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	FNLA (Angola) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Led by Holden Roberto, the FNLA evolved from the Uniao das Populacoes do Norte de Angola, which was formed in 1957 and, as the title suggests, was predominantly a northern based party with an ethnic base among the Bakongo people.
		During the final stages of the war against the Portuguese (and the MPLA) in 1975, the FNLA formed a shaky alliance with UNITA, announcing the formation of the Democratic Republic of Angola.
		FNLA (Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola, or National Front for the Liberation of Angola) comes fourth in the present Angolan Parliament with its 5 MPs.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ao}fnla.html (446 words)

	National Liberation Front of Angola - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		FNLA was founded in 1957 as União das Populações do Norte de Angola (Union of the Populations of Northern Angola).
		FNLA was one of the three national liberation movements which fought against Portuguese colonial rule in Angola.
		The FNLA received the support of the People's Republic of China and Zaire but by the late 1970s they had withdrawn their military aid as the FNLA had been crushed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Angola (332 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The National Front for the Liberation of Angola - FNLA- was founded on March 27, 1962, by two Angolan political parties: the Union of Populations of Angola (UPA) and the Democratic Party of Angola (PDA).
		The National Council was the supreme organ of the FNLA and defined its political objectives while the GRAE was an organ in charge of applying the decisions of the National Council.
		The FNLA was thus, through one of its components the UPA, the first Angolan liberation movement to take up arms against Portuguese colonialism in Angola and the last to put its weapons down.
	www.fnla-angola.org /english/historical.htm (2463 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Cabinda in Angola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		FNLA was a significant actor in the struggle for independence for Angola.
		The FNLA was supported early on by the U.S., Zaire, China and North Korea.
		FNLA had essentially become a non-actor, though its exiled leader (Holden Roberto) returned when parties were legalized and was a candidate for president in 1992.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=54003 (3249 words)

	Portugal Angola War 1961-1975
		The president of the FNLA, Holden Roberto, declared his organization to be the sole authority in charge of anti-Portuguese military operations inside Angola.
		Initially based in Kinshasa, as was the FNLA, in 1963 the MPLA shifted its headquarters to Brazzaville (in present-day Congo) because of the FNLA leader's close ties to Zairian president Mobutu Sese Seko.
		The FNLA settled into a mountain stronghold straddling the border of Uíge and Zaire provinces and continued to carry on guerrilla activities.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/alpha/angola1961.htm (1574 words)

	Angola - Erstwhile Opposition: FLEC and the FNLA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		After losing to the MPLA in the civil war, the FNLA retreated to its traditional refuge in Zaire and continued to wage a low-level insurgency.
		However, in 1978 Zaire withdrew its support of the FNLA as part of the Angolan-Zairian accord signed in the wake of the second invasion of Shaba Province.
		FNLA remnants formed the Military Council of Angolan Resistance (Conselho Militar de Resistência Angolana--Comira) in August 1980 to replace the moribund movement.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-672.html (403 words)

	Angolan War of Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), led by Holden Roberto, were another front with a power base in the north and ties to the United States and Algeria.
		The FNLA received funding from the Organization of African Unity and Zaire.
		On June 28, 1976 the trial of some FNLA mercenaries came to an end.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence (887 words)

	ANGOLA UNRAVELS
		South African and Zairean troops withdrew, and the MPLA was able to form a single-party socialist government, which gained widespread diplomatic recognition, although not from the U.S. or South Africa.
		UNITA and the FNLA then joined forces against the MPLA.
		UNITA was initially driven out of its headquarters in Huambo and its forces scattered and driven into the bush.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/angola/Angl998-03.htm (1331 words)

	Nyhamar: Transitions to Democracy
		The FNLA made an attempt to seize power in November 1974, but were persuaded by President Kenyatta of Kenya to return to the negotiations leading to the Alvor Accord.
		Since the FNLA counted on a swift victory, it is not possible to determine whether they preferred the mutual democracy outcome to the civil war outcome.
		FNLA was not a unitary actor in a trivial sense because of the game between leader and followers, but the organisation had the ability to formulate collective interests and to act strategically to pursue them.
	www.gmu.edu /academic/pcs/nymamar.html (10472 words)

	AngolaPress - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Luanda, 03/15- The president of the oposition FNLA party, Alvaro Holden Roberto, on Tuesday, in Luanda, appealed to the government to create the necessary conditions so that the general elections may take place as soon as possible.
		Holden Roberto was speaking at his party`s commemoration act of the 44th anniversary of the start of the armed struggle against colonialism, which FNLA celebrates on 15 March, having deplored the degrading social conditions of the populations, whose solutions to the problem, he defends, should come from a popular consultation.
		The historical leader of FNLA also addressed serious criticisms to the government for the current deplorable situation, and asked for the taking of concrete actions that are capable of changing the present situation, which is characterised by extreme poverty, absence of love for others and solidarity.
	www.angolapress-angop.ao /noticia-e.asp?ID=326695 (334 words)

