical instrument

Yamaha DX7

ADSR

New England Digital

Bessel function

Drum machine

Harmonic series

Korg M1

	FM-Alive What is FM
		FM involves putting two "pure" sound waves together in such a way that what you hear is not the original waves but the mix - or modulation.
		FM synthesis is the fl art of organising several sets (six in the DX7) of modulated waves to produce musically pleasing sounds.
		Frequency modulation synthesis is a very flexible and economical way of creating a wide variety of timbres that avoids having to build sounds by directly mixing each individual frequency (otherwise called additive synthesis) or by removing unwanted frequencies by filtering them (aka subtractive synthesis - as used in analog synths).
	www.fm-alive.com /pages/WhatisFM.aspx (1844 words)

	Frequency modulation synthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frequency modulation synthesis (or FM synthesis) is a form of audio synthesis where the timbre of a simple waveform is changed by frequency modulating it with a modulating frequency that is also in the audio range, resulting in a more complex waveform and a different-sounding tone.
		As a result, FM synthesis was the basis of some of the early generations of digital synthesizers from Yamaha, with Yamaha's flagship DX7 synthesizer being ubiquitous throughout the 1980s.
		FM synthesis is a form of "distortion synthesis" or "nonlinear synthesis".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis (747 words)

	Review of Native Instruments FM7 and FM8
		FM synthesis is at its core a process where sine waves (the most pure, bassy waveform in the sonic universe) are added together to come up with instrument sounds.
		FM was thin, sterile, cheesy sounding, cold, and though hundreds of programmers tried passionately to get FM to sound analog, or even warm, it was generally a lost cause.
		FM synthesis is not as straightforward as Analog synthesis.
	www.tweakheadz.com /review_of_the_fm7_softsynth.htm (1436 words)

	Music synthesis approaches sound quality of real instruments
		Now, just as the FM synthesis patent has expired, a new and improved synthesis technique developed by his colleague Julius O. Smith III is providing the basis for a new generation of sophisticated electronic synthesizers.
		With the growth of "multimedia" in the computer world, Yamaha FM synthesis chips have found their way into a large number of the sound boards that give personal computers the ability to reproduce voices and music.
		Essentially, FM synthesis approximates musical sounds by attempting to reproduce the manner in which their strength varies with frequency.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/pr/94/940607Arc4222.html (1856 words)

	Digital Music online course - Basic Frequency Modulation Synthesis Technique
		FM, short for Frequency Modulation, was invented in the late 1960s by the composer John Chowning.
		FM synthesis is based on the same principles used for FM radio trasmission.
		The FM theory provides a useful tool for the control of the number of audible sideband components and their respective amplitudes: the modulation index, represented as i.
	x.i-dat.org /~csem/UNESCO/5/index.html (1349 words)

	Digital Sound Synthesis Using FM
		One early idea behind many analog synthesis techniques was to take a source signal, either a recorded sound or one generated using oscillators, and to filter this signal, perhaps providing a feedback loop to control the generated signal.
		In subtractive synthesis, this source is used to produce a sample containing all of the harmonic content necessary for the final output.
		FM is a way of generating a good initial sound, but as you may have gatherered from listening to the samples, it produces a characteristic "metallic" sound.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~mphoenix/dss/dss.html (2472 words)

	FM synthesis on SND
		FM is one of the pillars of CCRMA and was the underlying technology for a very successful synthesizer manufactured by Yamaha and known as the DX-7 during the 1980's.
		FM at its core is a simple and powerful method for creating and controlling complex spectra and is also categorized as a worshiping method of audio synthesis.
		Synthesis of audio by means of Frequency Modulation and its relatives is still a powerful method for generating complex spectra.
	ccrma.stanford.edu /guides/planetccrma/FM.html (2383 words)

	mpc \| Features \| Keyboard \| FM Synthesis
		The Sound of Simple FM The FM abilities of the Soundforum synthesizer are nowhere near as sophisticated as those of the good old DX7 and its successors.
		By tweaking the relationship of frequencies between the two (in FM theory this is called the ratio).
		The FM knob is automated by the envelope, so the modulation cycle becomes shorter and shorter as the decay value decreases.
	www.phaz.mc /edu/electroacoustique/synthese/Synthe/html/FM.html (1248 words)

	Synthesis - DNBWiki
		Frequency modulation synthesis is performed by controlling the frequency of an oscillator (called the carrier) with the amplitude of another oscillator (called the modulator).
		FM synthesis was discovered by John Chowning at Stanford University while fiddling with vibrato at extreme settings.
		The "classical" form of additive synthesis, still used on some synthesizers, may be called "harmonic synthesis." Here the sources added together are simple waves (for example, sine waves) and are in the simple frequency ratios of the harmonic series.
	www.dnbwiki.com /index.php/Synthesis (759 words)

