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	Fortran programming language
		FORTRAN was developed in the 1950-s by a team of IBM programmers and released in 1957.
		FORTRAN knew an implicit typing, that means that variable names beginning with I, J, K, L, M, N were always integer and the rest were reals.
		FORTRAN was developed by an IBM team lead by John W. Backus (see picture) and staffed with programmers like Sheldon F. Best, Harlan Herrick, Peter Sheridan, Roy Nutt, Robert Nelson, Irving Ziller, Richard Goldberg, Lois Haibt and David Sayre.
	www.thocp.net /software/languages/fortran.htm (581 words)

	ooBdoo
		The development of FORTRAN paralleled the early evolution of compiler technology; indeed many advances in the theory and design of compilers were specifically motivated by the need to generate efficient code for FORTRAN programs.
		FORTRAN IV was eventually released in 1962, first for the IBM 7030 ("Stretch") computer, followed by versions for the IBM 7090 and 7094.
		Prior to FORTRAN 77, a number of preprocessors were commonly used to provide a friendlier language, with the advantage that the preprocessed code could be compiled on any machine with a standard FORTRAN compiler.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=FORTRAN (4782 words)

	FORTRAN
		FORTRAN 66 was delevoped as a standard in 1966, followed by FORTRAN 77 in 1978.
		Fortran 90 (here the spelling of the name of the language changed from all upper-case letters to only an upper-case "F") was accepted by the International Standards Organization in 1990, and by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1992.
		Fortran 90 is also an improvement over FORTRAN 77 in that Fortran 90 allows the programmer to use free-form source code, which means that information no longer has to be entered in specific columns in a file.
	www.wellesley.edu /CS/courses/CS110/History/FORTRAN.html (1243 words)

	CSC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The development of Fortran 90 is a logical continuation of the Fortran standardization and development effort, although this revision of the standard is much larger than the previous ones.
		In addition to the HPF superset of Fortran 90, there are some compilers for subsets of the Fortran 90 language: the F language compiler, and the Elf90 compiler (Essential Lahey Fortran).
		Fortran 90 fixes this with the introduction of allocatable arrays and pointer variables.
	www.csc.fi /math_topics/Publ/f90.html (2241 words)

	Fortran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first FORTRAN compiler was developed for the IBM 704 in 1954–57 by an IBM team led by John W. Backus.
		Fortran 90 was a major revision, adding free source form, dynamic memory allocation, array operations, abstract data types, operator overloading, pointers, and modules to group related procedures and data together.
		Fortran 95 was a minor revision, adding features for parallel programming from the High Performance Fortran dialect, such as user-defined pure and elemental functions, and the forall construct.
	fortran.iqnaut.net (1026 words)

	Saugus.net: ForTran
		FORTRAN stands for formula translation and is the oldest computer language in the world.
		Its primary drawbacks are portability and ease-of-use -- often different FORTRAN compilers on different platforms behave quite differently in spite of standardization efforts in 1966 (FORTRAN 66 or FORTRAN IV), 1978 (FORTRAN 77), and 1991 (FORTRAN 90).
		It is somewhat amusing to note that when FORTRAN was first released back in 1958 its advocates thought that it would mean the end of software bugs.
	www.saugus.net /Computer/Terms/ForTran/view (127 words)

	HP LaserROM/W3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In FORTRAN 77, the size of the array and length of the string for character variables are in the opposite order from FORTRAN 66/V. * The syntax and semantics of substring designators are different in FORTRAN 66/V and FORTRAN 77.
		In FORTRAN 66/V, the error label is allowed in some (but not all) of the I/O statements, and status words are not allowed.
		In FORTRAN 66/V, a formal parameter has to be passed to a function for which there would otherwise be no parameter.
	invent3k.external.hp.com /~MGR.LROM3K/docs.cgi/BV580.129/170 (1025 words)