	Angola - HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The FNLA and UNITA, recognizing that their separate military forces were not strong enough to fight the MPLA, formed an alliance and withdrew their ministers from the provisional government in Luanda, heralding full-scale civil war.
		The FNLA and UNITA announced a separate regime with headquarters in the southern city of Huambo and called their territory the Democratic People's Republic of Angola.
		By February 1976, the FNLA and its mercenaries had been defeated in northern Angola; under international pressure, South African troops had withdrawn into Namibia; and the MPLA was in control in Cabinda.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/angola/HISTORY.html (17396 words)

	SADOCC - News - Opposition FNLA near reunification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Angola's opposition FNLA party secretary general Ngola Kabango said Thursday, January 20, in Luanda that political leaders from the two factions led by Holden Roberto and Lucas Ngonda respectively are busy working for reunification.
		To this end, he announced that FNLA will duly submit to the Angolan Government a programme outlining the priorities that includes de-mining, repair of bridges and roads with a view to facilitating circulation throughout the country and boost agricultural production.
		Historic FNLA which with the support of Zaire’s then dictatur Mobutu has fought the MPLA government split into two factions in 1998, following a reform movement led by sociologist Lucas Ngonda that culminated in his election into the party leadership, which was rejected by veteran Holden Roberto and his aides.
	www.sadocc.at /news/2003-077.shtml (279 words)

	[No title]
		The FNLA was founded in 1954 by Holden Roberto, and the group consisted of about 700,000 Bakongo tribal members.
		Then a shipload of personnel carriers and rifles was sent to both FNLA and UNITA troops at the end of August.
		Threatened by the FNLA and UNITA, the MPLA turned to the Soviet Union and Cuba.
	www.angelfire.com /ca3/jphuck/Book16Ch.23.html (1616 words)

	allAfrica.com: Angola: FNLA Central Committee Threatens to Sue Party Leader (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Some 240 of the opposition FNLA 321-member Central Committee on Monday considered here, the possibility of taking a legal action against the organisation's historical leader Holden Roberto and his followers, in case they insist in organising actions on behalf of the party.
		This intention comes on a statement approved at the end of a meeting that analysed the party's internal situation and outlined proposals for the holding of an extraordinary congress, as agreed upon at the meeting held in October 2004.
		According to the document, the current crisis in FNLA is due to Holden Roberto's unwillingness to follow the deliberations of last year's ordinary congress, in which was decided that an extraordinary congress would take place ten months after that, for the election of a new leadership.
	allafrica.com /stories/200510110691.html (295 words)

	Angola since 1961
		The leaders of the FNLA were, however, not satisfied with the US support, consequently their “foreign minister”, Jonas Savimbi, established good connections to China, from where even larger shipments started arriving.
		Consequently, even if the FNLA and the Zaireans were so poorly trained that they could not properly look even for their most basic weapons, they managed to fled back to Zaire.
		The defeat of the FNLA or the Zaireans was not yet obvious when the South Africans have already brought a decision to intervene in Angola.
	www.acig.org /artman/publish/printer_181.shtml (8862 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Angola - ANGOLAN INSURGENCY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Initially based in Kinshasa, as was the FNLA/GRAE, in 1963 the MPLA shifted its headquarters to Brazzaville (in present-day Congo) because of Roberto's close ties to Zairian president Mobutu Sese Seko.
		Hampered by insufficient financial assistance, the insurgents were unable to maintain offensive operations against a fully equipped Portuguese military force that had increased to a strength of more than 40,000.
		The FNLA settled into a mountain stronghold straddling the border of Uíge and Zaire provinces and continued to carry on guerrilla activities.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/angola/29.php (630 words)

	Analysis: Angola, A Bio-Sketch of Dr. Jonas Malheiro Savimbi
		FNLA took up arms to overthrow colonialism and an uprising swept northern Angola beginning on March 15, 1961.
		Savimbi left the FNLA when he failed to either win its closed leadership to the need to move inside the country and share weal and woe with fighters and population or convince it of the necessity of unity with the NWLA, the other main nationalist force.
		By March, the MPLA and the FNLA were having artillery duels in the streets of the capital.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/bf9f69595fab8af0c1256541005083b6 (1524 words)