	Brook Reeder, CCRMA, Stanford University
		To build an FM synthesis interface in PD required a working knowledge of the subtleties of FM, and for that I turned to Dr. John Chowning's book on the subject, "FM Theory and Applications." This book introduced the topic from the ground up by way of the 30 odd algorithms used in the DX7 synthesizer.
		FM is a very inexpensive synthesis method, as the spectrum of the sound created by only two oscillators can be quite complex.
		One of the characteristics of FM I became familiar with during this project was the pitch-sensitive nature of frequency modulation.
	ccrma-www.stanford.edu /~breeder/220a/final-proj.html (1975 words)

	All You Want To Know About FM Synthesis
		Proper and complex FM synthesis that uses analog oscillator is not generally feasible due to the presence of inherent pitch instability.
		FM synthesis was first discovered somewhere in the year of 1967 or 1968 at Stanford University by John Chowning.
		FM synthesis is now a common part of the synthesis collection of most of the modern synthesizers.
	ezinearticles.com /?All-You-Want-To-Know-About-FM-Synthesis&id=836201 (801 words)

	Editorial: FM Synthesis is dead
		But FM synthesis is only one method of generating sounds, and is not a particularly realistic method.
		Wavetable synthesis also provides an opportunity for a larger variety of sounds, since any sound can be made available simply by providing "samples", unlike FM which can only create certain types of sounds based on the physical acoustics of FM sound modeling.
		Thanks to wavetable synthesis, they have an entire orchestra at their finger tips, and are able to embark on adventures in learning or creating music, as well as hear full cinematic scores with their favorite games.
	www.midi.org /newsviews/fm.shtml (708 words)

	Tutorial on MIDI and Music Synthesis
		FM synthesis techniques generally use one periodic signal (the modulator) to modulate the frequency of another signal (the carrier).
		Sophisticated FM systems may use 4 or 6 operators per voice, and the operators may have adjustable envelopes which allow adjustment of the attack and decay rates of the signal.
		Although FM systems were implemented in the analog domain on early synthesizer keyboards, modern FM synthesis implementations are done digitally.
	www.harmony-central.com /MIDI/Doc/tutorial.html (10219 words)

	Types of Synthesis - The Sonic Spot
		RM synthesis is used by Vocoders which are often used to effect a human voice's sound signal to create a "robotic" sounding variation.
		Wavetable synthesis in the form of envelopes and modulators are often combined with AM synthesis to add some variation to otherwise repetitive sounding output.
		Synthesis is accomplished by simulating the physical properties of a real or fictitious musical instrument mathmatically by defining exciters and resonators.
	www.sonicspot.com /guide/synthesistypes.html (983 words)

	FM synthesis@Everything2.com
		FM synthesis was discovered by John Chowning at Stanford University in the sixties.
		This means it's possible to use FM synthesis on analogue synthesizers, but you'd quickly run out of components when trying to make complex sounds and voltage controlled oscillators probably wouldn't be stable enough.
		Usually the sounds produced by FM synthesis are not very musical sounding, as the frequencies of the side bands produced aren't multiples of the fundamental harmonic (ie the note you're actually playing).
	www.everything2.com /?node_id=974338 (285 words)

	Is is just me or does FM synthesis suck? - Jordan Rudess' Community Forums
		Basically FM stands for frequency modulation, and the way it produces sound is by multiplying 2 waves together to get a new wave.
		FM is of course very tricky to program, because it can be very unpredictable and most of the parameters dont have effects as "obvious" as say the filter cutoff on a subtractive synth.
		That is why FM is largely misunderstood and subsequently why in the heyday of FM, most people just relied on the presets (like the infamous DX ep sound).
	www.jordanrudess.com /forum/showthread.php?t=4211 (972 words)

	Advanced Sound-Synthesis in OSW
		In frequency-modulation (FM) synthesis, the frequency parameter f(n) is an oscillator, as illustrated in the simple FM tutorial patch.
		In wavetable synthesis, a small waveform is stored in a table, which in OSW can be either a Table or SampleBuffer, and treated as a single period of a repeating waveform.
		Granular synthesis is an alternative to additive synthesis that is based on a theory developed by Gabor [Roads 1988].
	osw.sourceforge.net /html/advanced.html (2626 words)

	KVR: FM synthesis / Analog synthesis sound/technology difference?
		A 3 osc analog subtractive with FM routings is an FM synth.
		More complex FM setups rapidly increase the complexity of the relationships among the partials, true, but even so, this isn't as fundamental a difference from analog subtractive as it might seem at first.
		Yes, you can do FM on an analog synth, but the number components you would have to wire together for a good FM synth is just ridiculous, and there are also issues with the tolerance of electrical components, so it is rarely done.
	www.kvraudio.com /forum/viewtopic.php?p=2195779 (2182 words)