	Fortran: A few historical details
		Fortran 66 remained the standard Fortran over a decade before dissatisfaction with some of the limitations of the language lead to the publication, again by ANSI, of a revised standard in 1978.
		Fortran 77 was not a superset of Fortran 66, having numerous (mostly minor) incompatibilities.
		Originally this was to have been Fortran 2000, but the perhaps inevitable delays in deciding its content meant that the schedule slipped and so it became Fortran 2003.
	www.nag.com /nagware/np/doc/fhistory.asp (630 words)

	[No title]
		If no Fortran files are named,.I f\^2c reads Fortran from standard input and writes C on standard output.
		(Fortran 77 DO loops are not performed at all if the upper limit is smaller than the lower limit.).TP.B -U Honor the case of variable and external names.
		When reading Fortran from standard input, write prototypes at the beginning of standard output.
	www.netlib.org /f2c/src/f2c.1t (1012 words)

	Fortran Versions - Charles W. Johnson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		FORTRAN III was a minor revision of FORTRAN II, which allowed the inclusion of inline assembly language code for greater efficiency.
		Fortran 2000 will also be better adapted to the scientific computing niche by adding features to take advantage of parallel architectures, much like HPF.
		High Performance Fortran or HPF is a dialect of Fortran that was developed in 1992 to adapt Fortran 90 to the massively parallel architectures now common in high-end scientific computing.
	www.eskimo.com /~cwj2/kcollege/cs515/fortran/versions.html (659 words)

	Fortran 90 history
		Fortran was the first language to be processed in standardization activities for computer technology.
		The first Fortran standard (X3.9-1966) is often called FORTRAN 66 to distinguish it from later standards.
		Meanwhile, Fortran 90 was being referred to as Fortran 8x, in hopes that by virtue of its release date it could be called Fortran 88.
	www.cisl.ucar.edu /tcg/consweb/Fortran90/scnhist.html (1380 words)

	A brief history of FORTRAN/Fortran
		Fortran won the battle against Assembly language, the first in a series of battles to come, and was adopted by the scientific and military communities and used extensively in the Space Program and military projects.
		FORTRAN II, III, IV and FORTRAN 66 ---------------------------------- FORTRAN II (1958) was a significant improvement, it added the capability for separate compilation of program modules, assembly language modules could also be 'linked loaded' with FORTRAN modules.
		FORTRAN IV (1961) was a 'clean up' of FORTRAN II, improving things like the implementation of the COMMON and EQUIVALENCE statements, and eliminating some machine-dependant language irregularities.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/languages/fortran/ch1-1.html (851 words)

	Background on Fortran
		Ergo, a single computer code written in FORTRAN can be compiled (this is the act of performing the translation for the specific machine on which the code exists) and then run on any machine, termed "portability." Thus, FORTRAN, or indeed any high-level language, offers the great advantages of: (1) simplicity, and (2) portability.
		FORTRAN was conceived over three years, and delivered in 1957 for the IBM 704 computer by a research team inside IBM headed by John Backus.
		Fortran or C? Taking a stance on this issue is akin to taking sides in a religious war.
	www.colostate.edu /~pburns/mon/fortran.html (1897 words)

	F7CALG - call a subroutine using the Fortran 66/GMAP call. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		F7CALG allows a Fortran 77 routine to call a subroutine which uses the Fortran 66 call sequence.
		A called Fortran 66 routine must NOT do any I/O. Besides prohibiting READ/WRITE statements, this also means that the called routine must not cause any errors that would cause a library function like SQRT to try to print an error message.
		Because of the I/O restrictions, whenever possible it is a much better idea to recompile Fortran 66 routines using the Fortran 77 compiler.
	www.thinkage.ca /english/gcos/expl/f77/lib/f7calg.html (164 words)

	Southampton - Fortran Support - Fortran 66 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		FORTRAN 66 did not include the CHARACTER type, so it was necessary to store characters in INTEGER variables.
		FORTRAN 66 used character strings in the form of "Hollerith constants".
		FORTRAN 66 requires that whenever a DO-loop is encountered at least one iteration of the loop must be performed, regardless of the values of the upper and lower limits.
	www.southampton.ac.uk /~fortran/migration/f66.html (375 words)