	IPRI—Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais
		In an attempt to counter Ghanaian claims that the FNLA ‘was an instrument of the Americans’, a GRAE document of 1965 suggested ironically that ‘the Americans, true masters of Angola, would hardly need four, five or six years (or more) of armed fighting against themselves to substitute Angolan puppets for Portuguese fascists’.
		In funding the FNLA, Kissinger was signaling the Soviet Union that the United States had taken note of Moscow’s support to the MPLA and that it did not approve.
		Kissinger himself argued, not quite as convincingly perhaps, that the January aid to the FNLA was good only ‘...to buy bicycles, paper clips etc...’, and that it was essentially not for military purposes.
	www.ipri.pt /artigos/artigo.php?ida=5 (6618 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		To the north, the forces of the FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola) under Holden Roberto are gathering and are a mere 75 miles from Luanda.
		Luandan's, loyal to the MPLA woke to the shock of the news that the UNITA forces had captured the towns of Senta Comba and Quibala, both strategically situated towns in the undulating and rocky hills that separate the coast area from the upper plateau of the interior.
		The FNLA is strong in the beginning but peters out pretty quickly as the supply seems to slow down to a trickle.
	grognard.com /reviews1/angola1.txt (3578 words)

	Angola 1975-1980s KH
		Yet, in the long history of American interventions it would be difficult to find one more pointless or with less to gain for the United States or the foreign people involved.
		At the same time, and during the ensuing years, Washington provided their NATO ally, the Salazar dictatorship in Lisbon, with the military aid and counter-insurgency training needed to suppress the rebellion.
		FNLA delegates came to New York in September to lobby for support at the UN and with the New York press, distributing as they went copies of a "white paper" on the Angolan conflict prepared at CIA headquarters but made to look like it was produced in Zaire, French and all.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Blum/Angola_KH.html (2276 words)

	Angola’s Dogs of War
		The legend of these soldiers of fortune — widely publicized for their activities in the Congo, Biafra, Yemen, Algeria and other hot spots — was recently revived in Angola where mercenary forces joined the bitter civil war on behalf of the two pro-western liberation factions: the National Liberation Front and the Union for Total Independence.
		Robin Wright went into northern Angola with FNLA President Holden Roberto and spent four days with the British "dogs of war" who made a last-ditch effort to save the FNLA from the rapidly advancing columns of the Russian and Cuban-backed Popular Liberation Movement.
		The FNLA regional commissar is a boozer who hoards everything to sell across the border for liquor and cigs.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF001975/Wright/Wright20/Wright20.html (2471 words)

	CNN Cold War - Historical Documents: Cuba-Angola letters
		UNITA and FNLA were supported by the CIA and South Africa, while the Soviet Union and Cuba backed the MPLA.
		We were coming to clarify the aid we should offer, given the FNLA's and Mobutu's aggression against the MPLA and the possible course of events before independence in November.
		In the course of this conversation, the Angolans complained about the paucity of aid from the socialist camp, and they pointed out that if the socialist camp does not help them, no one will, since they are the most progressive forces [in the country], whereas the imperialists, Mobutu and...
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/17/documents/angola (990 words)

	NamibWeb.com - The online guide to Namibia: Death in the Desert: The Namibian Tragedy: The Bush War Heats Up (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Of the three movements, the FNLA was considered to be the strongest militarily.
		Although the FNLA fired the first shots in the armed confrontation with Portugal, it was not the oldest of the three movements.
		The FNLA had ceased to exist as a fighting force; the South Africans had withdrawn; the MPLA's Peoples Republic of Angola was officially recognized by the OAU; and UNITA had scattered into the bush to continue its guerrilla war against new colonial masters in Angola, the Soviet Union and Cuba.
	www.namibweb.com /chap21.htm (6185 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Ovimbundu in Angola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The MPLA called for the repeal of repressive laws, nationalization of certain industries, redistribution of land.
		Fight for independence involving the FNLA, MPLA, and UNITA against the Portuguese waged.
		UNITA drew support from Tanzania, Zambia and China and later from the U.S. By the late 1970s, the FNLA became a secondary actor, forming a coalition with UNITA, and the conflict moved away from the traditional homelands of the Bakongo in the north to the central and southern areas of the country.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=54002 (2616 words)

	UNHCR - Angola: Information on the Angolan National Liberation Front (FNLA), including its political and military ...
		The FNLA did not carry out any more activities in Angola in the 1980s (Political Handbook of the World: 1997, 26; Mondes rebelles 1996, 520).
		In an attempt to make a political comeback, the FNLA won only five seats in the Angolan parliament in the legislative elections of September 1992 (Political Handbook of the World: 1997, 26; Political Parties of Africa and the Middle East 1993, 18; Mondes rebelles 1996, 521).
		The Research Directorate was unable to find any information on the most recent leader of the FNLA in the sources consulted.
	www.unhcr.org /home/RSDCOI/3df4bdf64.html (397 words)

	National Union for Total Independence of Angola - free-definition
		The two original groups were the FNLA (founded 1957) and the socialist MPLA (founded 1956).
		In March 1966, Jonas Savimbi broke with the FNLA to form his own group, UNITA, initially based in Muangai but later in Jamba in the southeast portion of the country.
		Its leadership was drawn from the majority Ovimbundu tribal group and its policies were Maoist, aimed at rural rights and recognized ethnic divisions.
	www.netlexikon.akademie.de /UNITA.html (619 words)

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