	Sound, synthesis and audio reproduction: Sound synthesis
		Synthesis products are invariably used by people with little technical background and even with such knowledge, people lack interest in tinkering with obscure settings for hours to produce the instrument they want.
		FM is very easy whereas serious physical modelling can kill any machine), the kinds of sounds the algorithm can produce without requiring extensive modification and/or tuning, the ease of controlling the algorithm (i.e.
		The idea behind FM synthesis is that quite rich and deliciously time‐variable timbres can be created by modulating the frequency of a carrier sine oscillator by another, the modulator.
	www.helsinki.fi /~ssyreeni/dsound/dsound-c-07 (11269 words)

	DLN Sound - About KFM
		FM (frequency modulation) synthesis was made famous by the Yamaha DX7, and is arguably the most successful and sought after technique in the history of sound synthesis.
		Also, FM synthesis provides a refreshingly broad timbral palette, ranging from emulated acoustic instruments to avant-garde, techno or spacey sounds.
		No wonder that FM synthesis, after twenty years of duty, is still in the centre of the music community's attention.
	www.dlnsound.com /aboutkfm.htm (669 words)

	Modulation
		Most people remember FM synths because of the bell-like textures it produced, and especially for its Rhodes-like electric piano sounds, but for me it was the bass sounds that shone out from the rest.
		Without going in-depth into FM synthesis and the use of its technical terms, it can basically be described as the output produced when one operator modulates the frequency of another.
		PD synthesis and FM synthesis, as used in Yamaha's DX range, were often lumped into the same category, and although they use similar synthesis techniques, they are most certainly very different beasts.
	www.analoguesque.com /modsynthesis.htm (4721 words)

	220a Final Project - FMSynth
		FM (Frequency Modulation) synthesis is a type of audio synthesis where the frequency of one waveform is modulated by the output of another waveform.
		In a typical FM synthesis configuration, we play different notes by setting the frequencies (before modulation) of our operators at ratios of the frequencies of each note.
		Wavetable synthesis is used instead of direct sine wave generation to reduce the computation needed to generate the sine waves.
	ccrma-www.stanford.edu /~seanbrat/220a/final-proj.html (898 words)

	FM addiction? - Synth Zone BBS
		FM is for people, who like to use their head, or simply don't expect instant results.
		FM patches can be very expressive to play responding dynamically to velocity unlike most other synths.
		FM is very unique and when run through effects is capable of great sounds.
	www.synthzone.com /ubbs/Forum1/HTML/003020.html (2017 words)

	O'Reilly -- Fee, Fi, Fo, FM: Explore the World of FM Synthesis
		FM synths were popping up in garage sales and at flea markets.
		Modern FM synths include resonant filters and a choice of waveforms, which allows them to produce many of the timbres associated with analog synthesis.
		In FM, one simple sound--often a sine wave, which is the simplest sound of all--is used to modulate (alter) another equally simple sound.
	digitalmedia.oreilly.com /2006/04/12/fm-synthesis-tutorial.html (1158 words)

	Square One: FM Basic Training
		FM synthesis, in a rather limited form, is possible with voltage-controlled analog synthesizers.
		The sound of FM with a slowly increasing index is distinctive, resembling an elaborate crossfade between the sine-wave carrier and a number of partials above and below it.
		Whether FM synthesis is in fashion or not, it has great potential for producing interesting sounds, and every synthesist should be acquainted with it.
	emusician.com /news/emusic_square_one_fm (2566 words)

	[No title]
		Yamaha-style FM is actually not frequency modulation but phase modulation: This produces similar sounds by modifying the read position in one oscillator by the output of another.
		I think anyone trying all the classic FM examples hoping to get a tone usable in their music will be disappointed pretty quickly-- these are more of a sort of proof of FM versatility than they are pleasant instrument sounds.
		One advantage of FM synthesis is that you can give the snare a little more pop than with conventional additive synthesis.
	www.gorenfeld.net /lou/fmguide.txt (2418 words)

	CS4117: Synthesis Overview
		The idea behind FM synthesis is that quite rich and deliciously time-variable timbres can be created by modulating the frequency of a carrier sine oscillator by another, the modulator.
		However, since the synthesis procedure bears absolutely no resemblance to the formation of sound in nature, the method is poorly suited to general simulation of acoustical instruments.
		An excellent example is FM synthesis: certain inharmonic sounds such as bell and tube sounds are amazingly well reproduced, as well as completely new synthetic sounds.
	www.csis.ul.ie /ccmcm/cs4117/synth0.htm (10093 words)

	FM Synthesis
		A basic FM patch, consisting of two sinusoidal oscillators (a ``modulator'' and a ``carrier'' oscillator) can synthesize a useful approximation to a formant group in a harmonic line spectrum.
		In straight additive synthesis, a bound on the number of oscillators needed is given by the upper band-limit divided by the fundamental frequency, which could be, for a strongly projecting deep male voice, on the order of
		For FM brass, the FM index is made proportional to carrier amplitude, thus yielding a dynamic brightness variation with amplitude that sound consistently ``brassy''.
	ccrma.stanford.edu /~jos/sasp/FM_Synthesis.html (323 words)

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