	The FORTRAN Programming Language
		Prior to the development of FORTRAN computer programmers were required to program in machine/assembly code, which was an extremely difficult and time consuming task, not to mention the dreadful chore of debugging the code.
		Since FORTRAN was so much easier to code, programmers were able to write programs 500% faster than before, while execution efficiency was only reduced by 20%, this allowed them to focus more on the problem solving aspects of a problem, and less on coding.
		FORTRAN was so innovative not only because it was the first high-level language, but also because of it's compiler, which is credited as giving rise to the branch of computer science now known as compiler theory.
	www.engin.umd.umich.edu /CIS/course.des/cis400/fortran/fortran.html (976 words)

	Walt's Fortran_faq
		If the POSIX Fortran routines are not available, or if more advanced calls are needed, a pair of simple C routines may be written to obtain the address of an external name, then call it.
		Since Fortran is case-insensitive, and unix systems tend to like things in lower case, the original compilers folded Fortran external names to lower case.
		Then, to distinguish the Fortran namespace from the C namespace, an underscore character was appended to the end of the Fortran name.
	reality.sgiweb.org /wws/Fortran_faq.html (3655 words)

	Fortran 90, 95, 2003,77 Information Resources
		Fortran 90/95 FAQ This is a Fortran 90/95 FAQ, maintained by Michel Olagnon.
		BCS Fortran Specialist Group home page The Group was established in 1970 to provide an open forum for Fortran users.
		Its main aims are: to disseminate information about Fortran and its application in various fields, to provide a platform for discussion of users' needs and requirements in future versions of Fortran, to encourage the development of the language in collaboration with national and international standardization bodies, to promote the use of the Fortran language.
	www.kcl.ac.uk /kis/support/cit/fortran/f90home.html (386 words)

	[No title]
		DESCRIPTION F2c converts Fortran 77 source code in files with names end- ing in `.f' or `.F' to C (or C++) source files in the cur- rent directory, with `.c' substituted for the final `.f' or `.F'.
		If no Fortran files are named, f2c reads Fortran from standard input and writes C on standard output.
		(Fortran 77 DO loops are not performed at all if the upper limit is smaller than the lower limit.) -U Honor the case of variable and external names.
	www.netlib.org /f2c/src/f2c.1 (945 words)

	Center for Fluid Mechanics, Turbulence and Computation, Brown University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Still, the language is by no means a dead language, having progressed from Fortran IV, to Fortran 66 to Fortran 77.
		Unfortunately, Fortran 90 compilers are not yet as capable as their Fortran 77 ancestors and produce less optimized code, but the gap should be closing.
		High Performance Fortran is a superset of Fortran 90 with special constructs to specify a data parallel mode of parallelism.
	www.cfm.brown.edu /tutorials/Fortran.html (1528 words)

	Vision Engineer - FORTRAN Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		FORTRAN compilers, which convert the programming code into programs that can be run, are being developed by many software vendors.
		The FORTRAN language was originally developed in the 1950s, but has been updated several times over the years.
		While FORTRAN is not normally used for writing windows or office applications, it is emensely popular among the scientific and engineering community.
	www.visionengineer.com /comp/fortran.shtml (297 words)

	Fortran Summary
		Originally developed in the 1950s, Fortran was used extensively in scientific and engineering applications, and is still in use in many niches such as climate modeling [1] and molecular dynamics modeling [2].
		FORTRAN IV was eventually released in 1962, first for the IBM 7030 ("Stretch") computer, followed by versions for the IBM 7090 and 7094.
		Prior to FORTRAN 77, a number of preprocessors were commonly used to provide a friendlier language, while retaining the advantage that the preprocessed code could still be compiled on any machine with a standard FORTRAN compiler.
	www.bookrags.com /Fortran (7301 words)

	[No title]
		Fortran is a general purpose programming language, mainly intended for mathematical computations in science applications (e.g.
		Fortran 95 is a revised version of Fortran 90 which is expected to be approved by ANSI soon (1996).
		Fortran 77 does not distinguish between upper and lower case, in fact, it assumes all input is upper case.
	www.physics.ohio-state.edu /~kass/P416_Fortran_tutorial_W04.doc (2962 words)

	Fortran Standards Documents
		Theoreticaly, the current standard (Fortran 95) is not available for free; the cost of developing standards is paid for partly by the sale of these documents.
		The Fortran 77 standard is available for viewing as a text file.
		A copy of the official Fortran 77 interpretation that answers the question "Are functions with side effects permitted in FORTRAN 77?" and the title page of the interpretation document may be read here.
	www.fortran.com /stds_docs.html (284 words)

	CALLFF - call Fortran 66 floating point function. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Since the Fortran routine receives pointers to the memory locations where its arguments are stored, the routine may change the values of its arguments as it executes.
		CALLFF may be used with any Fortran 66 subroutine, or with any Fortran 66 function that returns a floating point value.
		Fortran floating point functions always return a double precision number; CALLFF always rounds and converts this to single precision.
	www.thinkage.on.ca /english/gcos/expl/b/lib/callff.html (335 words)

	Free Software
		FPX3 - Fortran Preprocessor with embedded Perl which can be used to simplify Fortran source code development with an integrated set of macros, directives and embedded Perl.
		An Alternate Source (all code 1 ZIP file) - Fortran 90 software for statistical calculations particularly for least squares and subset selection in regression, for quadruple-precision calculations, for random number generation and for optimization, and a Fortran 90 version of part of Lapack.
		Fortran Library - The PNNL Fortran Library (aka FLIB) is a set of general purpose Fortran 90 routines that can be used to simplify the process of developing batch-style input/output interfaces.
	www.fortranlib.com /freesoft.htm (7740 words)

	Fortran
		Although in popular lore there are various Fortran dialects, such as the ancient Fortran-IV , which was then followed by Fortran-66 and Fortran-77 , to be eventually superseded by Fortran-8x (which never materialised), and, at long last by Fortran-90 and, more recently, by Fortran-95 , officially there is only one Fortran, the ANSI Fortran .
		Fortran also allows us to specify any precision we may wish for, within certain limits.
		High Performance Fortran, which is closely related to ANSI Fortran provides the easiest way to write parallel programs.
	beige.ucs.indiana.edu /P573/node37.html (1336 words)

	Southampton - Fortran Support - Fortran 66 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		FORTRAN 66 did not include the CHARACTER type, so it was necessary to store characters in INTEGER variables.
		FORTRAN 66 used character strings in the form of "Hollerith constants".
		FORTRAN 66 requires that whenever a DO-loop is encountered at least one iteration of the loop must be performed, regardless of the values of the upper and lower limits.
	www.soton.ac.uk /~fortran/migration/f66.html (375 words)

	Fortran Opening Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		J3 developed the Fortran 66, Fortran 77, Fortran 90, Fortran 95 and Fortran 2003 standards.
		Fortran 2003, published 18 November 2004, is an upwardly-compatible extension of Fortran 95, adding, among other things, support for exception handling, object-oriented programming, and improved interoperability with the C language.
		Fortran 2008 is planned to be a minor revision of Fortran 2003.
	www.j3-fortran.org /J3-Fortran.html (229 words)

	Using and Porting GNU Fortran: Shorthand Options (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These constructs are considered inappropriate to use in new or well-maintained portable Fortran code, but widely used in old code.
		Specify that all "ugly" constructs are to be noisily rejected.
		Specify that the program is written in idiomatic FORTRAN 66.
	g77.iunix.biz /g77_15.html (202 words)

	Open Directory - Computers: Programming: Languages: Fortran: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fortran I - Images from and discussion of the first Fortran manual, published in October 1956.
		Fortran Programming -- The Early Turning Point - Chapter Excerpt from "Go To: The Story of the Math Majors, Bridge Players, Engineers, Chess Wizards, Maverick Scientists, and Iconoclasts" by Steve Lohr, discussing the early history of Fortran.
		History of FORTRAN and FORTRAN II - Pilot project of the Computer History Museum's Software Collection Committee to develop expertise in the collection, preservation, and presentation of historic software.
	dmoz.org /Computers/Programming/Languages/Fortran/History (275 words)

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